MATERIALS AND METHODS: A review of observational studies was conducted to discuss the accuracy, tolerability and ease of use of tonometers in measuring IOP in children with glaucoma.
RESULTS: Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT) and its portable handheld versions remain the gold standard in measuring IOP. Tono-Pen (Reichert Ophthalmic Instruments, Depew, New York, USA) and rebound tonometer (RBT) both correlate well with GAT. Although both tonometers tend to overestimate IOP, Tono-Pen overestimates more than RBT. Overestimation is more remarkable in higher IOP and corneal pathologies (such as but not limited to scarred cornea and denser corneal opacity). RBT was better tolerated than other tonometers in children and was easier to use in children of all ages.
CONCLUSIONS: RBT is the preferred tonometer for measuring IOP in children with glaucoma, as it is less traumatic, time efficient and does not require fluorescein dye or anaesthesia. However, examiners should use a second tonometer to confirm elevated IOP readings from the RBT.
METHODS: The food security status and the risk of eating disorders were assessed using the validated Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) and Eating Attitude Test (EAT-26), respectively.
RESULTS: Among the 208 young urbanists, approximately one-third (30.8%) were moderate-to-severe food insecure and about one-fifth (18.8%) were at risk of eating disorders after the nationwide lockdown. With the adjustment of gender, the binary logistic regression analysis revealed that moderate-to-severe food insecure individuals were 2.279 times (P = 0.030, 95% CI = 1.084-4.791) more likely to engage in disordered eating in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings of partial correlation further indicated that moderate-to-severe food insecurity was positively correlated (rpartial = 0.156, P = 0.024) with bulimia and food preoccupation after the outbreak.
CONCLUSIONS: Governments and non-governmental organizations must work closely to develop effective policies to address food insecurity and disordered eating behaviour among young urbanists - after the pandemic.