Displaying publications 21 - 40 of 52 in total

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  1. Yap ACS, Li X, Yap YHY, Razif MFM, Jamil AHA, Ng ST, et al.
    Int J Med Mushrooms, 2020;22(10):967-977.
    PMID: 33426826 DOI: 10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2020036351
    Ophiocordyceps sinensis (=Cordyceps sinensis) has been known for its various medicinal properties, in particular immunomodulatory activities associated with its polysaccharides. In this study, the fruiting body of O. sinensis cultivar OCS02® was investigated for its chemical composition and monosaccharide profile. Cold water extract (CWE) obtained from this fruiting body was fractionated by molecular weight (MW) into high (HMW), medium (MMW), and low (LMW) fractions. Polysaccharides in the extract and fractions were identified as heteroglycans containing mostly glucose and mannose with small amounts of galactose, fucose, arabinose, and xylose. The immunomodulatory potential of these heteroglycans was evaluated by induction of cytokine/chemokine secretion using murine macrophage RAW 264.7. All treatments showed significant modulation of IL-6, IL-9, MIP-2, and TIMP-1, especially for CWE, HMW, and MMW, which might be due to their high ratios of glucose and the presence of protein. Further investigation on the structure-function relationship of these fruiting body polysaccharide fractions is needed to delineate the underlying mechanism of their immunomodulatory effect both in vitro and in vivo.
  2. Kushairi N, Phan CW, Sabaratnam V, Vidyadaran S, Naidu M, David P
    Int J Med Mushrooms, 2020;22(12):1171-1181.
    PMID: 33463934 DOI: 10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2020036938
    Pleurotus eryngii (king oyster mushroom) is a renowned culinary mushroom with various medicinal properties that may be beneficial for health maintenance and disease prevention. However, its effect on the nervous system remains elusive. In this study, hot water (PE-HWA) and ethanol (PE-ETH) extracts of P. eryngii were investigated and compared for their neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and neurite outgrowth activities in vitro. Based on the results, both extracts up to 400 μg/mL were nontoxic to PC12 cells and BV2 microglia (p > 0.05). Treatment with 250 μM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) markedly (p < 0.0001) reduced the PC12 cell viability to 67.74 ± 6.47%. Coincubation with 200 μg/mL and 400 μg/mL of PE-ETH dose-dependently increased the cell viability to 85.34 ± 1.91% (p < 0.001) and 98.37 ± 6.42% (p < 0.0001) respectively, while PE-HWA showed no activity. Nitric oxide (NO) released by BV2 microglia was notably (p < 0.0001) increased by 1 μg/mL lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from 7.46 ± 0.73 μM to 80.00 ± 3.78 μM indicating an inflammatory reaction. However, coincubation with 200 and 400 μg/mL of PE-ETH significantly (p < 0.0001) reduced the NO level to 58.57 ± 6.19 μM and 52.86 ± 3.43 μM respectively, while PE-HWA was noneffective. PE-ETH and PE-HWA at 40 μg/mL significantly increased the neurite-bearing cells from 4.70 ± 3.36% to 13.12 ± 2.82% (p < 0.01) and 20.93 ± 5.37% (p < 0.0001) respectively. Pleurotus eryngii, particularly the ethanol extract (PE-ETH) and its potentially bioactive compounds, could be explored as a neurohealth promoting agent, due to its collective neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and neurite outgrowth activities.
  3. Sum AYC, Li X, Yeng YYH, Razif MFM, Jamil AHA, Ting NS, et al.
    Int J Med Mushrooms, 2020;22(8):803-814.
    PMID: 33389874 DOI: 10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2020035658
    Natural compounds found in Lignosus rhinocerus like polysaccharides and polysaccharide-protein complexes have the capabilities to modulate the immune system. It possesses antitumor and anti-inflammatory properties and is commonly used in Southeast Asia and Southern China to alleviate illness. To investigate its immunomodulating properties, composition of polysaccharides and the expression of cytokines/chemokines from L. rhinocerus (TM02®) cultivar treated RAW 264.7 were explored. It was revealed, CWE contains linear polysaccharides with 1,4-linkages and rhinoprolycan fraction (HMW & MMW) possesses 1,4-Glcp and 1,6-Glcp backbone and branched chain (1,3,6-Glcp, 1,4,6-Glcp, 1,3,6-Glcp, 1,2,4,6-Glcp). Cytokines profile showed upregulation from CWE (IL-5: 12.078 ± 1.225), HMW (IL-6: 7.297 ± 0.338; TIMP-1: 3.358 ± 0.200), MMW (IL-5: 15.412 ± 5.823; TIMP-1: 1.747 ± 0.053), and LMW (MIP-2: 3.495 ± 0.416; TIMP-1: 7.573 ± 0.088) and possible involvement of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathway. Further in vivo studies are needed to fully understand the immunomodulatory effects of TM02®.
  4. Nallathamby N, Malek SNA, Vidyadaran S, Phan CW, Sabaratnam V
    Int J Med Mushrooms, 2020;22(12):1215-1223.
    PMID: 33463938 DOI: 10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2020037001
    Cordyceps militaris is known for its curative properties. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the reduction of nitric oxide production by BV2 cells by the bioactive fraction of stroma powder of C. militaris, and to deduce the potential chemical components and pathways that may be responsible. The CE2 fraction from ethyl acetate extract did not exert any cytotoxic effects toward the BV2 cells at concentrations 0.1 to 100 μg/mL. The CE2 fraction also showed a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in nitric oxide production at 1-100 μg/mL. At 10 μg/mL, the CE2 fraction attenuated 85% of the NO production in BV2 cells. Further, the CE2 fraction (10 μg/mL) downregulated inflammatory genes, iNOS and COX-2, and upregulated anti-inflammatory genes, HO-1 and NQO-1. The CE2 fraction reduced NO production via activation of NRF2 and NF-κB transcriptions. The chemical constituents of the bioactive CE2 fraction were identified via GCMS. Eleven lipid components were identified including fatty acids, fatty acid esters, and sterols.
  5. Nyam KL, Chang CY, Tan CS, Ng ST
    Int J Med Mushrooms, 2016;18(12):1093-1104.
    PMID: 28094747 DOI: 10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.v18.i12.40
    The aim of this study was to determine the antiulcer activity of Lignosus rhinocerotis in rats. A total of 48 Sprague-Dawley rats were used in ethanol-induced, aspirin-induced, and water immersion-restraint stress-induced ulcer models. Rats were equally divided into 4 groups for each model and orally administered 5 mL/kg distilled water, 20 mg/kg omeprazole, as well as 250 and 500 mg/kg of L. rhinocerotis powder. L. rhinocerotis powder at both 250 and 500 mg/kg doses demonstrated significant (P < 0.05) protection against gastric ulceration in all the induced ulcer models. Histological studies revealed severe damage and hemorrhage of gastric mucosa in the negative control group for all ulcer-induced models. The study suggests that L. rhinocerotis powder possesses dose-dependent antiulcer activity in the gastric mucosa, as ascertained grossly and histologically, compared with the negative control groups.
  6. Paravamsivam P, Heng CK, Malek SN, Sabaratnam V, M RR, Kuppusamy UR
    Int J Med Mushrooms, 2016;18(9):821-831.
    PMID: 27910773
    The edible mushroom Pleurotus giganteus was tested for its effect on adipocyte differentiation and glucose uptake activity in 3T3-L1 cells. The basidiocarps of P. giganteus were soaked in methanol to obtain a crude methanol extract and then fractionated to obtain an ethyl acetate extract. In this study, cell proliferation was measured using an MTT assay, lipid accumulation using an Oil Red O assay, and glucose uptake using a fluorescence glucose uptake assay. Gene expression was measured via real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis with TaqMan primer. Ethyl acetate extract significantly enhanced adipogenic differentiation and glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes via the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, and phos-phatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt. Glucose uptake was facilitated by the highly expressed glucose transporters Glut1 and Glut4. Taken together, these results suggest that P. giganteus ethyl acetate extract has an insulin-sensitizing effect on adipocytes and has potential as an adjuvant for the management of type 2 diabetes.
  7. Tan WC, Kuppusamy UR, Phan CW, Sabaratnam V
    Int J Med Mushrooms, 2018;20(2):155-163.
    PMID: 29773007 DOI: 10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2018025445
    Ganoderma neo-japonicum is an annual polypore that grows on decaying bamboo in the forests of Malaysia. The indigenous Temuan tribe uses this species as a medicinal mushroom to cure fever and epilepsy and to improve body strength. The potential use of G. neo-japonicum in genoprotection and DNA repair was established using a single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay. The effects of the ethanol and hot aqueous extracts from wild and cultivated basidiocarps, solid substrate-fermented (SSF) wheat grains, and mycelia via submerged culture on H2O2-damaged murine RAW264.7 macrophages were investigated. An ethanol extract from wild basidiocarps showed the most significant protective effect on murine RAW264.7 macrophages, followed by ethanol and hot water extracts of cultivated basidiocarps, and this effect was dose dependent. However, only the ethanol extracts from SSF and submerged culture showed significant protective effects compared with the control. As for DNA repair ability, only the ethanol extract from wild and cultivated basidiocarps showed significant results when compared with the negative control. The findings suggest the potential therapeutic use of G. neo-japonicum in genome protection and as a DNA repair stimulator.
  8. Saad HM, Sim KS, Tan YS
    Int J Med Mushrooms, 2018;20(2):141-153.
    PMID: 29773006 DOI: 10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2018025463
    Five culinary-medicinal mushrooms are commonly available in the Malaysian market: Agaricus bisporus (white and brown), Ganoderma lucidum, Hypsizygus marmoreus, Pleurotus floridanus, and P. pulmonarius. These species were selected for use in the current study, the aim of which was to investigate the antimelanogenesis and anti-inflammatory activity of these mushrooms in an attempt to evaluate their potential use in cosmeceuticals. Mushroom fruiting bodies were extracted with hot water, and the extracts were freeze-dried before testing. The antimelanogenesis activity of the extracts was determined by cell viability assay, measurement of intracellular melanin content, and cellular tyrosinase assay with B16F10 melanoma cells. The anti-inflammatory activity of the mushroom extracts was tested by measuring the levels of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin-10 excreted by RAW264.7 macrophages. Brown A. bisporus reduced intracellular melanin content to the largest extent-up to 57.05 ± 3.90%-without a cytotoxic effect on B16F10 melanoma cells. This extract also reduced cellular tyrosinase activity to 17.93 ± 2.65%, performing better than kojic acid, the positive control. In parallel, the extract from brown A. bisporus, at the highest concentration tested, has appreciable anti-inflammatory activity through reductions of NO and TNF-α levels. The other 5 extracts showed moderate antimelanogenesis and anti-inflammatory activities. In summary, our findings show that A. bisporus (brown) extract has the potential to be used as an ingredient in whitening skincare products and to sooth the inflammatory response on the skin.
  9. Abidin MHZ, Abdullah N, Abidin NZ
    Int J Med Mushrooms, 2018;20(3):283-290.
    PMID: 29717672 DOI: 10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2018025821
    This study evaluates the in vitro inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA) by Pleurotus pulmonarius extracts. The protective effect on the endothelial membrane against oxidative stress through the protection of nitric oxide bioavailability, as well as inhibition of endocan expression, was evaluated using human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). Crude cold aqueous extract exhibited the most potent inhibitory activities against ACE and HMG-CoA reductase, with 61.79% and 44.30% inhibition, respectively. It also protected the bioavailability of NO released by HAECs, with 84.88% cell viability. The crude hot water extract was the most potent in inhibiting endocan expression, with 18.61% inhibition.
  10. Sudheer S, Alzorqi I, Ali A, Cheng PG, Siddiqui Y, Manickam S
    Int J Med Mushrooms, 2018;20(1):89-100.
    PMID: 29604916 DOI: 10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2017024588
    This study investigates the cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum using different agricultural biomasses from Malaysia. Five different combinations of rubber wood sawdust, empty fruit bunch fiber, and mesocarp fiber from oil palm, alone and in combination, were used to cultivate G. lucidum. Although all the substrate combinations worked well to grow the mushroom, the highest biological efficiency was obtained from the combination of empty fruit bunch fiber with sawdust. A total yield of 27% was obtained from empty fruit bunch fiber with sawdust, followed by sawdust (26%), empty fruit bunch fiber (19%), mesocarp fiber with sawdust (19%), and mesocarp fiber (16%). The quality of mushrooms was proved by proximate analysis and detection of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. The antioxidant activity verified by DPPH, ferric-reducing ability of plasma, and ABTS analyses revealed that the empty fruit bunch fiber with sawdust had higher activity than the other substrates.
  11. Wong KH, Ng CC, Kanagasabapathy G, Yow YY, Sabaratnam V
    Int J Med Mushrooms, 2017;19(3):191-202.
    PMID: 28605334 DOI: 10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.v19.i3.10
    Culinary and medicinal mushrooms have been appreciated since prehistoric times as valuable resources for food and medicine. Edible mushrooms represent an untapped source of nutraceuticals and valuable palatable food. Long considered tonics, they are now treasured as functional foods that can improve human health and quality of life. Numerous studies have provided insights into the neuroprotective effects of edible mushrooms, which are attributed to their antioxidant, antineuroinflammatory, and cholinesterase inhibitory properties, and their ability to prevent neuronal death. Here we review the recent literature on the role of culinary and medicinal mushrooms in the management of neurodegenerative diseases and neurotrauma. We highlight some of the molecular mechanisms for how these alternative medicines provide health benefits that could help us to harness their neuroprotective effects.
  12. Teoh HL, Ahmad IS, Johari NMK, Aminudin N, Abdullah N
    Int J Med Mushrooms, 2018;20(4):369-380.
    PMID: 29953397 DOI: 10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2018025986
    Mushroom cultivation has become an important component of agriculture, providing food and contributing to the global economy. It uses vertical space and addresses issues of food quality, health improvement, and environmental sustainability. Auricularia mushrooms are popular ingredients in traditional Chinese cuisine. The objective of this study was to determine yield and evaluate radical scavenging capacity of A. polytricha cultivated on rubberwood sawdust on a large scale; we measured total phenolic content; DPPH, hydroxyl, superoxide anion, and peroxyl radical scavenging; and reducing power. Cultivation on rubberwood sawdust produces an average of 4 harvests per bag and a biological efficiency of 80-82%. The antioxidant capacity investigations revealed that the ethyl acetate fraction was the most potent radical scavenger in all assays except that for superoxide anions, whereas the aqueous fraction exhibited mild to moderate antioxidant capacity in scavenging the various radicals. Artificial cultivation of A. polytricha on rubberwood sawdust yields many sporophores with potent antioxidant capacity.
  13. Fung SY, Cheong PCH, Tan NH, Ng ST, Tan CS
    Int J Med Mushrooms, 2018;20(5):459-469.
    PMID: 29953361 DOI: 10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2018026252
    A cultivar of fruiting bodies of Ophiocordyceps sinensis (FBOS; OCS02) was analyzed for nutrients, bioactive compounds, and heavy metal content to showcase its potential as a competitive, sustainable, and safe alternative to wild types and other cultivars. A previous 28-day subacute toxicity study showed that doses up to 1 g · kg-1 did not cause any adverse effects in Sprague-Dawley rats. The OCS02 cultivar contained large amounts of cordycepin, polysaccharides, and essential and semi-essential amino acids (0.66, 482.80, 99.02, and 101.04 g · kg-1, respectively) compared with levels reported in wild types and in cultivated mycelia. β-1,3/1,6-glucan content was considerably high at 342.50 g · kg-1. The potassium level (5.14 g kg-1) tied in well with the low sodium content (0.121 g · kg-1)-6 times lower than amounts in wild types. We found no detectable levels of heavy metals such as lead, arsenic, cadmium, and mercury. The major amino acids found in FBOS (0CS02 cultivar) were arginine, lysine, serine, and threonine at 45.20, 20.30, 18.60, and 18.20 g · kg-1, respectively. The cultivated FBOS (OCS02 cultivar) is a comparable alternative to wild-type and other cultivated strains of O. sinensis. It has potential as a nutraceutical to meet market demand.
  14. Sudheer S, Ali A, Manickam S
    Int J Med Mushrooms, 2016;18(10):935-943.
    PMID: 27910761
    Rigorous research has been carried out regarding the cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum using different agricultural residues. Nevertheless, large-scale cultivation and the separation of active compounds of G. lucidum are still challenges for local farmers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of oil palm waste fibers such as empty fruit bunch fibers and mesocarp fibers as effective substrates for the growth of G. lucidum mycelia to study the possibility of solid-state cultivation and to determine the optimum conditions necessary for the growth of mycelia of this mushroom on these waste fibers. Various parameters such as temperature, pH, humidity, and carbon and nitrogen compositions required for the optimum growth of mycelia have been determined. Oil palm fibers are a vivid source of lignocellulose, and their availability in Malaysia is high compared to that of sawdust. G. lucidum is a wood-rotting fungi that can easily decay and utilize this lignocellulose biomass, a major agricultural waste in Malaysia.
  15. Teoh HL, Aminudin N, Abdullah N
    Int J Med Mushrooms, 2021;23(2):43-56.
    PMID: 33639080 DOI: 10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2021037649
    Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently one of the most common liver diseases worldwide. Lifestyle modifications through the diet are the mainstay of treatment. Auricularia nigricans is a popular edible mushroom known to possess medicinal properties. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis indicated that linoleic acid ethyl ester, butyl 9,12-octadecadienoate, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3-ol, 2(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-5-benzene propanoic acid, and 3,30-di-0-methyl ellagic acid were present in the A. nigricans ethyl acetate (EA) fraction. The cytotoxicity assay showed that the EA fraction was noncytotoxic to HepG2 cells at concentrations < 100 μg/mL. In the antihepatic steatosis assay, 50 μg/mL of EA fraction caused a decline in absorbance to 0.20 ± 0.02 compared to palmitic acid (PA)-induced cells (0.24 ± 0.02). Furthermore, cells treated with 50 μg/mL and 25 μg/mL of EA fraction contributed an approximately 1.12-fold and 1.08-fold decrease in lipid accumulation compared to PA-induced cells. Coincubation with PA and 25 μg/mL of EA fraction decreased levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 to 140.48 ± 8.12, 91.16 ± 2.40, 184.00 ± 22.68, and 935.88 ± 39.36 pg/mL compared to PA-induced cells. The presence of the EA fraction also suppressed the stress-activated protein kinase/Jun amino-terminal kinase, p-38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, nuclear factor-κB, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling pathways. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the A. nigricans EA fraction demonstrates antisteatotic effects involving antioxidant capacity, hypolipidemic effects, and anti-inflammatory capacity in the PA-induced NAFLD pathological cell model.
  16. Tan YH, Lim CS, Wong KH, Sabaratnam V
    Int J Med Mushrooms, 2021;23(6):1-11.
    PMID: 34369729 DOI: 10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2021038578
    Neuritin is important in neuritogenesis, neurite arborization, and neurite extension. Lignosus rhinocerotis sclerotia extracts and nerve growth factor (NGF) have been well documented to possess positive neurite stimulatory effects. However, the correlation of neuritin expression with neurite outgrowth of L. rhinocerotis and NGF cotreatment of PC12 cells remains unknown. Thus, the present study investigated neuritin expression in PC12 cells treated with 5 ng/mL of NGF and L. rhinocerotis extracts (20-1280 μg/mL) concurrently for 48 h. The neurite outgrowth score was quantitated, and total protein was harvested for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. There was a significant difference (P = 0.051) in neuritin protein abundance in 640 μg/mL of L. rhinocerotis aqueous cotreatment with 5 ng/mL of NGF-treated cells (5 ± 0.39 ng/mL) and 50 ng/mL of NGF-treated PC12 cells (5 ± 0.48 ng/mL) compared to untreated cells (1.9 ± 0.65 ng/ mL), with an average neurite length of 98 ± 3.66, 106 ± 3.00, and 73 ± 4.79 μm, respectively. Expression of microtubule element β3 tubulin was increased in PC12 cells treated with 50 ng/mL of NGF (3.5 ± 0.21-fold) and also cells cotreated with 640 μg/mL of extract and 5 ng/mL of NGF (4.9 ± 0.29-fold) compared to untreated cells. Upregulation of β3 tubulin expression in this study confirmed the elongation of PC12 cell processes. Correlation analysis showed that neuritin protein abundance is positively proportional to the average neurite length in PC12 cells cotreated with L. rhinocerotis extract and 5 ng/mL of NGF. This study highlights that neuritin modulation is involved in neurite outgrowth induced by L. rhinocerotis treatment. To our knowledge, this is the first report to show that tiger milk mushroom extracts induce neuritin expression.
  17. Cheng PG, Teoh TC, Rizman-Idid M
    Int J Med Mushrooms, 2021;23(7):63-77.
    PMID: 34375519 DOI: 10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2021038682
    In this study, crude extracts of Ganoderma lucidum (NGCs) were compared to the crude extracts of G. lucidum that has antler-like fruiting bodies (AGCs) for their cytotoxicity, inhibitory effects on the attachment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 glycoprotein 120 (gp120) to cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4), identification and molecular docking simulations of chemical compounds to predict the best ligand inhibitor and the binding mechanism. Results showed that AGCs had a higher percentage of inhibition (54.3% ± 6.2%) at 150 ppm and higher cytotoxicity (half maximal cytotoxic concentration [CC50] < 300 ppm) than NGCs (CC50 < 400 ppm). Quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry (LC-MS) results successfully identified 32 chemical compounds in AGCs and NGCs, comprising mostly ganoderic acids (62%) and their derivatives. Molecular docking simulations of ganolucidic acid A/D and ganoderic acid A/B predicted the strongest binding affinity via hydrogen bonding, suggesting the inhibition of HIV-1 gp120 attachment to CD4. The highest and lowest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO and LUMO, respectively) gap energies of ganoderic acids tended to have less negative HOMO energy and smaller HOMO-LUMO gap energy, implying increased interactions of ligands to the gp120 protein receptor. AGCs showed higher inhibition against HIV-1 gp120 than NGCs due to a higher abundance of ganoderic and ganolucidic acids, whereby both acids contributed the highest number of hydrogen bonds and polar interactions from the hydroxyl and carboxylic functional groups.
  18. Shamaruddin N, Tan ETT, Shin TY, Razali RM, Siva R
    Int J Med Mushrooms, 2021;23(7):41-49.
    PMID: 34375517 DOI: 10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2021038812
    Black jelly mushroom (Auricularia polytricha) is a well-known Chinese traditional food that has therapeutic effects. This study evaluated the effects of different cooking methods (boiling, steaming, microwaving, and stir-frying) on the physicochemical characteristics (i.e., total phenolic content, antioxidants, α,α-diphenyl-β-picryl-hydrazyl [DPPH] free radical scavenging, and ferric reducing antioxidant power [FRAP]) along with color, texture, moisture, and sensory properties of black jelly mushrooms. Lightness (L*) was significantly lower for the stir-frying method (29.93) compared to the control (34.62). Stir-fried mushrooms had significantly lower firmness force (texture) and moisture content (80.13 N and 61.98%, respectively) compared to the control (2000.37 N and 86.52%). The steaming method contributed significantly higher total phenolic content (11.23 mg gallic acid equivalents/g) and antioxidant activity measured using the FRAP (33.54 mg Trolox equivalents/g) and DPPH (90.41% inhibition) assays compared to the respective controls.
  19. Booi HN, Lee MK, Fung SY, Ng ST, Tan CS, Lim KH, et al.
    Int J Med Mushrooms, 2022;24(10):1-14.
    PMID: 36374826 DOI: 10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2022045068
    COVID-19 infection has been a key threat to the public health system globally, with an estimated 248 million cases worldwide. COVID-19 patients are subject to a higher risk of developing chronic respiratory disorders that are closely associated with long-term disability, multi-morbidity, and premature mortality. Although there have been recent advancements in respiratory treatment regimens, there has also been increased interest in the use of medicinal mushrooms in bridging the unaddressed pathways of action within the treatment algorithms. In this review, we provide a collection of medicinal mushrooms that are beneficial in promoting respiratory health and potentially reducing COVID-19 symptoms in patients who are newly diagnosed and those who have recovered. While reviewing the use of immunomodulatory pathways, which have shown promising results in tackling side effects and post-COVID syndromes, we also provide insights into how the antioxidant elements present in medicinal mushrooms help to achieve the same results, especially in the prophylactic and therapeutic management of COVID-19 infection. To date, medicinal mushrooms are regarded as a functional food, which, however, need further quality, safety, and efficacy assessments. These requirements are also highlighted in the present review to promote the future development and application of medicinal mushrooms for better respiratory health.
  20. Tan YH, Lim CSY, Wong KH, Sabaratnam V
    Int J Med Mushrooms, 2022;24(12):1-17.
    PMID: 36374978 DOI: 10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2022045352
    Lignosus rhinocerotis (Cooke) Ryvarden has been reported to possess numerous pharmacological effects. However, little is known about its potential role in mitigating the detrimental effects of oxidative stress. The present study investigated the cytoprotective effects of L. rhinocerotis extracts against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress of rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. In the pre-treatment model, PC12 cells were pre-treated with aqueous (LRAQ) or ethanolic (LRET) extracts of L. rhinocerotis for 24 h, followed by 30 μM of H2O2 for 24 h. In the co-treatment model, the cells were incubated with LRAQ or LRET and H2O2 for 2 or 24 h to induce oxidative stress. Cell viability, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and apoptotic cells with activated caspase-3/7 were quantified. Additionally, LRET was separated into fractions by chromatographic methods prior to analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS). 320 μg/ml aqueous extract showed a significant cytoprotective effect of 70.0 ± 22.4% and 133.92 ± 8.8% in the pre-treatment and co-treatment models, respectively, compared to untreated H2O2-challenged cells. LRAQ also showed a reduction (p < 0.05) in the percentage of depolarized cells of 37.6 ± 0.6% at 640 ug/ml and 53.4 ± 4.5% at 320 ug/ml in the pre-treatment and co-treatment models, respectively, compared to untreated H2O2-challenged cells. LRAQ or LRET showed a reduction (p < 0.01) in caspase 3/7 activity compared to untreated H2O2-challenged cells in the co-treatment model. However, LRAQ or LRET did not reduce excessive ROS formation (p > 0.05). The cytoprotective effects could be attributed to the presence of fatty acids, phenols, phytosterols, and dicarboxylic acids. In conclusion, L. rhinocerotis extracts demonstrated cytoprotective effects against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in an in vitro model, contributing to the maintenance of cellular integrity through the regulation of mitochondrial function and apoptosis.
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