Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 395 in total

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  1. Rakovič M, Anichtchenko A
    Zootaxa, 2021 Mar 15;4942(3):zootaxa.4942.3.8.
    PMID: 33757062 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4942.3.8
    Two new species of the genus Odochilus Harold, 1877 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Odochilini) from the Oriental Region are described as follows: O. shavrini Rakovič Anichtchenko, new species from the Philippines (Mindanao) and O. borneensis Rakovič Anichtchenko, new species from Malaysia (Sarawak). Photographs of their habitus are presented. Differential diagnoses are mentioned.
    Matched MeSH terms: Philippines
  2. Calcetas OA, Adorada JR, Navasero MV
    Zootaxa, 2020 Oct 08;4859(4):zootaxa.4859.4.4.
    PMID: 33056182 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4859.4.4
    Motschulsky (1859), a Russian Imperial Army Colonel and entomologist, established the genus Exopholis, described E. birmannica and transferred Melolontha hypoleuca Wiedemann, 1819 to it. Brenske (1896) described Exopholis philippinica from the "Philippinen" from a single female specimen. Dalla Torre (1912), listed eight species under the genus Exopholis Motschulsky, 1859 from South East Asia: E. hypoleuca (Weidemann, 1819) (Myanmar, Malaysia, Borneo, Java, Sumatra, Nias, Ambon), E. costata (Burmeister, 1855) (Java, Nias), E. birmanica Motschulsky, 1859 (Myanmar), E. lacordairei Waterhouse, 1867 (Borneo), E. pinguis Lansberge, 1879 (Sumatra), E. brenskei Nonfried, 1891, E. borneensis Brenske, 1894 (both from Borneo) and E. philippinica Brenske, 1896 (Philippines). This paper aims to review the taxonomy of Exopholis from the Philippines. Specifically, to focus on the diagnosis of Exopholis philippinica and its geographic distribution.
    Matched MeSH terms: Philippines
  3. Patano RRJ, Mohagan AB, Tumbrinck J, Amoroso VB, Skejo J
    Zootaxa, 2021 Feb 19;4933(2):zootaxa.4933.2.2.
    PMID: 33756795 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4933.2.2
    A new peculiar, spiky, and yellowish species of the genus Tegotettix Hancock, 1913 is described from the Davao region of the island of Mindanao (the Philippines)-T. derijei sp. n. (Mindanao horned pygmy devil). The species is visually similar to T. cristiferus (Günther, 1935) from Borneo and T. armatus Hancock, 1913 from Borneo, which is the type species of the genus, and of which a new record from Sabah is also presented in the study. The new species is also similar to an undescribed species from Bukidnon, which we presented by photographs in its natural habitat. To date, T. armatus was known only from old descriptions and drawings and has not been reported for more than 100 years. A brief overview of the species of the genus Tegotettix, with its division into three species groups, is presented.
    Matched MeSH terms: Philippines
  4. Isidro CM, McIntyre N, Lechner AM, Callow I
    Sci Total Environ, 2018 Sep 01;634:1554-1562.
    PMID: 29710653 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.006
    The management of suspended solids and associated contaminants in rivers requires knowledge of sediment sources. In-situ sampling can only describe the integrated impact of the upstream sources. Empirical models that use surface reflectance from satellite images to estimate total suspended solid (TSS) concentrations can be used to supplement measurements and provide spatially continuous maps. However, there are few examples, especially in narrow, shallow and hydrologically dynamic rivers found in mountainous areas. A case study of the Didipio catchment in Philippines was used to address these issues. Four 5-m resolution RapidEye images, from between the years 2014 and 2016, and near-simultaneous ground measurements of TSS concentrations were used to develop a power law model that approximates the relationship between TSS and reflectance for each of four spectral bands. A second dataset using two 2-m resolution Pleiades-1A and a third using a 6-m resolution SPOT-6 image along with ground-based measurements, were consistent with the model when using the red band data. Using that model, encompassing data from all three datasets, gave an R2 value of 65% and a root mean square error of 519mgL-1. A linear relationship between reflectance and TSS exists from 1mgL-1 to approximately 500mgL-1. In contrast, for TSS measurements between 500mgL-1 and 3580mgL-1 reflectance increases at a generally lower and more variable rate. The results were not sensitive to changing the pixel location within the vicinity of the ground sampling location. The model was used to generate a continuous map of TSS concentration within the catchment. Further ground-based measurements including TSS concentrations that are higher than 3580mgL-1 would allow the model to be developed and applied more confidently over the full relevant range of TSS.
    Matched MeSH terms: Philippines
  5. Huang ZZ, Han XY, Yang XK
    Zootaxa, 2018 Jul 16;4446(1):97-110.
    PMID: 30313899 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4446.1.7
    A worldwide review of the genus Callilanguria is presented. Three new species are described: C. weiweii Huang Yang, sp. nov. from Sabah, Malaysia; C. helleri Huang Yang, sp. nov. from Panay, the Philippines; and C. nigripes Huang Yang, sp. nov. from Samar Island, the Philippines. Callilanguria scrupulosa Heller, 1918 is transferred to the genus Doubledaya. The other species are C. eximia Fowler, 1885; C. gorhami Villiers, 1945; C. asymmetrica Heller, 1900; C. ruficeps Achard, 1923; C. milloti Villiers, 1945; C. stenosoma (Harold, 1879); C. flaviventris Fowler, 1886; C. wallacii Crotch, 1876; and C. luzonica Crotch, 1876. In total, twelve species are recognized in the genus Callilanguria, and a key to the described species of the genus is provided.
    Matched MeSH terms: Philippines
  6. Grismer LL, Poyarkov NA, Quah ESH, Grismer JL, Wood PL
    PeerJ, 2022;10:e13153.
    PMID: 35341041 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13153
    The gekkonid genus Cyrtodactylus is the third largest vertebrate genus on the planet with well over 300 species that range across at least eight biogeographic regions from South Asia to Melanesia. The ecological and morphological plasticity within the genus, has contributed to its ability to disperse across ephemeral seaways, river systems, basins, land bridges, and mountain ranges-followed by in situ diversification within specific geographic areas. Ancestral ranges were reconstructed on a mitochondrial phylogeny with 346 described and undescribed species from which it was inferred that Cyrtodactylus evolved in a proto-Himalaya region during the early Eocene. From there, it dispersed to what is currently Indoburma and Indochina during the mid-Eocene-the latter becoming the first major center of origin for the remainder of the genus that seeded dispersals to the Indian subcontinent, Papua, and Sundaland. Sundaland became a second major center of radiation during the Oligocene and gave rise to a large number of species that radiated further within Sundaland and dispersed to Wallacea, the Philippines, and back to Indochina. One Papuan lineage dispersed west to recolonize and radiate in Sundaland. Currently, Indochina and Sundaland still harbor the vast majority of species of Cyrtodactylus.
    Matched MeSH terms: Philippines
  7. Ng JYS, Clement IJ, Jimeno C, Sy RA, Mirasol R, De La Pena P, et al.
    BMJ Open, 2020 07 28;10(7):e025696.
    PMID: 32723733 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025696
    INTRODUCTION: Diabetes and its complications are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the Philippines. The prevalence of diabetes in the Philippines has increased from 3.4 million in 2010 to 3.7 million in 2017. The government has formulated strategies to control this increase, for example, through its non-communicable disease prevention and control plan. However, there is scarce research on the financial burden of diabetes. Filling this gap may further help policymakers to make informed decisions while developing and implementing resource planning for relevant interventions. The primary objective of the current study is to estimate the direct medical costs associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

    METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This is a 1-year retrospective cohort study of patients with T2DM in 2016. Data will be collected from: (1) hospital databases from public institutions to estimate the cost of diabetes treatment and (2) physician interviews to estimate the cost of management of diabetes in outpatient care. We will perform descriptive and comparative analyses on direct medical costs and healthcare resource utilisation, stratified by the presence of diabetes-associated complications.

    ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Research ethics board approval has been obtained from the Department of Health Single Joint Research Ethics Board and Cardinal Santos Medical Center Research Ethics Review Committee. Findings from the study will be reported in peer-reviewed scientific journals and local researcher meetings.

    Matched MeSH terms: Philippines/epidemiology
  8. Motyka M, Bocak L
    Zootaxa, 2015;3941(1):125-30.
    PMID: 25947498 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3941.1.7
    The adults of Calochromini with male flabellate antennae were studied. Two new Calochromus Guérin-Méneville, 1833 species with flabellate antennae, C. kelantanensis spec. nov. and C. harauensis spec. nov. are described. Dumbrellia Lea, 1909 (Calochromini) is proposed as a new junior synonym of Plateros Bourgeois, 1879 (Lycinae: Platerodini). Flabellochromus Pic, 1925 is transferred to Calochromus from synonymy with Dumbrellia based on the similar shape of the pronotum. Consequently, Calochromus lamellatus Kleine, 1926, comb. nov. from Sarawak and Flabellochromus pallidus Pic, 1925, comb. nov. (=Calochromus (Flabellochromus) pallidus Pic, 1925) from Luzon are returned to Calochromus. New combinations are proposed for three Australian species previously classified in Dumbrellia: Plateros brevicornis (Lea, 1898), comb. nov. (=Calochromus brevicornis Lea, 1898), P. pilosicornis (Lea, 1898), comb. nov. (=C. pilosicornis Lea, 1898) and P. melancholica (Lea, 1921), comb. nov. Plateros barronensis nom. nov. is proposed to replace Plateros pilosicornis (Lea, 1898), a junior secondary homonym of P. pilosicornis (Blanchard, 1853) (=Lycus pilosicornis Blanchard, 1853).
    Matched MeSH terms: Philippines
  9. de Lisle MO
    Rev. Suisse Zool., 1977 Jun;84(2):491-500.
    PMID: 897546
    Matched MeSH terms: Philippines
  10. Fukuyama I, Vogel G, Matsui M, Eto K, Munir M, Hossman MY, et al.
    Zoolog Sci, 2020 Dec;37(6):586-594.
    PMID: 33269875 DOI: 10.2108/zs200100
    The red-bellied form of Calliophis intestinalis (Laurenti, 1768) sensu lato was originally reported from Pahang, west Malaysia. To determine the taxonomic status of this form, we examined the type specimens of Elaps sumatranus Lidth De Jeude, 1890, Calliophis intestinalis everetti (Boulenger, 1896), and Callophis furcatus var. nigrotaeniatus Peters, 1863. The results indicated that the red-bellied form of C. intestinalis should be named as Calliophis nigrotaeniatus comb. nov., whose valid species status was based on morphological and molecular analyses. We designate a lectotype and redescribe the species, which is genetically close to Calliophis bilineatus (Peters, 1881) from the Philippines, and is clearly distinguishable from other congeners by possessing a pair of gray or dark blue lateral stripes and by being bright red on the ventrum. Elaps sumatranus and C. i. everetti are relegated to subjective junior synonyms of C. nigrotaeniatus.
    Matched MeSH terms: Philippines
  11. Tan CH, Palasuberniam P, Blanco FB, Tan KY
    Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 2021 01 07;115(1):78-84.
    PMID: 32945886 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/traa087
    BACKGROUND: The Philippine cobra (Naja philippinensis) and Samar cobra (Naja samarensis) are two WHO Category 1 medically important venomous snakes in the Philippines. Philippine cobra antivenom (PCAV) is the only antivenom available in the country, but its neutralization capacity against the venoms of N. philippinensis and hetero-specific N. samarensis has not been reported. This knowledge gap greatly hinders the optimization of antivenom use in the region.

    METHODS: This study examined the immunological binding and neutralization capacity of PCAV against the two cobra venoms using WHO-recommended protocols.

    RESULTS: In mice, both venoms were highly neurotoxic and lethal with a median lethal dose of 0.18 and 0.20 µg/g, respectively. PCAV exhibited strong and comparable immunoreactivity toward the venoms, indicating conserved venom antigenicity between the two allopatric species. In in vivo assay, PCAV was only moderately effective in neutralizing the toxicity of both venoms. Its potency was even lower against the hetero-specific N. samarensis venom by approximately two-fold compared with its potency against N. philippinensis venom.

    CONCLUSION: The results indicated that PCAV could be used to treat N. samarensis envenomation but at a higher dose, which might increase the risk of hypersensitivity and worsen the shortage of antivenom supply in the field. Antivenom manufacturing should be improved by developing a low-dose, high-efficacy product against cobra envenomation.

    Matched MeSH terms: Philippines
  12. Calcetas OA
    Zootaxa, 2019 Jun 19;4619(2):zootaxa.4619.2.8.
    PMID: 31716307 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4619.2.8
    The genus Carlschoenherria Bezděk, 2016 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae: Melolonthini) in the Philippines is reviewed. Three new species: Carlschoenherria adoradae Calcetas, new species, C. hadsallae Calcetas, new species, and C. gapudi Calcetas, new species are described, figured and compared with their close relatives. The following new combinations are proposed: Carlschoenherria palawana (Moser, 1915) new combination, C. philippinica (Brenske, 1894) new combination, C. argus (Burmeister, 1855) new combination, C. hastata (Arrow, 1938) new combination and C. vervex (Sharp, 1876) new combination. A new C. adoradae species-subgroup is proposed under the broader C. sulcipennis species-group. A key of the Carlschoenherria of the Philippines Islands, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Java is provided.
    Matched MeSH terms: Philippines
  13. Lee CF, Bezdĕk J
    Zootaxa, 2019 Oct 10;4683(4):zootaxa.4683.4.1.
    PMID: 31715907 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4683.4.1
    The genus Theopea Baly, 1864 is redefined. Seventeen species from Sundaland and the Philippines are recognized and classified into four species groups (including seven new species): T. impressa (Fabricius, 1801), T. longicollis (Jacoby, 1896), T. louwerensi Jolivet, 1951, T. lunduensis Mohamedsaid, 1998, T. chungi sp. nov. in the T. impressa group; T. flavipalpis Laboissère, 1940, T. guoi sp. nov., T. lui sp. nov., T. sabahensis sp. nov. in the T. flavipalpis group; T. elegantula Baly, 1864, T. pulchella Baly, 1864, T. fairmairei Duvivier, 1885, T. kedenburgi Weise, 1922, T. houjayi sp. nov., T. tsoui sp. nov., T. yuae sp. nov. in the T. pulchella group; and T. costata (Allard, 1889) in the T. costata group. The following new synonyms are established: Theopea pulchella Baly, 1864 = T. nigricollis Jacoby, 1892 syn. nov.; Theopea impressa (Fabricius, 1801) = T. impressa flavicornis Laboissère, 1940 syn. nov. and T. impressa malaccana Laboissère, 1940 syn. nov.; T. lunduensis Mohamedsaid, 1998 = T. sepilokensis Mohamedsaid, 2000 syn. nov. Lectotypes are designated for Crioceris impressa Fabricius, 1801, Ozomena longicollis Jacoby, 1896, Theopea elegantula Baly, 1864, T. fairmairei Duvivier, 1885, T. nigricollis Jacoby, 1892, and T. pulchella Baly, 1864. Theopea obliterata Jacoby, 1884, T. variabilis (Jacoby, 1887), T. incostata (Allard, 1889), T. clypeata Jacoby, 1896, T. modiglianii Jacoby, 1896, T. dohrni (Jacoby, 1899), T. viridipennis (Jacoby, 1899), and T. weberi (Weise, 1913) are removed from Theopea and regarded as species incertae sedis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Philippines
  14. Resch B, Baumann J, Pfingstl T
    Zootaxa, 2019 Jul 26;4647(1):zootaxa.4647.1.19.
    PMID: 31716987 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4647.1.19
    Two new intertidal oribatid mite species from the Indo-pacific region are described. Indopacifica iohanna sp. n. was found on the coasts of the Philippines and can be distinguished from its congeners by the lack of a ventral tooth on the claws. The larva and nymphs of this species show the same type of plication and setation typical for juveniles of other selenoribatid mites. Indopacifica mauritiana sp. n. was discovered on the coast of Mauritius and can be separated from its congeners by possessing only vestigial lamellar setae. A morphometric comparison of these two species and Indopacifica pantai from Thailand and Malaysia showed a clear separation between the three species. The known distribution of the genus Indopacifica stretches now from Mauritius in the West to the Philippines in the East and further occurrences within this area should be expected.
    Matched MeSH terms: Philippines
  15. Páll-Gergely B, Schilthuizen M, Örstan A, Auffenberg K
    Zookeys, 2019;842:67-83.
    PMID: 31130806 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.842.33052
    The genera Aulacospira and Pseudostreptaxis of the Philippines are revised based on the collections of the Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum (Frankfurt am Main, Germany), the Florida Museum of Natural History (USA), and recently collected material. Three new species are described: Aulacospiralens Páll-Gergely & Auffenberg, sp. n., Aulacospirakrobyloides Páll-Gergely & Schilthuizen, sp. n., Pseudostreptaxisharli Páll-Gergely & Schilthuizen, sp. n.
    Matched MeSH terms: Philippines
  16. Nurul Shazana Abdul Hamid, Viksuthorn Ai Wen, Nur Izzati Mohd Rosli, Akimasa Yoshikawa, Akimasa Yoshikawa
    Sains Malaysiana, 2018;47:1923-1929.
    Sistem arus di ionosfera khatulistiwa terdiri daripada elektrojet khatulistiwa (EEJ) dan suria senyap (Sq). Arus EEJ merupakan satu jalur arus yang mengalir ke arah timur sepanjang kawasan dip khatulistiwa. Arus Sq pula adalah gegelung arus yang mengalir di hemisfera utara dan selatan bumi pada arah yang bertentangan. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kesan aktiviti matahari terhadap profil latitud sistem arus, khususnya di kawasan Asia Tenggara. Data yang digunakan dalam kajian ini merangkumi data geomagnet daripada lima stesen magnetometer dalam rangkaian MAGDAS iaitu stesen Muntinlupa (MUT), Cebu (CEB), Davao (DAV), Manado (MND) dan Pare Pare (PRP). Keamatan arus EEJ yang paling tinggi adalah pada waktu tengah hari sekitar 1000 dan 1100 LT semasa solar minimum dan kajian ini telah menganalisis sistem arus daripada 1000 hingga 1400 LT. Analisis menunjukkan bahawa ribut geomagnet yang berlaku pada 23 April 2008 adalah disebabkan oleh letusan jirim korona (CME) yang memberikan peningkatan kepada nilai arus pada hari tersebut. Peningkatan yang ketara dapat dilihat pada arus di stesen hemisfera selatan, iaitu stesen MND dan PRP. Berdasarkan analisis yang dilakukan, ia turut mendapati bahawa ribut geomagnet memberikan peningkatan kepada nilai arus walaupun di luar waktu puncak. Selain itu, profil arus ini turut dibandingkan dengan profil arus pada hari senyap iaitu pada 21 April 2008.
    Matched MeSH terms: Philippines
  17. Ali JR, Heaney LR
    Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc, 2021 06;96(3):922-942.
    PMID: 33502095 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12683
    Due to its position between the highly distinct Oriental and Australasian biogeographical realms, much effort has been spent demarcating associated separations and transitions in the faunal assemblages of the Indo-Australian Archipelago. Initially, sharp boundary lines were proposed, with the earliest dating from the mid-1800s. Notably, the one published by Alfred R. Wallace in 1863, based upon land-mammal and land-bird distributions, has since achieved iconic status and today its significance is recognized well beyond the confines of the biogeography community. Over the next four decades many such divides were engraved onto plates and inked onto charts of SE Asia using additional information, different organisms or other criteria. However, it became apparent that, as Wallace had noted, all such lines were to some degree permeable, and by the 1880s transition zones were being put forward instead; the label 'Wallacea' was introduced in 1924. Interestingly, the last decade has seen new divides and sub-regions being proposed, some departing markedly from earlier offerings. Although currently there is general agreement regarding much of the terminology associated with both the lines and the areas, the record of publication indicates that this consensus has emerged obliquely, and in some cases is weakly founded. This review does not present new data nor new analyses; rather it summarizes the development of ideas and reflects upon attendant issues that have emerged. After reviewing the key proposals, recommendations are presented that should in future alleviate perceived difficulties or inadequacies. Reference to specific divides must be true to their original definitions; there are many instances where the secondary literature has portrayed them incorrectly and with some this has rippled through into later publications. Moreover, Wallace's 1863 line is not the one that he finally settled upon (in 1910); its path around Sulawesi was transferred from the west to the east of the Island. Ideally, Huxley's divide (1868) should carry his name rather than Wallace's; the latter never accepted the proposition. Lydekker's Line (1896) ought to be labelled the Heilprin-Lydekker Line in recognition of Angelo Heilprin's 1887 contribution. Concerning transition zones, ideally Wallacea should correspond to its original 1924 description, which incorporated the Philippine islands bar the Palawan group. Notably, though, a smaller form (introduced by Darlington in 1957, used frequently from 1998 onwards) in which all of the Philippine islands are excluded is entrenched within the recent literature, but this is often without evident justification. It should also be recognized that the 'reduced' (=southern) Wallacea area was effectively defined by Heilprin in 1887, but was then labelled the 'Austro-Malaysian Transition Zone'. Finally, the application in recent years of modern analytical techniques has not led to a consensus view on where the lines/areas should run/be placed; with such a large, diverse set of organisms, each with differing histories, this is perhaps not surprising.
    Matched MeSH terms: Philippines
  18. Aruta JJBR, Salcedo SS, Guilaran J, Guinto RR
    Int Rev Psychiatry, 2022 08;34(5):530-533.
    PMID: 36165758 DOI: 10.1080/09540261.2022.2123701
    A growing body of research shows the inimical impact of climate change on people's mental health. However, attention to mental health providers at the frontlines is rather sparse, especially in climate-vulnerable countries. This commentary aims to present the perspectives and experiences of mental health providers within the context of climate change in the Philippines. Specifically, this paper explicates the challenges faced by mental health providers in trying to address the increasing climate-related distress experienced by many Filipinos and the recent progress in promoting climate change and mental health nexus in the country. The recommendations offered in this commentary will hopefully provide the basis for a more comprehensive mental health framework that incorporates climate change and supports mental health providers in their pursuit to preserve Filipino mental health on a warming planet.
    Matched MeSH terms: Philippines
  19. Rampal S, Rampal L, Jayaraj VJ, Pramanick A, Choolani M, Liew BS, et al.
    Med J Malaysia, 2021 11;76(6):783-791.
    PMID: 34806661
    INTRODUCTION: Periodic benchmarking of the epidemiology of COVID-19 in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries is critical for the continuous understanding of the transmission and control of COVID-19 in the region. The incidence, mortality, testing and vaccination rates within the ASEAN region from 1 January 2020 to 15 October 2021 is analysed in this paper.

    METHODS: COVID-19 data on cases, deaths, testing, and vaccinations were extracted from the Our World in Data (OWID) COVID-19 data repository for all the ten ASEAN countries. Comparative time-trends of the epidemiology of COVID-19 using the incidence rate, cumulative case fatality rate (CFR), delay-adjusted case fatality rate, cumulative mortality rate (MR), test positivity rate (TPR), cumulative testing rate (TR) and vaccination rate was carried out.

    RESULTS: Over the study period, a total of 12,720,661 cases and 271,475 deaths was reported within the ASEAN region. Trends of daily per capita cases were observed to peak between July and September 2021 for the ASEAN region. The cumulative case fatality rate (CFR) in Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam, was of 0.9% (N=68), 2.2% (N=2,610), 3.5% (N=142,889), 0.1% (N=36), 1.2% (N=27,700), 4.0% (N=18,297), 1.6% (N=40,424), 0.1% (N=215), 1.7% (N=18,123), and 2.6% (N=21,043), respectively. CFR was consistently highest between January-June 2020. The cumulative mortality rate (MR) was 9.5, 13.7, 51.4, 0.2, 80.3, 32.4, 34.5, 1.6, 23.9 and 19.7 per 100,000 population, respectively. The cumulative test positivity rate (TPR) was 8.4%, 16.9%, 4.6%, 7.5%, 11.1%, 12.9%, 0.5%, 11.7%, and 3.6%, with the cumulative testing rate (TR) at 25.0, 90.1, 27.4, 917.7, 75.8, 177.8, 3303.3, 195.2, and 224.9 tests per 1,000 population in Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam, respectively. The percentage of population that completed vaccinations (VR) was 44.5%, 65.3%, 18.5%, 28.2%, 61.8%, 6.8%, 19.2%, 76.8%, 22.7%, and 10% in Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam, respectively.

    CONCLUSION: In 2020, most countries in ASEAN had higher case fatality rates but lower mortalities per population when compared to the third quarter of 2021 where higher mortalities per population were observed. Low testing rates have been one of the factors leading to high test positivity rates. Slow initiation of vaccination programs was found to be the key factor leading to high incidence and case fatality rate in most countries in ASEAN. Effective public health measures were able to interrupt the transmission of this novel virus to some extent. Increasing preparedness capacity within the ASEAN region is critical to ensure that any future similar outbreaks can be dealt with collectively.

    Matched MeSH terms: Philippines
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