Displaying publications 21 - 40 of 99 in total

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  1. Yap SP, Yuen KH, Lim AB
    J Pharm Pharmacol, 2003 Jan;55(1):53-8.
    PMID: 12625867
    A study was conducted to evaluate the bioavailability of alpha-, gamma- and delta-tocotrienols administered via oral, intravenous, intramuscular and intraperitoneal routes in rats. Three separate experiments, each conducted according to a two-way crossover design, were carried out to compare intravenous and oral, intramuscular and oral, and intraperitoneal and oral administration. Oral absorption of all three tocotrienols was found to be incomplete. Of the three tocotrienols, alpha-tocotrienol had the highest oral bioavailability, at about 27.7+/-9.2%, compared with gamma- and delta-tocotrienols, which had values of 9.1+/-2.4% and 8.5+/-3.5%, respectively. Such biodiscrimination was also observed in their total clearance rates (estimated from the intravenous data). alpha-Tocotrienol showed the lowest clearance rate at about 0.16 L kg(-1) h(-1), whereas that of delta- and gamma-tocotrienols was quite similar, with values of 0.24 and 0.23 L kg(-1) h(-1), respectively. Interestingly, all three tocotrienols were found to be negligibly absorbed when administered intraperitoneally and intramuscularly. Thus, these two routes of administration should be avoided when evaluating the biological activities of the tocotrienols in whole animal experiments.
  2. Yap SP, Yuen KH, Wong JW
    J Pharm Pharmacol, 2001 Jan;53(1):67-71.
    PMID: 11206194
    We have investigated the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of alpha-, gamma- and delta-tocotrienols under fed and fasted conditions in eight healthy volunteers. The volunteers were administered a single oral dose of mixed tocotrienols (300 mg) under fed or fasted conditions. The bioavailability of tocotrienols under the two conditions was compared using the parameters peak plasma concentration (Cmax), time to reach peak plasma concentration (Tmax) and total area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC(o-infinity)). A statistically significant difference was observed between the fed and fasted logarithmic transformed values of Cmax (P < 0.01) and AUC(0-infinity) (P < 0.01) for all three tocotrienols. In addition, the 90% confidence intervals for the ratio of the logarithmic transformed AUC(0-infinity) values of alpha-, gamma- and delta-tocotrienols under the fed state over those of the fasted state were found to lie between 2.24-3.40, 2.05-4.09 and 1.59-3.81, respectively, while those of the Cmax were between 2.28-4.39, 2.31-5.87 and 1.52-4.05, respectively. However, no statistically significant difference was observed between the fed and fasted Tmax values of the three homologues. The mean apparent elimination half-life (t(1/2)) of alpha-, gamma- and delta-tocotrienols was estimated to be 4.4, 4.3 and 2.3 h, respectively, being between 4.5- to 8.7-fold shorter than that reported for alpha-tocopherol. No statistically significant difference was observed between the fed and fasted t(1/2) values. The mean apparent volume of distribution (Vd/f) values under the fed state were significantly smaller than those of the fasted state, which could be attributed to increased absorption of the tocotrienols in the fed state.
  3. Fung WY, Liong MT, Yuen KH
    J Pharm Pharmacol, 2016 Feb;68(2):159-69.
    PMID: 26730452 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12502
    OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to prepare Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) microparticles using electrospraying technology, and evaluate the in-vitro properties and in-vivo oral bioavailability.
    KEY FINDINGS: Electrospraying was successfully used to prepare CoQ10 to enhance its solubility and dissolution properties. In-vitro evaluation of the electrosprayed microparticles showed bioavailability-enhancing properties such as reduced crystallinity and particle size. The formulation was evaluated using dissolution study and in-vivo oral bioavailability using rat model. The dissolution study revealed enhanced dissolution properties of electrosprayed microparticles compared with physical mixture and raw material. The absorption profiles showed increasing mean plasma levels CoQ10 in the following order: raw material < physical mixture < electrosprayed microparticles.
    CONCLUSION: Based on the findings in this study, electrospraying is a highly prospective technology to produce functional nano- and micro-structures as delivery vehicles for drugs with poor oral bioavailability due to rate-limiting solubility.
  4. Yuen KH, Desmukh AA, Newton JM
    Pharm Res, 1993 Apr;10(4):588-92.
    PMID: 8483843
    A novel multiparticulate sustained-release theophylline formulation, which consisted of spherical drug pellets coated with a rate-controlling membrane, was evaluated in vivo. Two preparations that differ solely in the coat thickness, and hence rate of in vitro drug release, were studied in comparison with a solution of the drug. Both preparations produced serum concentration profiles that are reflective of a slow and sustained rate of absorption. The in vivo release versus time profiles calculated using a deconvolution procedure showed that the two preparations differed in the rate but not the extent of drug release. Satisfactory correlation was also obtained between the in vivo and the in vitro results. When the two preparations were further compared using the parameters, time to reach peak concentration (Tp), peak concentration (Cp), and total area under the serum concentration versus time curves (AUC), a statistically significant difference was observed in the Tp and Cp values but not the AUC values, suggesting that the preparations differed in the rate but not the extent of absorption. In addition, the extent of absorption from both preparations was comparable to that obtained with the drug solution.
  5. Tan S, Yuen KH, Chan KL
    Planta Med, 2002 Apr;68(4):355-8.
    PMID: 11988862 DOI: 10.1055/s-2002-26751
    A new and simple HPLC method using fluorescence detection was developed to determine 9-methoxycanthin-6-one, an active compound of Eurycoma longifolia Jack in rat and human plasma. The method entailed direct injection of plasma sample after deproteinization using acetonitrile. The mobile phase comprised acetonitrile and distilled water (55 : 45, v/v). Analysis was run at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min with the detector operating at an excitation wavelength of 371 nm and emission wavelength of 504 nm. The method was specific and sensitive with a detection limit of 0.6 ng/ml and a quantification limit of approximately 1.6 ng/ml. The method was applied in a pilot pharmacokinetic/bioavailability study of the compound in rats. Less than 1 % of the compound was found to be absorbed orally.
  6. Billa N, Yuen KH, Peh KK
    Drug Dev Ind Pharm, 1998 Jan;24(1):45-50.
    PMID: 15605596
    Ethyl acrylate-methyl methacrylate copolymer (Eudragit NE40D) was evaluated as matrix material for preparing controlled-release tablets of diclofenac sodium. Drug release could be modified in a predictable manner by varying the Eudragit NE40D content, but was pH dependent, being markedly reduced at lower pH. This could be attributed to the low solubility of the drug at these pH values. Thermal treatment of the tablets at 60 degrees C was also found to affect the rate of drug release, which was found to decrease with an increase in the treatment duration, but could be stabilized after 96 hr of treatment. This was also associated with a corresponding increase in the tablet tensile strength. However, treatment of the granules for 5 hr prior to compaction into tablets could shorten the stabilizing time of the drug release to 48 hr and that of the tensile strength to 24 hr. The effect of thermal treatment may be ascribed to better coalescence of the Eudragit particles to form a fine network, resulting in matrix of higher tortuosity and lower porosity.
  7. Peh KK, Wong CF, Yuen KH
    Drug Dev Ind Pharm, 2000 Apr;26(4):447-50.
    PMID: 10769787
    Lipophilicity was evaluated as a possible mechanism for drug retardation from a glyceryl monostearate matrix system. Lipophilicity of the glyceryl monostearate matrix system was studied using contact angle measurement of water droplets on the surface of compressed disks, extrudate ascension of water, and movement of water through a powder mixture packed in a high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) column. Increase in glyceryl monostearate content resulted in an increase in water droplet contact angle, decrease in the rate of water ascending the extrudate, and increase in the pressure values as a function of flow rate of water moving through the powder mixture. These could be due to the increase in lipophilicity of the matrix, rendering the matrix less wettable. As a result, the rate of water penetration into the matrix decreased, and the drug release could be sustained.
  8. Yuen KH, Peh KK, Tan BL
    Drug Dev Ind Pharm, 1999 May;25(5):613-8.
    PMID: 10219530
    This study was conducted to compare the bioavailability of two controlled-release metformin preparations (Diabetmin Retard and Glucophage Retard) and also to correlate the in vitro and in vivo data obtained with the two preparations. Twelve healthy volunteers participated in the study, conducted according to a completely randomized, two-way crossover design. The preparations were compared using area under the plasma concentration-time curve AUC0-infinity, time to reach peak plasma concentration Tmax, and peak plasma concentration Cmax, while correlation was determined between in vitro release and in vivo absorption. Diabetmin Retard demonstrated a slower rate of in vitro release, but a faster rate of in vivo absorption than Glucophage Retard. However, the in vivo absorption of both products was found to be slower than that of drug released in vitro. A satisfactory relationship could be established between the in vitro and in vivo results, but there was no rank order correlation. No statistically significant difference was observed between the two preparations in the parameters AUC0-infinity and Cmax. However, a slight but statistically significant difference was observed between the Tmax values, but it may not be therapeutically significant. Moreover, the 90% confidence interval for the ratio of the logarithmic transformed AUC0-infinity values, as well as the logarithmic transformed Cmax values, of Diabetmin Retard over those of Glucophage Retard was within the acceptance criteria of 0.80-1.25.
  9. Yuen KH, Peh KK, Billa N
    Drug Dev Ind Pharm, 1999 Mar;25(3):353-6.
    PMID: 10071829
    The bioavailability of a generic preparation of naltrexone (Narpan) was compared with the innovator product, Trexan. Twelve healthy volunteers participated in the study, conducted according to a completely randomized, two-way crossover design. The preparations were compared using the parameters area under the plasma concentration-time curve AUC0-infinity, peak plasma concentration Cmax, and time to reach peak plasma concentration Tmax. No statistically significant difference was observed between the logarithmic transformed AUC0-infinity and the logarithmically transformed Cmax values of the two preparations. Also, no statistically significant difference was observed between the untransformed Tmax values. In addition, the 90% confidence interval for the ratio of the logarithmic transformed AUC0-infinity values of Narpan over those of Trexan was found to lie between 0.87 and 1.01, while that of the logarithmic transformed Cmax values was between 0.94 and 1.23, both being within the bioequivalence limit of 0.80-1.25. The numerical values of the elimination half-life (t1/2) obtained with the two preparations were also not significantly different and were comparable to those reported in the literature.
  10. Wong JW, Nisar UR, Yuen KH
    PMID: 14643517
    A sensitive and selective high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the determination of itraconazole and its active metabolite, hydroxyitraconazole, in human plasma. Prior to analysis, both compounds together with the internal standard were extracted from alkalinized plasma samples using a 3:2 (v/v) mixture of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane and dichloromethane. The mobile phase comprised 0.02 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate-acetonitrile (1:1, v/v) adjusted to pH 3.0. Analysis was run at flow-rate of 0.9 ml/min with excitation and emission wavelengths set at 260 and 365 nm, respectively. Itraconazole was found to adsorb on glass or plastic tubes, but could be circumvented by prior treating the tubes using 10% dichlorodimethylsilane in toluene. Moreover, rinsing the injector port with acetonitrile helped to overcome any carry-over effect. This problem was not encountered with hydroxyitraconazole. The method was sensitive with limit of quantification of 3 ng/ml for itraconazole and 6 ng/ml for hydroxyitraconazole. The calibration curve was linear over a concentration range of 2.8-720 ng/ml for itraconazole and 5.6-720 ng/ml for the hydroxy metabolite. Mean recovery value of the extraction procedure for both compounds was about 85%, while the within-day and between-day coefficient of variation and percent error values of the assay method were all less than 15%. Hence, the method is suitable for use in pharmacokinetic and bioavailability studies of itraconazole.
  11. Mark JKK, Samsudin S, Looi I, Yuen KH
    Climacteric, 2024 Feb 06.
    PMID: 38318859 DOI: 10.1080/13697137.2024.2306892
    The issue of vaginal dryness in genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) and its pervasive impact on women's quality of life is often overlooked. Extensive surveys conducted worldwide reveal limited understanding of vaginal dryness among public and health-care providers. Physician knowledge on menopause medicine varies globally, highlighting the need for standardized training. Effective communication between physicians and patients plays a crucial role in diagnosing and treating GSM symptoms. There are multiple treatment options to improve vaginal lubrication, including hormonal and non-hormonal therapies, along with lifestyle modifications. Tailoring treatments to individual patient preferences is crucial for compliance. Overall, GSM is multifaceted, from the prevalence of vaginal dryness to the nuances of treatment preferences. The urgency of widespread education and awareness of this matter must be underscored to meet the aim of enhancing the well-being and quality of life for women.
  12. Amekyeh H, Billa N, Yuen KH, Chin SL
    AAPS PharmSciTech, 2015 Aug;16(4):871-7.
    PMID: 25588365 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-014-0279-4
    The gastrointestinal (GI) transit behavior of and absorption from an amphotericin B (AmB) solid lipid nanoformulation (SLN) in rats was investigated. We aimed to estimate the gastric emptying time (GET) and cecal arrival time (CAT) of AmB SLN in rats as animal models. From these two parameters, an insight on the absorption window of AmB was ascertained. Three types of SLNs, AmB, paracetamol (PAR), and sulfasalazine (SSZ), were similarly formulated using beeswax/theobroma oil composite as the lipid matrix and characterized with regard to size, viscosity, density, migration propensity within agarose gel, in vitro drug release, morphology, gastrointestinal transit, and in vivo absorption. The GET and CAT were estimated indirectly using marker drugs: PAR and sulfapyridine (SP). All three types of SLNs exhibited identical properties with regard to z-average, viscosity, relative density, and propensity to migrate. PAR was absorbed rapidly from the small intestine following emptying of the SLNs giving the T50E (time for 50% absorption of PAR) to be 1.6 h. SP was absorbed after release and microbial degradation of SSZ from SLN in the colon with a lag time of 2 h post-administration, serving as the estimated cecal arrival time of the SLNs. AmB within SLN was favorably absorbed from the small intestine, albeit slowly.
  13. Lee SW, Liong ML, Yuen KH, Krieger JN
    Complement Ther Med, 2014 Dec;22(6):965-9.
    PMID: 25453515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2014.10.010
    Objective: The immune system has been implicated as one mechanism underlying the benefits of acupuncture therapy. Evidence suggests that acupuncture can ameliorate symptoms of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS), but the association between clinical response and the immune system has not been investigated.

    Design/setting: We investigated 12 CP/CPPS patients participating in a prospective randomized clinical trial comparing acupuncture versus sham acupuncture for effects on cellular immunity. Blood samples were taken before the first needling and after the last of 20 treatment sessions (week 10). Patients also completed questionnaires examining their CP/CPPS symptoms and mood status at the baseline and end of study visits.

    Results: At the end of study 8 of 12 participants (67%) were classified as treatment responders, four participants each from the acupuncture and sham groups. The acupuncture group averaged a 5% increase in natural killer cell levels compared to corresponding sham (-13%; p=0.03). Similarly, patients randomized to acupuncture reported a reduction in other white blood cell parameters examined, supporting the possibility that immunity might be important in the pathophysiology of CP/CPPS.

    Conclusions: The specific effect of acupuncture on CP/CPPS remains unclear. Further research is warranted to examine the mechanisms by which acupuncture therapy may improve clinical symptoms in patients with CP/CPPS.

    Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00260637).

    Keywords: Acupuncture; Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome; Immune system; Neuroendocrine system; Traditional Chinese medicine.
  14. Kuan CY, Yee-Fung W, Yuen KH, Liong MT
    Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 2012;52(1):55-71.
    PMID: 21991990 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2010.494259
    Nanotechnology is seeing higher propensity in various industries, including food and bioactives. New nanomaterials are constantly being developed from both natural biodegradable polymers of plant and animal origins such as polysaccharides and derivatives, peptides and proteins, lipids and fats, and biocompatible synthetic biopolyester polymers such as polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkonoates (PHA), and polycaprolactone (PCL). Applications in food industries include molecular synthesis of new functional food compounds, innovative food packaging, food safety, and security monitoring. The relevance of bioactives includes targeted delivery systems with improved bioavailability using nanostructure vehicles such as association colloids, lipid based nanoencapsulator, nanoemulsions, biopolymeric nanoparticles, nanolaminates, and nanofibers. The extensive use of nanotechnology has led to the need for parallel safety assessment and regulations to protect public health and adverse effects to the environment. This review covers the use of biopolymers in the production of nanomaterials and the propensity of nanotechnology in food and bioactives. The exposure routes of nanoparticles, safety challenges, and measures undertaken to ensure optimal benefits that outweigh detriments are also discussed.
  15. Low BS, Teh CH, Yuen KH, Chan KL
    Nat Prod Commun, 2011 Mar;6(3):337-41.
    PMID: 21485270
    A simple validated LC-UV method for the phytochemical analysis of four bioactive quassinoids, 13alpha(21)-epoxyeurycomanone (EP), eurycomanone (EN), 13alpha,21-dihydroeurycomanone (ED) and eurycomanol (EL) in rat plasma following oral (200 mg/kg) and intravenous administration (10 mg/kg) of a standardized extract Fr 2 of Eurycoma longifolia Jack was developed for pharmacokinetic and bioavailability studies. The extract Fr 2 contained 4.0%, 18.5%, 0.7% and 9.5% of EP, EN, ED and EL, respectively. Following intravenous administration, EP displayed a relatively longer biological half-life (t1/2 = 0.75 +/- 0.25 h) due primarily to its lower elimination rate constant (k(e)) of 0.84 +/- 0.26 h(-1)) when compared with the t1/2 of 0.35 +/- 0.04 h and k(e) of 2.14 +/- 0.27 h(-1), respectively of EN. Following oral administration, EP showed a higher C(max) of 1.61 +/- 0.41 microg/mL over that of EN (C(max) = 0.53 +/- 0.10 microg/mL). The absolute bioavailability of EP was 9.5-fold higher than that of EN, not because of chemical degradation since both quassinoids were stable at the simulated gastric pH of 1. Instead, the higher log K(ow) value of EP (-0.43) contributed to greater membrane permeability over that of EN (log K(ow) = -1.46) at pH 1. In contrast, EL, being in higher concentration in the extract than EP, was not detected in the plasma after oral administration because of substantial degradation by the gastric juices after 2 h. Similarly, ED, being unstable at the acidic pH and together with its low concentration in Fr 2, was not detectable in the rat plasma. In conclusion, upon oral administration of the bioactive standardized extract Fr 2, EP and EN may be the only quassinoids contributing to the overall antimalarial activity; this is worthy of further investigation.
  16. Ooi LG, Ahmad R, Yuen KH, Liong MT
    J Dairy Sci, 2010 Nov;93(11):5048-58.
    PMID: 20965319 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3311
    This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, and parallel-designed study was conducted to investigate the effect of a synbiotic product containing Lactobacillus gasseri [corrected] CHO-220 and inulin on lipid profiles of hypercholesterolemic men and women. Thirty-two hypercholesterolemic men and women with initial mean plasma cholesterol levels of 5.7±0.32 mmol/L were recruited for the 12-wk study. The subjects were randomly allocated to 2 groups; namely the treatment group (synbiotic product) and the control group (placebo), and each received 4 capsules of synbiotic or placebo daily. Our results showed that the mean body weight, energy, and nutrient intake of the subjects did not differ between the 2 groups over the study period. The supplementation of synbiotic reduced plasma total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol by 7.84 and 9.27%, respectively, compared with the control over 12 wk. Lipoproteins were subsequently subfractionated and characterized. The synbiotic supplementation resulted in a lower concentration of triglycerides in the very low, intermediate, low, and high-density lipoprotein particles compared with the control over 12 wk. The concentration of triglycerides in lipoproteins is positively correlated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis. Our results showed that the synbiotic might exhibit an atheropreventive characteristic. Cholesteryl ester (CE) in the high-density lipoprotein particles of the synbiotic group was also higher compared with the control, indicating greater transport of cholesterol in the form of CE to the liver for hydrolysis. This may have led to the reduced plasma total cholesterol level of the synbiotic group. The supplementation of synbiotic also reduced the concentration of CE in the LDL particles compared with the control, leading to the formation of smaller and denser particles that are more easily removed from blood. This supported the reduced LDL-cholesterol level of the synbiotic group compared with the control. Our present study showed that the synbiotic product improved plasma total- and LDL-cholesterol levels by modifying the interconnected pathways of lipid transporters. In addition, although Lactobacillus gasseri [corrected] CHO-220 could deconjugate bile, our results showed a statistically insignificant difference in the levels of conjugated, deconjugated, primary, and secondary bile acids between the synbiotic and control groups over 12 wk, indicating safety from bile-related toxicity.
  17. Ooi LG, Bhat R, Rosma A, Yuen KH, Liong MT
    J Dairy Sci, 2010 Oct;93(10):4535-44.
    PMID: 20854987 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3330
    This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, and parallel-design study was conducted to investigate the effect of a synbiotic product containing Lactobacillus gasseri [corrected] CHO-220 and inulin on the irregularity in shape of red blood cells (RBC) in hypercholesterolemic subjects. The subjects (n=32) were randomly allocated to 2 groups, a treatment group (synbiotic product) and a control group (placebo), and received 4 capsules of either synbiotic or placebo daily for 12 wk. Morphological representation via scanning electron microscopy showed that the occurrence of spur RBC was improved upon supplementation of the synbiotic. In addition, the supplementation of synbiotic reduced the cholesterol:phospholipids ratio of the RBC membrane by 47.02% over 12 wk, whereas the control showed insignificant changes. Our present study also showed that supplementation of the synbiotic reduced the concentration of saturated fatty acids (SFA), increased unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), and increased the ratio of UFA:SFA over 12 wk, whereas the control showed inconspicuous changes. The alteration of RBC membrane was assessed using fluorescence anisotropy (FAn) and fluorescence probes with different affinities for varying sections of the membrane phospholipid bilayer. A noticeable decrease in FAn of three fluorescent probes was observed in the synbiotic group compared with the control over 12 wk, indicative of increased membrane fluidity and reduced cholesterol enrichment in the RBC membrane.
  18. Amekyeh H, Billa N, Yuen KH, Lim SC
    AAPS PharmSciTech, 2015 Oct 28.
    PMID: 26511938
    Amphotericin B (AmB) is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Recent studies have suggested enhanced drug absorption from solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN). Little is known of the fate of AmB absorption within the gastrointestinal tract, and no gastrointestinal transit study has yet been performed on AmB-containing nano-formulations. We aimed to investigate the effect of food on the gastrointestinal transit properties of an AmB-containing SLN in rats. Three SLNs containing AmB, paracetamol, or sulfasalazine were formulated using cocoa butter and beeswax as lipid matrices and simultaneously administered orally to Sprague-Dawley rats. Paracetamol and sulfapyridine were used as marker drugs for estimating gastric emptying and cecal arrival, respectively. The pharmacokinetic data generated for paracetamol and sulfapyridine were used in estimating the absorption of the AmB SLNs in the small and large intestines, respectively. A delayed rate of AmB absorption was observed in the fed state; however, the extent of absorption was not affected by food. Specifically, the percentages of AmB absorption during the fasted state in the stomach, small intestine, and colon were not significantly different from absorption within the respective regions in the fed state. In both states, however, absorption was highest in the colon and appeared to be a combination of absorption from the small intestine plus absorption proper within the colon. The study suggests that AmB SLN, irrespective of food status, is slowly but predominantly taken up by the lymph, making the small intestine the most favorable site for the delivery of the AmB SLNs.
  19. Lim R, Liong ML, Khan NA, Yuen KH
    J Sex Marital Ther, 2017 Feb 17;43(2):142-146.
    PMID: 26836418 DOI: 10.1080/0092623X.2016.1141817
    There is currently no published information on the validity and reliability of the Golombok Rust Inventory of Sexual Satisfaction in the Asian population, specifically in patients with stress urinary incontinence, which limits its use in this region. Our study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of this questionnaire in the Malaysian population. Ten couples were recruited for the pilot testing. The agreement between the English and Chinese or Malay versions were tested using the intraclass correlation coefficients, with results of more than 0.80 for all subscales and overall scores indicating good agreement. Sixty-six couples were included in the subsequent phase. The following data are presented in the order of English, Chinese, and Malay. Cronbach's alphas for the male total score were 0.82, 0.88, and 0.95. For the female total score, Cronbach's alphas were 0.76, 0.78, and 0.88. Intraclass correlation coefficients for the male total score were 0.93, 0.94, and 0.99, while intraclass correlation coefficients for the female total score were 0.89, 0.86, and 0.88. In conclusion, the English, Chinese, and Malay versions each proved to be valid and reliable in our Malaysian population.
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