Displaying publications 21 - 40 of 2561 in total

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  1. Zil Hayatullina, Norazlina Mohamed, Ima-nirwana Soelaiman, Norliza Muhammad
    Sains Malaysiana, 2018;47:2401-2409.
    Osteoporosis dikaitkan dengan radikal bebas dan tekanan oksidatif. Kandungan polifenol yang tinggi dalam minyak
    kelapa dara (VCO) yang bertindak sebagai antioksidan mampu menghalang tekanan oksidatif seterusnya mencegah
    osteoporosis. Uji kaji in vitro ini dijalankan untuk mengkaji mekanisme kesan perlindungan polifenol ekstrak daripada
    VCO (PF) ke atas sel selanjar pre-osteoblas mencit (MC3T3-E1) teraruh tekanan oksidatif. Untuk mengkaji viabiliti
    kesan perlindungan polifenol terhadap MC3T3-E1 daripada toksisiti hidrogen peroksida (H2
    O2
    ), sel MC3T3-E1 dirawat
    dengan beberapa dos polifenol selama 24 jam selepas dieram dengan 250 µM (IC50) H2
    O2
    selama 1 jam. Mekanisme
    perlindungan dikaji dengan mengukur aras malondialdehid (MDA) serta aktiviti enzim antioksidan iaitu superoksida
    dismutase (SOD), glutation peroksidase (GPx) dan katalase (CAT). Keputusan kajian menunjukkan bahawa kepekatan
    perencatan median (IC50) H2
    O2
    pada 1 jam adalah 250 µM. Ujian viabiliti sel mendapati kesemua dos polifenol dapat
    melindungi sel MC3T3-E1 daripada toksisiti H2
    O2
    . Dos 1 dan 0.01 µM polifenol dapat meningkatkan aras GPx dan CAT,
    manakala dos 0.01 dan 0.0001 µM dapat meningkatkan aras SOD. Sementara itu, hanya dos 0.01 dan 0.001 µM sahaja
    yang dapat menghalang peningkatan aras MDA. Kesimpulan yang dapat dibuat di dalam kajian ini adalah polifenol
    daripada minyak kelapa dara mencegah lipid peroksida pada sel MC3T3-E1 yang telah diaruh dengan H2
    O2
    dengan
    meningkatkan aktiviti enzim antioksidan.
  2. Zia-ur-Rehman M, Sabir M, Shahjahan, Ahmed HR, Muhammad Rizwan, Ali S
    Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:339-346.
    Among abiotic stresses, salinity is the main abiotic stress limiting crop growth and yield worldwide. Improving agri-food production in salt-prone areas is the key to meet the increasing food demands in near future. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different soil conditioners, gypsum (GYP), citric acid (CA), ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in salinesodic soil. Gypsum was applied at a rate of 100% soil gypsum requirement while other amendments were applied each at a rate of 5 g kg-1 of soil. The results showed that EDTA treatment increased pH and electrical conductivity (ECe) of soil while pH significantly decreased when treated with citric acid. Soil sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) decreased in all treatments following the order: CT > PVA > EDTA > CA > GYP. Addition of CA positively affected growth parameters as compared to other soil conditioners including plant height, number of tillers per plant, number of spikes per plant, plant dry weight and grain yield while EDTA negatively affected these parameters. Addition of CA also significantly increased photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and chlorophyll contents while EDTA decreased these parameters. We conclude that increase in plant growth and yield with CA might be due to the effect of CA on soil properties which positively affected plant physiological parameters.
  3. Zia Ul Haq, Noor Rehman, Farman Ali, Nasir Mehmood Khan, Hidayah Ullah
    Sains Malaysiana, 2017;46:733-741.
    In the last few decades, surfactants and electrolyte interaction has gained considerable attention of researchers due to their industrial and domestic applications. In this work, the effects of electrolyte (NaCl) on the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the cationic surfactant cetyltrymethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) at different temperatures were investigated through different techniques such as conductometry, surface tensiometer and viscosimeter. The results showed that the values of CMC of CTAB decreased with the increase in temperature as well as with the addition of NaCl. The value of CMC for pure CTAB was calculated 0.98M at 303K, which was observed to decrease as temperature increased and got value of 0.95M at 318K. Moreover the addition of electrolyte NaCl into the surfactant lead to lowering of the CMC and obtained value of 0.90M at 3M of NaCl, indicating significant electrostatic interactions between surfactant and electrolyte. Moreover the degree of ionization(α) calculated for pure cationic surfactant CTAB was 0.219, which tends to increase with the addition of electrolyte, while that of counter ion binding values (β) was observed to decrease from 0.780 to 0.201. Furthermore, the conductivity of charged micelle of surfactant and free ions of electrolyte contributed to electric conductivity of aqueous micellar solution of surfactant. The results can be helpful to develop better understanding about interaction between electrolyte and surfactant.
  4. Zhou H, Wang X, Li Y, Han F, Hu D
    Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:689-697.
    The soil temperature near four external walls with different orientations was investigated in spring and summer. In both
    seasons, the soil temperature was higher in the positions closest to the buildings, suggesting that the buildings were a
    heat source for the soil surrounding them. Therefore, it could be confirmed that there was lateral heat transfer between
    the soil and the buildings. Based on this, a soil heat flux plate was set between the soil and the buildings to investigate the
    horizontal heat flux. The data showed diurnal variations of the horizontal heat flux in both spring and summer. In order
    to determine the factors that influenced the horizontal heat flux and to provide a basis to understand its mechanism, the
    correlations between the data of several meteorological factors and the horizontal heat flux were analysed. The results
    showed that solar radiation was significantly correlated with the horizontal heat flux (p<0.0001) in any single season and
    in the two seasons that were studied. Additionally, other meteorological factors (net radiation, air temperature, relative
    humidity and soil temperature and moisture) showed strong correlations with the horizontal heat flux on a diurnal scale
    only. On a seasonal time scale, the correlation might be significant (p<0.0001) as well, but the correlation coefficients
    decreased too significantly, such as those for soil temperature, air temperature and relative humidity. Alternatively, the
    correlation might not be significant (p>0.05), such as that for soil moisture. The stepwise regression results indicated
    that the relative importance of these meteorological factors was 48.63, 21.94, 14.44, 8.12 and 6.87% for solar radiation,
    soil temperature, air temperature, relative humidity and soil moisture, respectively, on a diurnal scale.
  5. Zhongwei Liu, Jinsheng Jia, Wei Feng, Fengling Ma, Cuiying Zheng
    Sains Malaysiana, 2017;46:2101-2108.
    Shear strength is currently a significant parameter in the design of cemented sand gravel and rock (CSGR) dams. Shear strength tests were carried out to compare material without layers noumenon and layer condition. The experimental results showed good linearity in the curves of shear strength and pure grinding tests with correlation coefficients of nearly 97%. The friction coefficient was similar to that of C10 roller-compacted concrete (RCC), but the cohesion value was weaker than that of RCC. The shear strength of the CSGR layers decreased by 40% when retarding mixtures were not added and the layer was paved immediately after 4 h of waiting interval.
  6. Zhen L, Zhang ZW, Wang YJ, Wang PC, Xu YR, Zhou ZX
    Sains Malaysiana, 2012;41:1495-1501.
    Relationship between understory plant diversity and anthropogenic disturbances in urban forests of Wuhan City, Central China, was analyzed by diversity analysis and detrended canonical correspondence analysis (DCCA). The results showed that: understory species diversity was higher in suburban area than in urban area. From forest center to edge, species diversity of Luojia hill, Shizi hill and Maan hill forests gradually increased, however, that of Hong hill gradually decreased. Anthropogenic disturbances gradient resulted from visitors flowrate, shrub coverage, aspect and adjacent land types had significant effects on species diversity of shrub and herb layers in urban forests. High anthropogenic disturbances might increase similar non-native herb species in urban area and low disturbances might promote co-existence of wood species in suburban area. Further analysis on types of anthropogenic disturbances and plant functional groups in urban-suburban gradient should be taken into a consideration.
  7. Zetty Shafiqa Othman, Nurul Huda Abd Karim, Saiful Irwan Zubairi, Nur Hasyareeda Hassan, Mamoru Koketsu
    Sains Malaysiana, 2018;47:1473-1482.
    [BMIM]OTf and alcohol-based DES combination with a selected organic solvent (acetone and acetonitrile) have
    been proven to efficiently extracting rotenone (isoflavonoid biopesticide) compound compared to individual organic
    solvents. Their efficiency builds up interest to study the solvent-solute interaction that occurs between both selected
    solvent systems with rotenone. The interaction study was analyzed using FTIR, 1D-NMR and 2D- NMR (NOESY, HMBC).
    Correlation portrayed by NOESY and HMBC of [BMIM]OTf - standard rotenone mixture predicted probable hydrogen
    bonding between the oxygen of rotenone with acidic proton C2-H of [BMIM]OTf. While for the alcohol-based DESrotenone
    mixture, the correlation shows probable interaction to occur between methyl and methoxy group rotenone
    with the hydroxyl group of 1,4-butanediol. In conclusion, potential hydrogen bonding that occurs between solvent
    and solute aid towards the solvent efficiency in extracting rotenone compound while emphasizing on the low cost and
    green mediated solvent systems.
  8. Zetty Azalea Sutirman, Mohd Marsin Sanagi, Ahmedy Abu Naim, Khairil Juhanni Abd Karim, Wan Aini Wan Ibrahim
    Sains Malaysiana, 2017;46:2433-2440.
    Ammonium persulfate (APS)-initiated grafting of methacrylamide (MAM) onto chitosan was successfully prepared for the first time by free radical mechanism. Both chitosan and chitosan-graft-poly(methacrylamide) (chitosan-g-PMAM) were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), solid state 13C NMR, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Important factors affecting graft copolymerization such as reaction time, temperature and concentrations of APS, MAM and chitosan were investigated and optimized to obtain maximum grafting parameters. The optimum values for grafting percentage and yield of graft copolymerization were achieved under the following conditions: chitosan (1 g), MAM (4 g), APS (0.6 g), time reaction (4 h) and temperature (70ºC).
  9. Zetti Zainol Rashid, Umi Kalsom Ali, Muttaqillah Najihan Abdul Samat, Pei CL, Swee FT
    Sains Malaysiana, 2018;47:2821-2829.
    Acute respiratory infections cause significant morbidity and mortality in children. Several new respiratory viruses have
    been identified and co-detection of multiple viruses is commonly reported. This is part of a prospective study which
    aims to detect respiratory viruses by multiplex molecular method and conventional methods. Nasopharyngeal aspirate
    specimens were taken from hospitalised children aged less than 5 years with lower respiratory tract infections. These
    were tested using viral culture, immunofluorescence and Seegene Anyplex™ II RV16 real-time polymerase chain reaction.
    From 102 samples, 69 (67.6%) were positive by PCR, 12 (11.8%) positive by culture method and 13 (12.7%) positive
    by IF. A single viral pathogen was detected in 48 samples (47.1%), while 21 samples (20.6%) had co-detection of 2 to
    4 viral pathogens. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was most common, detected in 17 samples (16.7% of all samples),
    followed by adenovirus and rhinovirus in 16 (15.7%), respectively. Bocavirus was detected in 15, enterovirus in 15,
    influenza A in 8 and parainfluenza-4 in 4 samples, with highest occurrences in co-detection (12/15, 10/15, 5/8 and 3/4,
    respectively). RSV was the least likely detected in co-detection (3/17). In PCR-positive samples, 54/69 (78.3%) were patients
    aged up to 24 months. Molecular methods detect more viral aetiologies than conventional methods, with simultaneous
    detection of multiple respiratory viruses. More sensitive, specific and rapid tools to determine aetiological agents could
    be incorporated into diagnostic algorithms of respiratory tract infections. Interpretations, significance, and applicability
    in clinical practice could be further explored, particularly for patients up to 2 years old.
  10. Zerafat Angiz Langroudi M, Adli Mustafa, Norain Abdul Ghani, Anton Abdulbasah Kamil
    Sains Malaysiana, 2012;41:361-366.
    The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a recognised modern approach to solve decision making problems. Initially introduced by Saaty in 1971 as a tool for handling individual decision making situation, the method has since been extended to incorporate groups. In this paper, a new method for AHP group decision making is proposed. The method integrates AHP with a Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA)-based preferential aggregation method. It manipulates the preferential weights and ranking aspect of each decision maker in coming up with an optimisation model that determines the best efficiency score of each alternatives. These efficiency scores are then used to rank the alternatives and determine the group decision weights. A comparative analysis of the method with another AHP group decision making method indicates a similar ‘satisfactory index’ level.
  11. Zengqiang Han, Chuanying Wang, Peiliang Hu
    Sains Malaysiana, 2017;46:2125-2132.
    There are a large number of primary structural planes of deep rock ore such as rhyolite, and bedding, which are well preserved and are often the geological interfaces of mineralization. Study on the occurrence of these structural planes is helpful to understand the extension direction of deep veins. Using borehole imaging technology as the means of acquiring information of structural plane, the magnetic angle of the borehole is obtained by using the gyroscope and the magnetic instrument and the structural plane occurrence is modified to obtain the accurate information. According to the depth effect of the deep structural plane, the concept of the feature point pair is proposed. In this paper, the mathematical description method of the structural plane in the space coordinate system is established and the information of the shape and depth of the structure plane is transformed into the 3D point coordinates in the space coordinate system. Based on the feature points, the connectivity analysis method of structural plane is established and the connectivity of the structural planes such as the interface of the vein and rhyolite is analyzed. According to the stratigraphic information in the borehole image, the extension direction of the whole field is determined. The feasibility of the method is verified by the application in a magnetite in Anhui Province, China. The results are in good agreement with the actual drilling results and the error of traditional drilling analysis is corrected. The main conclusions of this paper include: The use of gyroscopes and magnetic instrument can obtain the magnetic effect angle, to modify the structural plane information; and multi borehole structural planes connectivity analysis can provide a reference for the extension of the deep veins.
  12. Zeng Zhou Tan, Mohammad Zakir Hossain, Md Shahidul Ahsan, Yew Choy Chew, Swe Swe Win, Suan Phaik Khoo
    Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:201-205.
    Angiogenesis has an important role in the invasion, metastasis and growth of tumors. Increased microvessel density (MVD) has been described in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) compared to oral dysplasia and normal oral tissue. A morphometric study was designed to evaluate the MVD and to evaluate the presence of any association between MVD and keratin pearl in the three histopathological grades of OSCC (as defined in Bryne’s grading system). Forty-five samples of OSCC were graded into well differentiated (WDSCC), moderately differentiated (MDSCC) and poorly-differentiated (PDSCC) oral squamous cell carcinoma. Morphometric analysis showed that MVD was significantly lower in WDSCC compared to MDSCC (p<0.001) and PDSCC (p<0.001). The density in MDSCC was significant lower than PDSCC. The keratin pearl count was significantly higher in WDSCC compared to MDSCC (p<0.001) and PDSCC (p<0.001). Between MDSCC and PDSCC, the keratin pearl count was significantly higher for MDSCC (p=0.001). Pearson correlation test showed a significant negative correlation between keratin pearl and MVD (r=-0.805, p<0.001). The findings suggested that vascularity in OSCC is associated with its cellular differentiation and also associated with keratin pearl formation.
  13. Zeng F, Cheng X, Guo J, Long C, Yubiao K
    Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:1579-1587.
    Based on the hydraulic fracture width gradually narrows along the fracture length, with consideration of the mutual influences of fracture, non-uniform inflow of fractures segments and variable mass flow in the fracture comprehensively, a spatial separation method and time separation method were used to establish fracture horizontal well’s dynamic coupling model of reservoir seepage and fracture flow. The results showed that the calculation productivity of variable width model is higher than that of the fixed width model, while the difference becomes smaller as time increase. Due to mutual interference of the fractures, the production of outer fracture is higher than that of the inner fracture. When the dimensionless fracture conductivity is 0.1, the middle segment of the fracture dominates the productivity and local peak emerges near the horizontal well. The flow in the fracture is with the ‘double U’ type distribution. As the dimensionless fracture conductivity increase, the fractures productivity mainly through the tips and the flow in the fractures with the ‘U’ type distribution. Using the established fracture width variable productivity prediction model, one can achieve the quantitative optimization of fracture shape.
  14. Zawawi Dhiya Dalila, Ja’afar Hafsah, Zainuddin Rokiah, Kari Rodziah, Mohd Noor Madihah
    Sains Malaysiana, 2015;44:167-173.
    Eurycoma longifolia is one of the well-known herbal plants in Southeast Asian region due to its remarkable properties, especially the root part that can be used as aphrodisiac, anti-cancer, anti-malaria and anti-ulcer agent. Uncontrolled harvesting of this plant has reduced its population. Thus, an efficient protocol involving the induction of direct somatic embryogenesis from cotyledon culture of E. longifolia has been developed. 15% explants forming embryos were achieved on Modified Murashige and Skoog’s (MMS) medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/L zeatin plus 0.2 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). However, the addition of 0.12 mg/L thidiazuron (TDZ) has increased the percentage up to 22.0%. The maturation phase occurred in the same medium, thus decreased the frequency of subculture and the genetic instability of the embryos. Secondary somatic embryogenesis growth of 20%, which was the highest percentage of growth, was achieved from the primary embryos that were cultured in the MMS medium with the treatment of 2.0 mg/L IBA plus 0.075 mg/L TDZ. The results indicated that the direct somatic embryogenesis obtained can be further used to develop a protocol for plantlet regeneration of E. longifolia.
  15. Zati-Hanani S, Adnan R, Sipaut C, Latip A
    Two new lanthanide coordination complexes with 2,2’-biquinoline-4,4’-dicarboxylic acid (H2bqda) and 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), [La2(Hbqda)2(bqda)2(phen)]n [1] and [Gd(bqda)1.5(phen)]n [2] were successfully synthesized and characterized. The complexes were obtained through hydrothermal method at 170oC for 3 days. The metal to acid to 1,10-phenanthroline ratio, 1:1:2 had been chosen to synthesize 1 and 2. The percentage yield for 1 and 2 was 68% and 75%, respectively calculated based on the starting lanthanide salt used. The yellow coloured complexes were found to be stable at room temperature and insoluble in organic solvents. The complexes obtained were characterized by elemental analysis (CHN), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis. The FTIR spectra of these complexes confirm the complexation had taken place by the existence of COO- symmetric and asymmetric stretching peaks at 1385 and 1542-1532 cm-1, respectively.
  16. Zariyantey Abd Hamid, Balqis Mat Rashid, Fazlina Nordin, Ubashini Vijakumaran, Raja Norazireen Raja Ahmad
    Sains Malaysiana, 2018;47:2473-2480.
    Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) is a novel technology useful for therapeutic and research applications. To date, iPSCs
    is produced through genetic modification that can promote mutation; making it harmful for therapeutic use. Therefore,
    application of non-genetic modification through direct delivery of recombinant proteins aided by protein transduction
    domain (PTD) enable a safer production of iPSC. This study is aimed to establish a stable production of secretable
    recombinant protein via recombination of green fluorescence protein (GFP) and a novel PTD peptide, namely TATκ-GFP.
    293Tcell line was transfected with 20 µg/ml of TATκ-GFP plasmid and the stably transfected 293T cells were then cultured
    for 54 days to determine the stability of expression and secretion of TATκ-GFP recombinant protein in prolonged culture.
    Methylation at the CMV promoter of the TATκ-GFP plasmid was investigated following treatment of transfected cells with
    3 µM/mL of demethylation agent, namely 5-Azacytidine for 72 h in three cycles. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated
    a transfection efficiency of 9.33% and successful secretion of TATκ-GFP proteins into the culture medium as analysed by
    Western blot at 72 h post-transfection. However, the transfected cells exhibited a decreasing level of GFP expression and
    secretion following prolonged culture with notable stability that only sustained for two weeks. 5-Azacytidine-treated cells
    showed a slight increase of GFP expression compared to non-treated control, suggesting possible promoter methylation
    which could cause instability of TATκ-GFP expression. Conclusively, promoter methylation should be considered for future
    establishment of iPSCs as it could inhibit stable expression and secretion of recombinant proteins.
  17. Zarina Zakaria, Suhana Zakaria, Mohd Azlan Mohd Ishak
    Various sampling techniques such as hydrodistillation, Soxhlet extraction and solid phase micro extraction (SPME) were used to extract compounds, i.e. the active components attributed to fragrance of C. grandis flowers. Gas chromatograph mass spectrometry was then used to identify and quantify the active components obtained from the techniques. The results thus far showed that, buds and blossoms of this flower which possesses a strong floral-, jasmine- and orange-like aroma contain β-myrcene, limonene, ocimene, linalool and caryophyllene as the major compounds. In hydrodistillation technique the levels of ocimene and linalool detected in blossom were higher than in the bud at 7.37 and 15.93%, respectively, while in the bud, limonene was the highest, i.e. 4.57%. In Soxhlet extraction, however the bud was found to consist of limonene (27.25%), ocimene (5.55%) and linalool (2.97%). The performance of three available SPME fibers was compared to evaluate the recoveries of volatile compounds in C.grandis flowers and 100 μm polydimethylsiloxane was found to be the most effective.
  18. Zarina Zakaria, Noor Hasyierah Mohd Salleh, Alina Rahayu Mohamed, Ahmad Anas N, Siti Nur Amirah Idris
    Sains Malaysiana, 2012;41:1071-1077.
    The optimization of protein content in earthworm-based fish feed formulation was investigated in the study. Full factorial design (FFD) and central composite design (CCD) were used as a statistical tool to screen the range of the selected parameters and to optimize the process, respectively. Three components were combined in the fish feed formulation
    namely earthworm powder, chicken guts and soybean waste as the protein source. The optimum nutritional values were obtained at 25%, 25% and 5.95% for earthworm powder, soybean waste and chicken guts, respectively, to give an optimum protein content of 35.97%. Formulation of fish feed from earthworm powder can be an alternative in aquaculture industry in the near future.
  19. Zarina Edris, Norhafipah Mohamad, Mohd Ambar Yarmo
    The application of homogenous and heterogeneous catalysts for ethoxylation of lauric acid (LAc) with ethylene oxide (EO) was conducted in this study. Ethoxylation reaction of LAc with EO with the mole ratio 1:3 (LAc:EO) have been done at reaction temperature 130-135°C under 1.8 bar pressure to produce Ethoxylated Lauric Acid (LAc:3EO), a type of nonionic surfactant. This experiment showed that potassium tert-butoxide (tBuOK) as a base homogenous catalyst gave good selectivity and activity compared with potassium methoxide, potassium ethoxide and potassium butoxide. Studies on intercalation of hydrotalcite (HT) with tBuO- to form HTtBuO as solid base catalyst was conducted. Ethoxylation reaction using heterogenous catalyst based on intercalated of HT-tBuO gave lower activity compared with tBuOK as homogenous catalyst. This might be due to diffusion which occurred significantly in heterogenous catalyst compared with homogenous catalyst. Analysis of nonionic surfactant LAc:3EO using HTtBuO as a catalyst gave no undesired side product. Detail analysis of the reaction products using GC-Tof technique gave a mixture of ester of LAc:3EO and polyethylene glycol (PEG).
  20. Zanariah Abdul Majid, Mohamed Suleiman
    Sains Malaysiana, 2006;35:63-68.
    In this paper, a direct integration implicit variable step size method in the form of Adams Moulton Method is developed for solving directly the second order system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using variable step size. The existing multistep method involves the computations of the divided differences and integration coefficients in the code when using the variable step size or variable step size and order. The idea of developing this method is to store all the coefficients involved in the code. Thus, this strategy can avoid the lengthy computation of the coefficients during the implementation of the code as well as to improve the execution time. Numerical results are given to compare the efficiency of the developed method with the 1-point method of variable step size and order code (1PDVSO) in Omar (1999).
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