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Plant Bioactive Peptides: Current Status and Prospects Towards Use on Human Health

Chai TT, Ee KY, Kumar DT, Manan FA, Wong FC

Protein Pept Lett, 2021;28(6):623-642.
PMID: 33319654 DOI: 10.2174/0929866527999201211195936

Large numbers of bioactive peptides with potential applications in protecting against human diseases have been identified from plant sources. In this review, we summarized recent progress in the research of plant-derived bioactive peptides, encompassing their production, biological effects, and mechanisms. This review focuses on antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and anticancer peptides, giving special attention to evidence derived from cellular and animal models. Studies investigating peptides with known sequences and well-characterized peptidic fractions or protein hydrolysates will be discussed. The use of molecular docking tools to elucidate inter-molecular interactions between bioactive peptides and target proteins is highlighted. In conclusion, the accumulating evidence from in silico, in vitro and in vivo studies to date supports the envisioned applications of plant peptides as natural antioxidants as well as health-promoting agents. Notwithstanding, much work is still required before the envisioned applications of plant peptides can be realized. To this end, future researches for addressing current gaps were proposed.
The role of conductive nanoparticles in anaerobic digestion: Mechanism, current status and future perspectives

Kumar SS, Ghosh P, Kataria N, Kumar D, Thakur S, Pathania D, et al.

Chemosphere, 2021 Oct;280:130601.
PMID: 33945900 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130601

In the current scenario, alternative energy sources are the need of the hour. Organic wastes having a larger fraction of biodegradable constituents present a sustainable bioenergy source. It has been reported that the calorific value of biogas generated by anaerobic digestion (AD) is 21-25 MJ/m3 with the treatment which makes it an excellent replacement of natural gas and fossil fuels and can reduce more than 80% greenhouse gas emission to the surroundings. However, there are some limitations associated with the AD process for instance ammonia build-up at the first stage reduces the rate of hydrolysis of biomass, whereas, in the last stage it interferes with methane formation. Owing to special physicochemical properties such as high activity, high reactive surface area, and high specificity, tailor-made conductive nanoparticles can improve the performance of the AD process. In the AD process, H2 is used as an electron carrier, referred as mediated interspecies electron transfer (MIET). Due to the diffusion limitation of these electron carriers, the MIET efficiency is relatively low that limits the methanogenesis. Direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET), which enables direct cell-to-cell electron transport between bacteria and methanogen, has been considered an alternative efficient approach to MIET that creates metabolically favorable conditions and results in faster conversion of organic acids and alcohols into methane. This paper discusses in detail the application of conductive nanoparticles to enhance the AD process efficiency. Interaction between microbes in anaerobic conditions for electron transfer with the help of CNPs is discussed. Application of a variety of conductive nanomaterials as an additive is discussed with their potential biogas production and treatment enhancement in the anaerobic digestion process.
Beneficial effect of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius tuber on experimental ulcerative colitis in rats

Dey YN, Sharma G, Wanjari MM, Kumar D, Lomash V, Jadhav AD

Pharm Biol, 2017 Dec;55(1):53-62.
PMID: 27600166

CONTEXT: The tuber of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson (Araceae), commonly called Suran or Jimmikand, has high medicinal value and is used ethnomedicinally for the treatment of different gastrointestinal and inflammatory disorders.
OBJECTIVE: The present study evaluated the effects of extracts of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius tubers on acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis (UC) in rats.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Wistar rats were orally administered methanol extract (APME) or aqueous extract (APAE) (250 and 500 mg/kg) or standard drug, prednisolone (PRDS) (4 mg/kg) for 7 days. On 6th day of treatment, UC was induced by transrectal instillation of 4% acetic acid (AA) and after 48 h colitis was assessed by measuring colitis parameters, biochemical estimations and histology of colon.
RESULTS: APME or APAE pretreatment significantly (p
Curative effect of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius tuber on experimental hemorrhoids in rats

Dey YN, Wanjari MM, Kumar D, Lomash V, Jadhav AD

J Ethnopharmacol, 2016 Nov 04;192:183-191.
PMID: 27426509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.07.042

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson (Family- Araceae) is a crop of south East Asian origin. In India, its tuber is widely used in ethnomedicinal practices by different tribes for the treatment of piles (hemorrhoids).
AIM: The present study evaluated the effect of methanolic and aqueous extract of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius tuber on croton oil induced hemorrhoids in rats.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The methanolic extract was standardized with the major phenolic compound, betulinic acid, by HPLC. The hemorrhoids were induced by applying 6% croton oil preparation in the ano-rectal region. Rats were orally administered methanolic and aqueous extract at doses of 250 and 500mg/kg, each for 7 days. Pilex (200mg/kg) was used as reference anti-hemorrhoidal drug. Hemorrhoids were assessed on eighth day by measuring hemorrhoidal and biochemical parameters along with histology of ano-rectal tissue.
RESULTS: Croton oil application caused induction of hemorrhoids as indicated by significant (p<0.001) increase in plasma exudation of Evans blue in ano-rectal tissue, macroscopic severity score and ano-rectal coefficient as compared to normal rats. It significantly (p<0.001) elevated lactate dehydrogenase and cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) levels in serum and increased myeloperoxidase activity and lipid peroxidation in ano-rectal tissue along with marked histological damage as compared to normal rats. Treatment with tuber extracts and pilex significantly (p<0.05-p<0.001) ameliorated Evans blue exudation, hemorrhoidal parameters and other biochemical parameters with attenuation of tissue damage compared to hemorrhoid control rats. The results indicate that tuber extracts exhibited curative action on hemorrhoids. The aqueous extract showed more pronounced effect than methanolic extract. The effects may be attributed to anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
CONCLUSION: Results indicate that tuber of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius exhibited curative action on hemorrhoids through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The study validates the ethnomedicinal use of tuber in hemorrhoids and implicates its therapeutic potential as an anti-hemorrhoidal agent.
Fully automated subchondral bone segmentation from knee MR images: Data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative

Gandhamal A, Talbar S, Gajre S, Razak R, Hani AFM, Kumar D

Comput Biol Med, 2017 Sep 01;88:110-125.
PMID: 28711767 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2017.07.008

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) progression can be monitored by measuring changes in the subchondral bone structure such as area and shape from MR images as an imaging biomarker. However, measurements of these minute changes are highly dependent on the accurate segmentation of bone tissue from MR images and it is challenging task due to the complex tissue structure and inadequate image contrast/brightness. In this paper, a fully automated method for segmenting subchondral bone from knee MR images is proposed. Here, the contrast of knee MR images is enhanced using a gray-level S-curve transformation followed by automatic seed point detection using a three-dimensional multi-edge overlapping technique. Successively, bone regions are initially extracted using distance-regularized level-set evolution followed by identification and correction of leakages along the bone boundary regions using a boundary displacement technique. The performance of the developed technique is evaluated against ground truths by measuring sensitivity, specificity, dice similarity coefficient (DSC), average surface distance (AvgD) and root mean square surface distance (RMSD). An average sensitivity (91.14%), specificity (99.12%) and DSC (90.28%) with 95% confidence interval (CI) in the range 89.74-92.54%, 98.93-99.31% and 88.68-91.88% respectively is achieved for the femur bone segmentation in 8 datasets. For tibia bone, average sensitivity (90.69%), specificity (99.65%) and DSC (91.35%) with 95% CI in the range 88.59-92.79%, 99.50-99.80% and 88.68-91.88% respectively is achieved. AvgD and RMSD values for femur are 1.43 ± 0.23 (mm) and 2.10 ± 0.35 (mm) respectively while for tibia, the values are 0.95 ± 0.28 (mm) and 1.30 ± 0.42 (mm) respectively that demonstrates acceptable error between proposed method and ground truths. In conclusion, results obtained in this work demonstrate substantially significant performance with consistency and robustness that led the proposed method to be applicable for large scale and longitudinal knee OA studies in clinical settings.
A novel risk assessment method for landfill slope failure: Case study application for Bhalswa Dumpsite, India

Jahanfar A, Amirmojahedi M, Gharabaghi B, Dubey B, McBean E, Kumar D

Waste Manag Res, 2017 Mar;35(3):220-227.
PMID: 28148208 DOI: 10.1177/0734242X16686412

Rapid population growth of major urban centres in many developing countries has created massive landfills with extraordinary heights and steep side-slopes, which are frequently surrounded by illegal low-income residential settlements developed too close to landfills. These extraordinary landfills are facing high risks of catastrophic failure with potentially large numbers of fatalities. This study presents a novel method for risk assessment of landfill slope failure, using probabilistic analysis of potential failure scenarios and associated fatalities. The conceptual framework of the method includes selecting appropriate statistical distributions for the municipal solid waste (MSW) material shear strength and rheological properties for potential failure scenario analysis. The MSW material properties for a given scenario is then used to analyse the probability of slope failure and the resulting run-out length to calculate the potential risk of fatalities. In comparison with existing methods, which are solely based on the probability of slope failure, this method provides a more accurate estimate of the risk of fatalities associated with a given landfill slope failure. The application of the new risk assessment method is demonstrated with a case study for a landfill located within a heavily populated area of New Delhi, India.
Fulltext Sensitivity and specificity of automated analysis of single-field non-mydriatic fundus photographs by Bosch DR Algorithm-Comparison with mydriatic fundus photography (ETDRS) for screening in undiagnosed diabetic retinopathy

Bawankar P, Shanbhag N, K SS, Dhawan B, Palsule A, Kumar D, et al.

PLoS One, 2017;12(12):e0189854.
PMID: 29281690 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189854

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of blindness among working-age adults. Early diagnosis through effective screening programs is likely to improve vision outcomes. The ETDRS seven-standard-field 35-mm stereoscopic color retinal imaging (ETDRS) of the dilated eye is elaborate and requires mydriasis, and is unsuitable for screening. We evaluated an image analysis application for the automated diagnosis of DR from non-mydriatic single-field images. Patients suffering from diabetes for at least 5 years were included if they were 18 years or older. Patients already diagnosed with DR were excluded. Physiologic mydriasis was achieved by placing the subjects in a dark room. Images were captured using a Bosch Mobile Eye Care fundus camera. The images were analyzed by the Retinal Imaging Bosch DR Algorithm for the diagnosis of DR. All subjects also subsequently underwent pharmacological mydriasis and ETDRS imaging. Non-mydriatic and mydriatic images were read by ophthalmologists. The ETDRS readings were used as the gold standard for calculating the sensitivity and specificity for the software. 564 consecutive subjects (1128 eyes) were recruited from six centers in India. Each subject was evaluated at a single outpatient visit. Forty-four of 1128 images (3.9%) could not be read by the algorithm, and were categorized as inconclusive. In four subjects, neither eye provided an acceptable image: these four subjects were excluded from the analysis. This left 560 subjects for analysis (1084 eyes). The algorithm correctly diagnosed 531 of 560 cases. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were 91%, 97%, 94%, and 95% respectively. The Bosch DR Algorithm shows favorable sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing DR from non-mydriatic images, and can greatly simplify screening for DR. This also has major implications for telemedicine in the use of screening for retinopathy in patients with diabetes mellitus.

Study site: India
Fulltext Preclinical Models for Alzheimer's Disease: Past, Present, and Future Approaches

Akhtar A, Gupta SM, Dwivedi S, Kumar D, Shaikh MF, Negi A

ACS Omega, 2022 Dec 27;7(51):47504-47517.
PMID: 36591205 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05609

A robust preclinical disease model is a primary requirement to understand the underlying mechanisms, signaling pathways, and drug screening for human diseases. Although various preclinical models are available for several diseases, clinical models for Alzheimer's disease (AD) remain underdeveloped and inaccurate. The pathophysiology of AD mainly includes the presence of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). Furthermore, neuroinflammation and free radical generation also contribute to AD. Currently, there is a wide gap in scientific approaches to preventing AD progression. Most of the available drugs are limited to symptomatic relief and improve deteriorating cognitive functions. To mimic the pathogenesis of human AD, animal models like 3XTg-AD and 5XFAD are the primarily used mice models in AD therapeutics. Animal models for AD include intracerebroventricular-streptozotocin (ICV-STZ), amyloid beta-induced, colchicine-induced, etc., focusing on parameters such as cognitive decline and dementia. Unfortunately, the translational rate of the potential drug candidates in clinical trials is poor due to limitations in imitating human AD pathology in animal models. Therefore, the available preclinical models possess a gap in AD modeling. This paper presents an outline that critically assesses the applicability and limitations of the current approaches in disease modeling for AD. Also, we attempted to provide key suggestions for the best-fit model to evaluate potential therapies, which might improve therapy translation from preclinical studies to patients with AD.
Fulltext Inhibitory activity of Enhydra fluctuans Lour. on calcium oxalate crystallisation through in silico and in vitro studies

Chattaraj B, Nandi A, Das A, Sharma A, Dey YN, Kumar D, et al.

Front Pharmacol, 2022;13:982419.
PMID: 36744215 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.982419

The decoction of the whole plant of Enhydra fluctuans is used ethno medicinally by various tribes for the treatment of kidney stones and urinary problems. However, no scientific studies were carried out to delineate its influence on urinary stone formation and crystallisation. Hence, the present study is proposed to investigate the effect of the aqueous extract of Enhydra fluctuans extract on in vitro crystallisation of calcium oxalate. The present study also evaluated. in silico studies of the metabolites with the target proteins present in the renal calcium oxalate stone matrix. The plant material was subjected to decoction to obtain an aqueous extract. The effect of the extract on calcium oxalate crystallization was evaluated by in vitro nucleation and aggregation assays. Further, the metabolites present in E. fluctuans were mined from the existing literature and their number was found to be 35. The selected 35 metabolites of E. fluctuans were subjected to molecular docking with the 5 proteins which are known to be responsible for calcium oxalate crystal growth. Results of in vitro studies indicated that the extract (50, 100, and 200 μg/mL) and standard drug cystone (1,000 μg/mL) exhibited an inhibitory role in the nucleation process where the percentage inhibitions were 52.69, 43.47, 21.98, and 31.67 μg/mL respectively. The results of molecular docking studies revealed that 2 out of 35 metabolites i.e. Baicalein-7-O-diglucoside and 4',5,6,7-Tetrahydroxy-8-methoxy isoflavone-7-O-beta-D- galactopyranosyl-(1→3)-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→4)- O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside showed modulatory effects on the four renal stone matrix-associated protein (Human CTP: Phosphoethanolamine Cytidylyltransferase (Protein Data Bank ID: 3ELB), UDP glucose: glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 2 (Gene: UGGT2) (AlphaFold) and RIMS-binding protein 3A (Gene: RIMBP3) (AlphaFold), and Ras GTPase activating-like protein (PDB: 3FAY) based on their docking scores which indicates that they may inhibit the crystallization process. Findings from this study show that Enhydra fluctuans may be effective in the prevention of the crystallization of calcium oxalate. However, further, in vivo studies as well as molecular studies are needed to be conducted to confirm and strengthen its anti-urolithiatic activity and to elucidate the possible mechanism of action involved therein.
Fulltext Morphological diagnosis of hematologic malignancy using feature fusion-based deep convolutional neural network

Yadav DP, Kumar D, Jalal AS, Kumar A, Singh KU, Shah MA

Sci Rep, 2023 Oct 09;13(1):16988.
PMID: 37813973 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44210-7

Leukemia is a cancer of white blood cells characterized by immature lymphocytes. Due to blood cancer, many people die every year. Hence, the early detection of these blast cells is necessary for avoiding blood cancer. A novel deep convolutional neural network (CNN) 3SNet that has depth-wise convolution blocks to reduce the computation costs has been developed to aid the diagnosis of leukemia cells. The proposed method includes three inputs to the deep CNN model. These inputs are grayscale and their corresponding histogram of gradient (HOG) and local binary pattern (LBP) images. The HOG image finds the local shape, and the LBP image describes the leukaemia cell's texture pattern. The suggested model was trained and tested with images from the AML-Cytomorphology_LMU dataset. The mean average precision (MAP) for the cell with less than 100 images in the dataset was 84%, whereas for cells with more than 100 images in the dataset was 93.83%. In addition, the ROC curve area for these cells is more than 98%. This confirmed proposed model could be an adjunct tool to provide a second opinion to a doctor.
The Potential of Mur Enzymes as Targets for Antimicrobial Drug Discovery

Kumar D, Sarkar N, Roy KK, Bisht D, Kumar D, Mandal B, et al.

Curr Drug Targets, 2023;24(8):627-647.
PMID: 37291783 DOI: 10.2174/1389450124666230608150759

The extensive development in the strains of resistant bacteria is a potential hazard to public health worldwide. This necessitates the development of newer agents with the antibacterial property having new mechanisms of action. Mur enzymes catalyze the steps related to the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan, which constitutes a major part of the cell wall in bacteria. Peptidoglycan increases the stiffness of the cell wall, helping it to survive in unfavorable conditions. Therefore, the inhibition of Mur enzymes may lead to novel antibacterial agents that may help in controlling or overcoming bacterial resistance. Mur enzymes are classified into MurA, MurB, MurC, MurD, MurE, and MurF. Until-date, multiple inhibitors are reported for each class of the Mur enzymes. In this review, we have summarized the development of Mur enzyme inhibitors as antibacterial agents in the last few decades.
Fulltext Gastrokinetic activity of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius tuber in rats

Dey YN, Mahor S, Kumar D, Wanjari M, Gaidhani S, Jadhav A

J Intercult Ethnopharmacol, 2016;5(1):36-42.
PMID: 27069720 DOI: 10.5455/jice.20151211063819

AIM: The tuber of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Family-Araceae), commonly called suran or jimikand, has medicinal and food value. It is used in ethnomedicinal practices for correction of gastrointestinal disturbances such as constipation and hemorrhoids. The present study evaluated the effect of A. paeoniifolius tuber on gastrointestinal motor functions.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The tuber was collected in December 2011, and its methanolic extract was standardized with the major phenolic compound, betulinic acid, by high-performance liquid chromatography. Rats were orally administered methanolic (APME) or aqueous (APAE) extract (250 and 500 mg/kg, each) of tuber for 7 days. Metoclopramide (MET) (3 mg/kg, orally) was used a reference prokinetic drug. The gastrointestinal parameters viz. number of feces, wet and dry weight and moisture content of feces, gastric emptying, and intestinal transit were evaluated. The isolated tissue preparations were used to check the effect of the extracts on fundus and intestinal contractility. The glucomannan and total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined spectrophotometrically.
RESULTS: The pre-treatment of extracts significantly increased the number of feces, wet and dry weight of feces, moisture content, gastric emptying, and intestinal transit. Results were comparable to MET. Further, APME and APAE showed a contraction of fundus and ileum in isolated preparations. APME and APAE were also found to have fair amount of glucomannan, total phenolics, and flavonoids. The results indicate the gastrokinetic potential of the tuber extracts. This may be attributed to the presence of glucomannan and betulinic acid present in the extracts.
CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the tuber of A. paeoniifolius exhibits gastrokinetic activity and substantiates its traditional use in gastrointestinal motor disturbances.
Fulltext Beneficial effect of standardized extracts of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius tuber and its active constituents on experimental constipation in rats

Dey YN, Wanjari MM, Srivastava B, Kumar D, Sharma D, Sharma J, et al.

Heliyon, 2020 May;6(5):e04023.
PMID: 32509986 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04023

The tubers of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Elephant foot yam), principally consumed as crop food and vegetables, are used in ethno-medicinal practices in mitigation of constipation and piles. Hence, present study evaluated the effect of tubers of A. paeoniifolius and its active constituents glucomannan and betulinic acid on experimentally-induced constipation. The tuber and its extracts were standardized as per Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India and physicochemical constants were found within the pharmacopoeial limit. HPTLC fingerprint profile of extracts has been developed using suitable mobile phase. Methanolic extract was subjected to column chromatography. The isolated phytoconstituents were characterized by FT-IR, NMR and MS and identified as betulinic acid and β-sitosterol. Functional constipation was induced in rats by oral administration of loperamide (3 mg/kg) for first 3 consecutive days. The rats were orally treated with methanolic and aqueous tuber extracts in the doses of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg, glucomannan (300 mg/kg) and betulinic acid (1.5 mg/kg) for 7 days. The parameters viz. number of stools, wet weight of stools and moisture content of stools and intestinal transit were studied. Treatment with tuber extracts, glucomannan and betulinic acid showed significant (p < 0.05) increase in fecal parameters and intestinal transit in constipated rats. The effects were comparable to standard laxative drug, sodium picosulfate (5 mg/kg, orally). The results indicated that tuber extracts and its active constituents showed laxative effect and relieved constipation. It is concluded that tuber of A. paeoniifolius exhibited beneficial effect in functional constipation possibly through its laxative action. The study validates its ethno-medicinal use in correction of constipation. The principal constituents, betulinic acid and glucomannan in tuber extracts might have played important role in relieving the constipation.
Fulltext Growth Charts for Tribal, School-Going Children in Jharkhand Using Anthropometry and Lambda-Mu-Sigma Methods to Create Growth Charts

Kumar D, Rishabh Kumar R, Kujur A, Kumar C, Sunderam S, Kashyap V, et al.

Malays J Med Sci, 2020 Jul;27(4):108-118.
PMID: 32863750 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2020.27.4.10

Background: This study intends to find the growth patterns of selected school children. Globally accepted statistical methods were used to evaluate the data and prepare a growth chart.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with school-going children from 16 selected schools of a tribal district in Jharkhand using multistage cluster random sampling. In each selected school, 60 students, 30 boys and 30 girls, were chosen randomly, totaling 960 children (full data was for 935 children only). Growth charts were created using Lambda-Mu-Sigma (LMS) chart maker version 2.5 for height, weight and body mass index (BMI). In the charts, the LMS values with Z scores for each age and respective height and weight for boys and girls were recorded.
Results: The 468 boys and 467 girls were in the range of 6-14 years of age. Percentile values obtained for the measured heights in centimetres were evaluated and compared with Indian Academy of Pediatrics reference charts for boys and girls for the same age group, and our values were found to be on the lower side. We were able to plot a growth chart of the data set; as the tribal children's ethnicity is different, this growth chart might be used to assess nutritional status.
Conclusion: We concluded that growth curves for height, weight, and BMI may be used for evaluating children of age 6-14 years in the tribal population. The measures can be a good indicator of their nourishment status and overall growth patterns, which might be indigenous to their ethnicity. A larger sample size of similar tribal populations may give a clearer picture.
Managing Apoptosis in Lung Diseases using Nano-assisted Drug Delivery System

Shukla MK, Dubey A, Pandey S, Singh SK, Gupta G, Prasher P, et al.

Curr Pharm Des, 2022;28(39):3202-3211.
PMID: 35422206 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220413103831

Several factors exist that limit the efficacy of lung cancer treatment. These may be tumor-specific delivery of therapeutics, airway geometry, humidity, clearance mechanisms, presence of lung diseases, and therapy against tumor cell resistance. Advancements in drug delivery using nanotechnology based multifunctional nanocarriers, have emerged as a viable method for treating lung cancer with more efficacy and fewer adverse effects. This review does a thorough and critical examination of effective nano-enabled approaches for lung cancer treatment, such as nano-assisted drug delivery systems. In addition, to therapeutic effectiveness, researchers have been working to determine several strategies to produce nanotherapeutics by adjusting the size, drug loading, transport, and retention. Personalized lung tumor therapies using sophisticated nano modalities have the potential to provide great therapeutic advantages based on individual unique genetic markers and disease profiles. Overall, this review provides comprehensive information on newer nanotechnological prospects for improving the management of apoptosis in lung cancer.
Fulltext Phytoantioxidant Functionalized Nanoparticles: A Green Approach to Combat Nanoparticle-Induced Oxidative Stress

Balkrishna A, Kumar A, Arya V, Rohela A, Verma R, Nepovimova E, et al.

Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2021;2021:3155962.
PMID: 34737844 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3155962

Nanotechnology is gaining significant attention, with numerous biomedical applications. Silver in wound dressings, copper oxide and silver in antibacterial preparations, and zinc oxide nanoparticles as a food and cosmetic ingredient are common examples. However, adverse effects of nanoparticles in humans and the environment from extended exposure at varied concentrations have yet to be established. One of the drawbacks of employing nanoparticles is their tendency to cause oxidative stress, a significant public health concern with life-threatening consequences. Cardiovascular, renal, and respiratory problems and diabetes are among the oxidative stress-related disorders. In this context, phytoantioxidant functionalized nanoparticles could be a novel and effective alternative. In addition to performing their intended function, they can protect against oxidative damage. This review was designed by searching through various websites, books, and articles found in PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. To begin with, oxidative stress, its related diseases, and the mechanistic basis of oxidative damage caused by nanoparticles are discussed. One of the main mechanisms of action of nanoparticles was unearthed to be oxidative stress, which limits their use in humans. Secondly, the role of phytoantioxidant functionalized nanoparticles in oxidative damage prevention is critically discussed. The parameters for the characterization of nanoparticles were also discussed. The majority of silver, gold, iron, zinc oxide, and copper nanoparticles produced utilizing various plant extracts were active free radical scavengers. This potential is linked to several surface fabricated phytoconstituents, such as flavonoids and phenols. These phytoantioxidant functionalized nanoparticles could be a better alternative to nanoparticles prepared by other existing approaches.
Fulltext Development of substituted benzylidene derivatives as novel dual cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's treatment

Gupta SM, Behera A, Jain NK, Tripathi A, Rishipathak D, Singh S, et al.

RSC Adv, 2023 Sep 04;13(38):26344-26356.
PMID: 37671344 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03224h

Leading pathological markers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) include Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), Butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), Amyloid beta (Aβ) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Indole derivatives were identified and optimized to improve the potency against AChE, BuChE, Aβ and ROS. The lead molecule IND-30 was found to be selective for AChE (selectivity ratio: 22.92) in comparison to BuChE and showed maximum inhibition potential for human AChE (IC50: 4.16 ± 0.063 μM). IND-30 was found to be safe on the SH-SY5Y cell line until the dose of 30 mM. Further, molecule IND-30 was evaluated for its ability to inhibit AChE-induced Aβ aggregation at 0.5, 10 and 20 μM doses. Approximately, 50% of AChE-induced Aβ aggregation was inhibited by IND-30. Thus, IND-30 was found to be multitargeting for AD.
Fulltext Effects of curcumin-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles in MDA-MB231 human breast cancer cells

Sharma A, Hawthorne S, Jha SK, Jha NK, Kumar D, Girgis S, et al.

Nanomedicine (Lond), 2021 08;16(20):1763-1773.
PMID: 34296625 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0066

Aim: This study was aimed at evaluating the anticancer potential of curcumin-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) based nanoparticles (NPs) in MDA-MB231 human breast cancer cells. Methods: Curcumin-loaded PLGA NPs were developed using a modified solvent evaporation technique. Physical characterization was performed on the formulated NPs. Furthermore, in vitro experiments were conducted to study the biological activity of the curcumin-loaded NPs. Results: Curcumin-loaded PLGA NPs demonstrated high encapsulation efficiency and sustained payload release. Moreover, the NPs exhibited a significant reduction in cell viability, cell migration and cell invasion in the MDA-MB231 cells. Conclusion: The study revealed that the formulated curcumin-loaded PLGA NPs possessed significant anti-metastatic properties. The findings showcased the possible potential of curcumin-loaded NPs in the management of debilitating conditions such as cancer. In addition, this study could form the basis for further research and advancements in this area.
Fulltext Commercial utilities and future perspective of nanomedicines

Malviya R, Fuloria S, Verma S, Subramaniyan V, Sathasivam KV, Kumarasamy V, et al.

PeerJ, 2021;9:e12392.
PMID: 34820175 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12392

The present review aims to describe the commercial utilities and future perspectives of nanomedicines. Nanomedicines are intended to increase precision medicine and decrease the adverse effects on the patient. Nanomedicines are produced, engineered, and industrialized at the cellular, chemical, and macromolecular levels. This study describes the various aspects of nanomedicine such as governing outlooks over high use of nanomedicine, regulatory advancements for nanomedicines, standards, and guidelines for nanomedicines as per Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). This review also focuses on the patents and clinical trials based on nanoformulation, along with nanomedicines utilization as drug therapy and their market value. The present study concludes that nanomedicines are of high importance in biomedical and pharmaceutical production and offer better therapeutic effects especially in the case of drugs that possess low aqueous solubility. The factual data presented in this study will assist the researchers and health care professionals in understanding the applications of nanomedicine for better diagnosis and effective treatment of a disease.
Role of Medicinal plant-derived Nutraceuticals as a potential target for the treatment of breast cancer

Alharbi KS, Almalki WH, Makeen HA, Albratty M, Meraya AM, Nagraik R, et al.

J Food Biochem, 2022 Dec;46(12):e14387.
PMID: 36121313 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14387

Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most challenging cancers to treat, accounting for many cancer-related deaths. Over some years, chemotherapy, hormone treatment, radiation, and surgeries have been used to treat cancer. Unfortunately, these treatment options are unsuccessful due to crucial adverse reactions and multidrug tolerance/resistance. Although it is clear that substances in the nutraceuticals category have a lot of anti-cancer activity, using a supplementary therapy strategy, in this case, could be very beneficial. Nutraceuticals are therapeutic agents, which are nutrients that have drug-like characteristics and can be used to treat diseases. Plant nutraceuticals categorized into polyphenols, terpenoids, vitamins, alkaloids, and flavonoids are part of health food products, that have great potential for combating BC. Nutraceuticals can reduce BC's severity, limit malignant cell growth, and modify cancer-related mechanisms. Nutraceuticals acting by attenuating Hedgehog, Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), Notch, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling are the main pathways in controlling the self-renewal of breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs). This article reviews some important nutraceuticals and their modes of action, which can be very powerful versus BC. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Nutraceuticals' importance to the control and diagnosis of breast cancer is undeniable and cannot be overlooked. Natural dietary compounds have a wide range of uses and have been used in traditional medicine. In addition, these natural chemicals can enhance the effectiveness of other traditional medicines. They may also be used as a treatment process independently because of their capacity to affect several cancer pathways. This study highlights a variety of natural chemicals, and their mechanisms of action, routes, synergistic effects, and future potentials are all examined.

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