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Fulltext Twenty Years of the Malaysian Association of Medical Physics: Looking Back to Move Forwards

Zin, H. M.

Physics and Technology in Medicine, 2020;1(2):1-6.
MyJurnal

The Malaysian Association of Medical Physics (MAMP) was set up in the year 2000 to promote and further develop the field that was relatively new in Malaysia. The article briefly summarises key developments in medical physics since the first discovery of x-rays in 1895. The resulted rapid progress in the field was also highlighted and related to the pace of development in Malaysia. Key activities organised by MAMP were also addressed. The international practices related to the field and the profession were highlighted and compared to the current status in Malaysia. Although the field has progressed well in the country, there are several gaps identified to further improve the field and the profession in Malaysia.

Matched MeSH terms: Physics
Fulltext A model for online interactive remote education for medical physics using the Internet

Woo MK, Ng KH

J Med Internet Res, 2003 Jan-Mar;5(1):e3.
PMID: 12746208

Medical physics is a relatively small community but it spans great geographical distances, usually with a scarcity of experts whose expertise could greatly benefit students entering into the field. In addition there are many software systems for which an interactive education method would be most advantageous.

Matched MeSH terms: Nuclear Physics/education*; Nuclear Physics/methods
Fulltext Real-time teleteaching in medical physics

Woo M, Ng Kh

Biomed Imaging Interv J, 2008 Jan;4(1):e13.
PMID: 21614306 MyJurnal DOI: 10.2349/biij.4.1.e13

Medical physics is a relatively small professional community, usually with a scarcity of expertise that could greatly benefit students entering the field. However, the reach of the profession can span great geographical distances, making the training of students a difficult task. In addition to the requirement of training new students, the evolving field of medical physics, with its many emerging advanced techniques and technologies, could benefit greatly from ongoing continuing education as well as consultation with experts.Many continuing education courses and workshops are constantly being offered, including many web-based study courses and virtual libraries. However, one mode of education and communication that has not been widely used is the real-time interactive process. Video-based conferencing systems do exist, but these usually require a substantial amount of effort and cost to set up.The authors have been working on promoting the ever-expanding capability of the Internet to facilitate the education of medical physics to students entering the field. A pilot project has been carried out for six years and reported previously. The project is a collaboration between the Department of Medical Physics at the Toronto Odette Cancer Centre in Canada and the Department of Biomedical Imaging at the University of Malaya in Malaysia. Since 2001, medical physics graduate students at the University of Malaya have been taught by lecturers from Toronto every year, using the Internet as the main tool of communication.The pilot study explored the different methods that can be used to provide real-time interactive remote education, and delivered traditional classroom lectures as well as hands-on workshops.Another similar project was started in 2007 to offer real-time teaching to a class of medical physics students at Wuhan University in Hubei, China. There are new challenges as well as new opportunities associated with this project. By building an inventory of tools and experiences, the intent is to broaden the real-time teleteaching method to serve a wide community so that future students entering the field can have efficient access to high-quality education that will benefit the profession in the long term.

Matched MeSH terms: Physics
Medical physicists in Malaysia: A national workforce survey 2019

Wong JHD, Zin HM, Pawanchek M, Ng KH

Phys Med, 2019 Nov;67:40-49.
PMID: 31669669 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2019.10.019

OBJECTIVE: Medical physics in Malaysia is still considered a young profession. This workforce survey aims to understand the status, aspirations, motivation and experiences of medical physicists (MPs) in the country. A subsection of this survey also aims to understand the role of women.
METHOD: A survey was carried out between April 20 and May 30, 2018 by a working group under the Medical Physics Division of the Malaysian Institute of Physics (IFM). The survey form was designed using Google Form and sent to various public and private institutions nationwide that employed MPs registered with IFM.
RESULTS: A total of 106 responses (28% men and 72% women) were analysed. This represented 30% of the medical physics workforce. Majority of them had postgraduate degrees, but their clinical training is mostly obtained on the job with no certification. The number of low-ranking female MPs was disproportionately high. MPs worked long hours and achieving work-life balance (WLB) was a challenge. Factors that improved their WLB included working close to home, having a supportive manager and flexible working hours. Most MPs aspired to become professional and mentor younger compatriots, besides contributing to patient care and research. Gender discrimination was reportedly low.
CONCLUSION: Medical physics in Malaysia is growing and has a strong representation of women. In future, they would probably take over the top management from their male counterparts, whose number had stagnated. A united effort was essential to set up a proper clinical training system to train clinically qualified MPs.

Matched MeSH terms: Physics/statistics & numerical data*
22nd International Conference on Medical Physics 2016, Bangkok, Thailand; Medical physics propelling global health

Tsapaki V, Ibbott G, Krisanachinda A, Ng KH, Suh TS, Tabakov S, et al.

Phys Med, 2017 Dec;44:196-198.
PMID: 29221890 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2017.11.022

As medical technology evolves and patient needs increase, the need for well-trained and highly professional medical physicists (MPs) becomes even more urgent. The roles and responsibilities of MPs in various departments within the hospital are diverse and demanding. It is obvious that training, continuing education and professional development of MPs have become essential. One of the ways for an MP to advance his or her knowledge is to participate in conferences and congresses. Last year, the 22nd International Conference of Medical Physics (ICMP 2016) took place in Bangkok, Thailand. The event attracted 584 delegates with most of the participants coming from Asia. It attracted also delegates from 42 countries. The largest delegations were from Thailand, Japan and South Korea. ICMP 2016 included 367 oral presentations and e-posters, most of these being in the fields of Radiation Therapy, Medical Imaging and Radiation Safety. All abstracts were published as an e-book of Abstracts in a supplement to the official IOMP Journal. Many companies had exhibition stands at ICMP2016, thus allowing the participants to see the latest developments in the medical physics-related industry. The conference included 42 mini-symposia, part of the first "IOMP School" activity, covering various topics of importance for the profession and this special issue follows from the success of the conference.

Matched MeSH terms: Physics*
An insight into nanocellulose as soft condensed matter: Challenge and future prospective toward environmental sustainability

Tan K, Heo S, Foo M, Chew IM, Yoo C

Sci Total Environ, 2019 Feb 10;650(Pt 1):1309-1326.
PMID: 30308818 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.402

Nanocellulose, a structural polysaccharide that has caught tremendous interests nowadays due to its renewability, inherent biocompatibility and biodegradability, abundance in resource, and environmental friendly nature. They are promising green nanomaterials derived from cellulosic biomass that can be disintegrated into cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) or cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), relying on their sensitivity to hydrolysis at the axial spacing of disordered domains. Owing to their unique mesoscopic characteristics at nanoscale, nanocellulose has been widely researched and incorporated as a reinforcement material in composite materials. The world has been consuming the natural resources at a much higher speed than the environment could regenerate. Today, as an uprising candidate in soft condensed matter physics, a growing interest was received owing to its unique self-assembly behaviour and quantum size effect in the formation of three-dimensional nanostructured material, could be utilised to address an increasing concern over global warming and environmental conservation. In spite of an emerging pool of knowledge on the nanocellulose downstream application, that was lacking of cross-disciplinary study of its role as a soft condensed matter for food, water and energy applications toward environmental sustainability. Here we aim to provide an insight for the latest development of cellulose nanotechnology arises from its fascinating physical and chemical characteristic for the interest of different technology holders.

Matched MeSH terms: Physics
Search for Physics Beyond the Standard Model in Events with High-Momentum Higgs Bosons and Missing Transverse Momentum in Proton-Proton Collisions at 13 TeV

Sirunyan AM, Tumasyan A, Adam W, Ambrogi F, Asilar E, Bergauer T, et al.

Phys Rev Lett, 2018 Jun 15;120(24):241801.
PMID: 29956995 DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.241801

A search for physics beyond the standard model in events with one or more high-momentum Higgs bosons, H, decaying to pairs of b quarks in association with missing transverse momentum is presented. The data, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb^{-1}, were collected with the CMS detector at the LHC in proton-proton collisions at the center-of-mass energy sqrt[s]=13 TeV. The analysis utilizes a new b quark tagging technique based on jet substructure to identify jets from H→bb[over ¯]. Events are categorized by the multiplicity of H-tagged jets, jet mass, and the missing transverse momentum. No significant deviation from standard model expectations is observed. In the context of supersymmetry (SUSY), limits on the cross sections of pair-produced gluinos are set, assuming that gluinos decay to quark pairs, H (or Z), and the lightest SUSY particle, LSP, through an intermediate next-to-lightest SUSY particle, NLSP. With large mass splitting between the NLSP and LSP, and 100% NLSP branching fraction to H, the lower limit on the gluino mass is found to be 2010 GeV.

Matched MeSH terms: Physics
Search for Physics beyond the Standard Model in Events with Overlapping Photons and Jets

Sirunyan AM, Tumasyan A, Adam W, Ambrogi F, Bergauer T, Brandstetter J, et al.

Phys Rev Lett, 2019 Dec 13;123(24):241801.
PMID: 31922872 DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.241801

Results are reported from a search for new particles that decay into a photon and two gluons, in events with jets. Novel jet substructure techniques are developed that allow photons to be identified in an environment densely populated with hadrons. The analyzed proton-proton collision data were collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC, in 2016 at sqrt[s]=13 TeV, and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb^{-1}. The spectra of total transverse hadronic energy of candidate events are examined for deviations from the standard model predictions. No statistically significant excess is observed over the expected background. The first cross section limits on new physics processes resulting in such events are set. The results are interpreted as upper limits on the rate of gluino pair production, utilizing a simplified stealth supersymmetry model. The excluded gluino masses extend up to 1.7 TeV, for a neutralino mass of 200 GeV and exceed previous mass constraints set by analyses targeting events with isolated photons.

Matched MeSH terms: Physics
Leadership and mentoring in medical physics: The experience of a medical physics international mentoring program

Santos JC, Goulart LF, Giansante L, Lin YH, Sirico ACA, Ng AH, et al.

Phys Med, 2020 Aug;76:337-344.
PMID: 32759035 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2020.07.023

Mentoring aims to improve careers and create benefits for the participants' personal and professional lives. Mentoring can be an individual or a shared experience for a group, while the mentor's role remains the same in both models. Mentors should increase confidence, teach, inspire, and set examples, helping the mentees to mould their path, contributing to the pursuit of their personal and professional goals. This study aims to report on the experience of early-career medical physics professionals and postgraduate students participating in a global mentoring program and to assess the impact of this activity on their professional development. The objectives of this mentoring program are to develop leadership roles among young medical physicists and to provide guidance and support. An online questionnaire was administered to the mentee participants. The analysis of their responses is reported in this work and the current status of the programme was examined using a SWOT analysis. In general, the mentoring experience had a positive impact on the mentees. The mentors were found especially helpful in the decision-making situations and in other conflicts that may arise with career development. Additionally, the mentees felt that mentoring contributed to the development of leadership skills required for the job market and assist in personal development. This paper concludes that participation of young medical physicists in a mentoring group program is beneficial to their career and therefore should be encouraged.

Matched MeSH terms: Physics
Fulltext Study of growth in Bi2Sr2CaCu2Oy single crystals

Razak Mohd Ali Lee, Khairul Anwar Mohamad, Katsuyoshi, Hamasaki

Journal of Nuclear and Related Technologies, 2007;2007(1):195-198.
MyJurnal

We put attention on Intrinsic Josephson Junction (IJJ) to study the fundamental physic for device applications. Convenient self-flux method was used to grow BSCCO single crystals. We investigated the lid effect to examine the single crystal growth of high TC (Critical Temperature). We found that for the crystal growth with no lid, two stage transitions of TC ≅ 61 K and 77 K were observed. While for the crystal growth with lid, the BSCCO has TC ≅ 80K, ΔTC = 10K and approximately average size5x2mm 2 . When we increased weight of lid, the single crystal have increased to TC =80K, ΔTC = 4K and the typical size was ≅7x3mm 2 . TC and the crystal growth show a tendency to increase by the effect of the lid. From observed quasi-particle characteristics, c-axis direction changed from semiconductor to intrinsic Josephson characteristic with decreasing temperature.

Matched MeSH terms: Physics
Laboratory Study on Injection Force Measurement on Syringe and Needle Combinations

Prasetyono TOH, Adhistana P

Malays J Med Sci, 2019 Mar;26(2):66-76.
PMID: 31447610 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2019.26.2.8

Background: This study aimed to measure the least initial and maintenance forces of syringe and needle combinations to provide a reference for local anesthetic injection.
Methods: An experimental study was conducted in our Physics Laboratory during September 2015. A series of syringes sized 1 mL, 3 mL, 5 mL, 10 mL and 20 mL were paired with the original needles, 27G, 27G spinal and 30G. Each combination was tested three times using a compression testing Instron 5940 Series to measure initial and maintenance forces. Statistical analysis was performed using One-way ANOVA.
Results: The lowest initial force was shown by the combination of 1 mL syringe and 27G spinal needle. However, the 1 mL syringe showed no significant difference across the needles [F(3, 8) = 3.545; P < 0.068]. The original and 27G needle showed mean difference 0.28 (95%CI: -0.19, 0.75; P = 0.420). The lowest maintenance force was measured in the combination of 1 mL syringe and its original 26G needle. On the contrary, both the highest initial and maintenance forces were shown by the combination of 10 mL syringe and 30G needle.
Conclusion: The 1 mL syringe with original 26G needle shows the best combination.

Matched MeSH terms: Physics
Fulltext Lagrangian formulation of neutrino oscillation

Ong, Jian Fuh, Ithnin Abdul Jalil

Journal of Nuclear and Related Technologies, 2011;2011(1):26-32.
MyJurnal

Neutrino is one of the nuclear particles that are necessary for the correct description of nuclear beta decay. The standard idea is that it is a massless neutral particle and its existence was postulated in order to save the conservation of ener gy principle. This particle was later detected experimentally and it is now known that neutrino has mass. The problem of astrophysical neutrino detection has produced a new phenomenon of neutrino oscillation where the three neutrino flav ours can oscillate between themselves. This paper studies the two component neutrino oscillation problem. We study the neutrino oscillation by using the Lagrangian formulation. In our study, we assume that the neutrinos are produced as n eutrino mass eigenstate and propagate in the vacuum in the superposition of two neutrino flavour state. The Lagrangian for neutrinos with their mass and the oscillation terms were obtained. By using the mass matrix in the Lagrangian, we formulate the time evolution operator in the interaction picture. The neutrino oscillation probability obtained by using the Lagrangian formulation have the same result with the one obtained by using quantum mechanics formulation. This study hopes to gain some deeper understanding into the behaviour of neutrino beyond the Standard Model.

Matched MeSH terms: Physics
Fulltext Identification of Planck's constant by light emitting diodes (LEDS)

Nurain Azmi, Sabirin Mustafa, Nur Hazirah Mohd Yunos, Wan Nor Azlin Wan Mohd Sakri, Muhammad Nazzim Abdul Halim, Amin Aadenan

Journal of Academia Universiti Teknologi MARA Negeri Sembilan, 2020;8(2):33-38.
MyJurnal

In this paper, a simple analysis yet a straight forward method of determining the Planck’s constant by
evaluating the stopping potential of five different colors of light emitting diodes (LEDs) is presented.
The study aimed to identify the Planck’s constant based on the relationship between the potential
difference of LEDs to their respective frequencies under room temperature with low illumination of
ambient light by applying a simple theoretical analysis. The experiment was performed by connecting
the circuit in series connection and the voltage reading of LEDs were recorded and then presented in a
graph of frequency, f versus stopping voltage, Vo. To determine the Planck’s constant, the best fit line
was analyzed and the centroid was also identified in order to find the minimum and maximum errors
due the gradient of the graph. From the analysis, results showed that the Planck constant value was
(5.997 ± 1.520) × 10–34 J.s with approximately 10% of deviation from the actual value. This
demonstrates that a simple analysis can be utilized to determine the Planck’s constant for the purpose
of the laboratory teaching and learning at the undergraduate level and can be served as a starting point
for the students to understand the concept of quantization of energy in Modern Physics more
effectively. This is to further suggest that the Planck’s constant can be identified via a low-cost and
unsophisticated experimental setup.

Matched MeSH terms: Physics
Fulltext ‘Smartfan’ – An energy saving innovation for workplace

Nur Jannah Azman, Wan Mohd Rizlan Wan Idris, Alice Shanthi

Jurnal Inovasi Malaysia, 2019;2(2):111-122.
MyJurnal

Circular 10/2016 issued by UiTM Vice-Chancellor’s office comprises a clear guideline for 2017 Strategic Budget Planning. The guidelines can help the Head of PTJ’s to plan and take necessary cost effective measures to reduce on utility expenditure especially to counter the rising monthly electricity bills related to the use of air conditioners on campuses. Looking at the figures drawn from the energy management office in UiTM Negeri Sembilan Branch, UiTM Kuala Pilah campus has spent an average of RM153, 028.88 monthly in 2016. As of August 2016, the cost of electricity consumption in UiTM Kuala Pilah has reached RM1,224,231.03. This amount has surpassed the overall approved allocation of RM 800,000.00 for 2016 electricity bill. In order to reduce spending and encourage saving, as well as responding to the ‘Energy Savings Campaign’ held at the campus level, various efforts have been taken at the departmental levels. One of the innovative products that came about from the campaign is the ‘Smartfan’ project pioneered by the Physics and Materials Science Unit. The main objective of this project is the production of a “smartfan” or a mini air conditioner which is a simple, cost-effective and an energy saving device. In addition, products and ideas from the campaign can be piloted and taken to innovative, inventions and design contests at national and international levels.

Matched MeSH terms: Physics
Fulltext The South East Asian Federation of Organizations for Medical Physics (SEAFOMP): Its history and role in the ASEAN countries

Ng Kh, Wong J

Biomed Imaging Interv J, 2008 Apr;4(2):e21.
PMID: 21614324 DOI: 10.2349/biij.4.2.21

Informal discussion started in 1996 and the South East Asian Federation of Organizations for Medical Physics (SEAFOMP) was officially accepted as a regional chapter of the IOMP at the Chicago World Congress in 2000 with five member countries, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Professor Kwan-Hoong Ng served as the founding president until 2006. Brunei (2002) and Vietnam (2005) joined subsequently. We are very grateful to the founding members of SEAFOMP: Anchali Krisanachinda, Kwan-Hoong Ng, Agnette Peralta, Ratana Pirabul, Djarwani S Soejoko and Toh-Jui Wong.The objectives of SEAFOMP are to promote (i) co-operation and communication between medical physics organizations in the region; (ii) medical physics and related activities in the region; (iii) the advancement in status and standard of practice of the medical physics profession; (iv) to organize and/or sponsor international and regional conferences, meetings or courses; (v) to collaborate or affiliate with other scientific organizations.SEAFOMP has been organizing a series of congresses to promote scientific exchange and mutual support. The South East Asian Congress of Medical Physics (SEACOMP) series was held respectively in Kuala Lumpur (2001), Bangkok (2003), Kuala Lumpur (2004) and Jakarta (2006). The respective congress themes indicated the emphasis and status of development. The number of participants (countries in parentheses) was encouraging: 110 (17), 150 (16), 220 (23) and 126 (7).In honour of the late Professor John Cameron, an eponymous lecture was established. The inaugural John Cameron Lecture was delivered by Professor Willi Kalender in 2004. His lecture was titled "Recent Developments in Volume CT Scanning".

Matched MeSH terms: Physics
The role, responsibilities and status of the clinical medical physicist in AFOMP

Ng KH, Cheung KY, Hu YM, Inamura K, Kim HJ, Krisanachinda A, et al.

Australas Phys Eng Sci Med, 2009 Dec;32(4):175-9.
PMID: 20169835

This document is the first of a series of policy statements being issued by the Asia-Oceania Federation of Organizations for Medical Physics (AFOMP). The document was developed by the AFOMP Professional Development Committee (PDC) and was endorsed for official release by AFOMP Council in 2006. The main purpose of the document was to give guidance to AFOMP member organizations on the role and responsibilities of clinical medical physicists. A definition of clinical medical physicist has also been provided. This document discusses the following topics: professional aspects of education and training; responsibilities of the clinical medical physicist; status and organization of the clinical medical physics service and the need for clinical medical physics service.

Matched MeSH terms: Health Physics/education*
Medical physics in 2020: will we still be relevant?

Ng KH

Australas Phys Eng Sci Med, 2008 Jun;31(2):85-9.
PMID: 18697700

From the time when Roentgen and other physicists made the discoveries which led to the development of radiology, radiotherapy and nuclear medicine, medical physicists have played a pivotal role in the development of new technologies that have revolutionized the way medicine is practiced today. Medical physicists have been transforming scientific advances in the research laboratories to improving the quality of life for patients; indeed innovations such as computed tomography, positron emission tomography and linear accelerators which collectively have improved the medical outcomes for millions of people. In order for radiation-delivery techniques to improve in targeting accuracy, optimal dose distribution and clinical outcome, convergence of imaging and therapy is the key. It is timely for these two specialties to work closer again. This can be achieved by means of cross-disciplinary research, common conferences and workshops, and collaboration in education and training for all. The current emphasis is on enhancing the specific skill development and competency of a medical physicist at the expense of their future roles and opportunities. This emphasis is largely driven by financial and political pressures for optimizing limited resources in health care. This has raised serious concern on the ability of the next generation of medical physicists to respond to new technologies. In addition in the background loom changes of tsunami proportion. The clearly defined boundaries between the different disciplines in medicine are increasingly blurred and those between diagnosis, therapy and management are also following suit. The use of radioactive particles to treat tumours using catheters, high-intensity focused ultrasound, electromagnetic wave ablation and photodynamic therapy are just some areas challenging the old paradigm. The uncertainty and turf battles will only explode further and medical physicists will not be spared. How would medical physicists fit into this changing scenario? We are in the midst of molecular revolution. Are we prepared to explore the newer technologies such as nanotechnology, drug discovery, pre-clinical imaging, optical imaging and biomedical informatics? How are our curricula adapting to the changing needs? We should remember the late Professor John Cameron who advocated imagination and creativity - these important attributes will make us still relevant in 2020 and beyond. To me the future is clear: "To achieve more, we should imagine together."

Matched MeSH terms: Health Physics/education*; Health Physics/trends*
The World Wide Web is a net disservice to medical physicists in developing countries

Ng KH, Niroomand-Rad A, Hendee WR

Med Phys, 2001 Dec;28(12):2391-3.
PMID: 11797940
Matched MeSH terms: Physics/trends*
Shear wave elastography in chronic kidney disease - the physics and clinical application

Ng KH, Wong JHD, Leong SS

Phys Eng Sci Med, 2024 Mar;47(1):17-29.
PMID: 38078996 DOI: 10.1007/s13246-023-01358-w

Chronic kidney disease is a leading public health problem worldwide. The global prevalence of chronic kidney disease is nearly five hundred million people, with almost one million deaths worldwide. Estimated glomerular filtration rate, imaging such as conventional ultrasound, and histopathological findings are necessary as each technique provides specific information which, when taken together, may help to detect and arrest the development of chronic kidney disease, besides managing its adverse outcomes. However, estimated glomerular filtration rate measurements are hampered by substantial error margins while conventional ultrasound involves subjective assessment. Although histopathological assessment is the best tool for evaluating the severity of the renal pathology, it may lead to renal insufficiency and haemorrhage if complications occurred. Ultrasound shear wave elastography, an emerging imaging that quantifies tissue stiffness non-invasively has gained interest recently. This method applies acoustic force pulses to generate shear wave within the tissue that propagate perpendicular to the main ultrasound beam. By measuring the speed of shear wave propagation, the tissue stiffness is estimated. This paper reviews the literature and presents our combined experience and knowledge in renal shear wave elastography research. It discusses and highlights the confounding factors on shear wave elastography, current and future possibilities in ultrasound renal imaging and is not limited to new sophisticated techniques.

Matched MeSH terms: Physics
Medical physics is alive and well and growing in South East Asia

Ng K, Pirabul R, Peralta A, Soejoko D

Australas Phys Eng Sci Med, 1997 Mar;20(1):27-32.
PMID: 9141310

In recent years there has been a significant economic growth in South East Asia, along with it a concurrent development of medical physics. The status of four countries--Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines and Indonesia are presented. Medical physicists in these countries have been experiencing the usual problems of lack of recognition, low salaries, and insufficient facilities for education and training opportunities. However the situation has improved recently through the initiative of local enthusiastic medical physicists who have started MS graduate programs in medical physics and begun organizing professional activities to raise the profile of medical physics. The tremendous support and catalytic roles of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) and international organizations such as International Organization for Medical Physics (IOMP), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), World Health Organization (WHO), and International Center for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) have been instrumental in achieving progress. Contributions by these organizations include co-sponsorship of workshops and conferences, travel grants, medical physics libraries programs, and providing experts and educators. The demand for medical physicists is expected to rise in tandem with the increased emphasis on innovative technology for health care, stringent governmental regulation, and acceptance by the medical community of the important role of medical physicists.

Matched MeSH terms: Biophysics/trends*; Physics/trends*

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