Displaying publications 21 - 40 of 91 in total

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  1. Jaganathan SK, Prasath MM
    An Acad Bras Cienc, 2018 4 12;90(1):195-204.
    PMID: 29641759 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201820170736
    Demand for medical implants is rising day by day as the world becomes the place for more diseased and older people. Accordingly, in this research, metallocene polyethylene (mPE), a commonly used polymer was treated with UV rays for improving its biocompatibility. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images confirmed the formation of crests and troughs, which depicts the improvement of surface roughness of mPE substrates caused by UV etching. Accordingly, the contact angle measurements revealed that the wettability of mPE-2.5 J/cm2 (68.09º) and mPE-5 J/cm2 (57.93º) samples were found to be increased compared to untreated mPE (86.84º) indicating better hydrophilicity. Further, the UV treated surface exhibited enhanced blood compatibility as determined in APTT (untreated mPE- 55.3 ± 2.5 s, mPE-2.5 J/cm2 - 76.7 ± 4.1 s and mPE-5 J/cm2 - 112.3 ± 2 s) and PT (untreated mPE - 24.7 ± 1.5 s, mPE- 2.5 J/cm2 - 34.3 ± 1.1 s and mPE-5 J/cm2 - 43 ± 2 s) assay. Moreover, the treated mPE-2.5 J/cm2 (4.88%) and mPE-5 J/cm2 (1.79%) showed decreased hemolytic percentage compared to untreated mPE (15.40%) indicating better safety to red blood cells. Interestingly, the changes in physicochemical properties of mPE are directly proportional to the dosage of the UV rays. UV modified mPE surfaces were found to be more compatible as identified through MTT assay, photomicrograph and SEM images of the seeded 3T3 cell population. Hence UV-modified surface of mPE may be successfully exploited for medical implants.
    Matched MeSH terms: 3T3 Cells
  2. Zaman SU, Saif-Ur-Rehman, Zaman MKU, Rafiq S, Arshad A, Khurram MS, et al.
    Artif Organs, 2021 Nov;45(11):1377-1390.
    PMID: 34152645 DOI: 10.1111/aor.14020
    In the current study, a phase inversion scheme was employed to fabricate hydroxyapatite (HA)/polysulfone (PSF)-based asymmetric membranes using a film applicator with water as a solvent and nonsolvent exchanging medium. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopic studies were conducted to confirm the bonding chemistry and purity of filler. The inherent thick nature of PSF generated sponge-like shape while the instantaneous demixing process produced finger-like pore networks in HA/PSF-based asymmetric membranes as exhibited by scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs. The FTIR spectra confirmed noncovalent weak attractions toward the polymer surface. The leaching ratio was evaluated to observe the dispersion behavior of HA filler in membrane composition. Hydrophilicity, pore profile, pure water permeation (PWP) flux, and molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) values of all formulated membranes were also calculated. Antifouling results revealed that HA modified PSF membranes exhibited 43% less adhesion of bovine serum albumin (BSA) together with >86% recovery of flux. Membrane composition showed 74% total resistance, out of which 60% was reversible resistance. Biocompatibility evaluation revealed that the modified membranes exhibited prothrombin time (PT), and thrombin time (TT) comparable with typical blood plasma, whereas proliferation of living cells over membrane surface proved its nontoxic behavior toward biomedical application. The urea and creatinine showed effective adsorption aptitude toward HA loaded PSF membranes.
    Matched MeSH terms: NIH 3T3 Cells
  3. Taher M, Amiroudine MZAM, Jaffri JM, Amri MS, Susanti D, Abd Hamid S, et al.
    Pak J Pharm Sci, 2017 Jul;30(4):1335-1339.
    PMID: 29039334
    A new naturally occurring dibenzylbutyrolactone lignan named isocubebinic ether has been isolated from Knema patentinervia. The structure was established by spectroscopic methods, which include Ultraviolet, Infrared, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Mass Spectrometry. The compound showed activity in the stimulation of glucose uptake by 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
    Matched MeSH terms: 3T3 Cells
  4. Tajudin TJ, Mat N, Siti-Aishah AB, Yusran AA, Alwi A, Ali AM
    PMID: 23227094 DOI: 10.1155/2012/127373
    Methanolic extract of Cynometra cauliflora whole fruit was assayed for cytotoxicity against the human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 and the normal mouse fibroblast NIH/3T3 cell lines by using the MTT assay. The CD(50) of the extract for 72 hours was 0.9 μg/mL whereas the value for the cytotoxic drug vincristine was 0.2 μg/mL. The viability of the NIH/3T3 cells was at 80.0% when treated at 15.0 μg/mL. The extract inhibited HL-60 cell proliferation with dose dependence. AO/PI staining of HL-60 cells treated with the extract revealed that majority of cells were in the apoptotic cell death mode. Flow cytometry analysis of HL-60 cells treated at CD(50) of the extract showed that the early apoptotic cells were 31.0, 26.3 and 19.9% at 24, 48, and 72 hours treatment, respectively. The percentage of late apoptotic cells was increased from 62.0 at 24 hours to 64.1 and 70.2 at 48 and 72 hours, respectively. Meanwhile, percent of necrotic cells were 4.9, 6.6, and 8.5 at 24, 48, and 72 hours, respectively. This study has shown that the methanolic extract of C. cauliflora whole fruit was cytotoxic towards HL-60 cells and induced the cells into apoptotic cell death mode, but less cytotoxic towards NIH/3T3 cells.
    Matched MeSH terms: NIH 3T3 Cells
  5. Dorniani D, Hussein MZ, Kura AU, Fakurazi S, Shaari AH, Ahmad Z
    Int J Mol Sci, 2013;14(12):23639-53.
    PMID: 24300098 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141223639
    The preparation of magnetic nanoparticles coated with chitosan-prindopril erbumine was accomplished and confirmed by X-ray diffraction, TEM, magnetic measurements, thermal analysis and infrared spectroscopic studies. X-ray diffraction and TEM results demonstrated that the magnetic nanoparticles were pure iron oxide phase, having a spherical shape with a mean diameter of 6 nm, compared to 15 nm after coating with chitosan-prindopril erbumine (FCPE). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy study shows that the coating of iron oxide nanoparticles takes place due to the presence of some bands that were emerging after the coating process, which belong to the prindopril erbumine (PE). The thermal stability of the PE in an FCPE nanocomposite was remarkably enhanced. The release study showed that around 89% of PE could be released within about 93 hours by a phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.4, which was found to be of sustained manner governed by first order kinetic. Compared to the control (untreated), cell viability study in 3T3 cells at 72 h post exposure to both the nanoparticles and the pure drug was found to be sustained above 80% using different doses.
    Matched MeSH terms: 3T3 Cells
  6. Ho K, Yazan LS, Ismail N, Ismail M
    Cancer Epidemiol, 2009 Aug;33(2):155-60.
    PMID: 19679064 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2009.06.003
    Vanillin is responsible for the flavor and smell of vanilla, a widely used flavoring agent. Previous studies showed that vanillin could enhance the repair of mutations and thus function as an anti-mutagen. However, its role in cancer, a disease that is closely related to mutation has not yet been fully elucidated.
    Matched MeSH terms: NIH 3T3 Cells
  7. Er HM, Cheng EH, Radhakrishnan AK
    J Ethnopharmacol, 2007 Sep 25;113(3):448-56.
    PMID: 17698306
    The anti-proliferative effects of the aqueous and methanol extracts of leaves of Pereskia bleo (Kunth) DC (Cactaceae) against a mouse mammary cancer cell line (4T1) and a normal mouse fibroblast cell line (NIH/3T3) were evaluated under an optimal (in culture medium containing 10% foetal bovine serum (FBS)) and a sub-optimal (in culture medium containing 0.5% FBS) conditions. Under the optimal condition, the aqueous extract showed a significant (p<0.05) anti-proliferative effect at 200 microg/mL and 300 microg/mL in 4T1 cells and 300 microg/mL in NIH/3T3 cells, whereas the methanol extract did not show any notable anti-proliferative effect in these cell lines, at any of the concentrations tested. Under the sub-optimal condition, the aqueous extract showed a significant (p<0.05) anti-proliferative effect at 200 microg/mL and 300 microg/mL in NIH/3T3 cells, whilst the methanol extract showed a significant (p<0.05) anti-proliferative effect at 200 microg/mL and 300 microg/mL in both cell lines. An upward trend of apoptosis was observed in both 4T1 and NIH/3T3 cells treated with increasing concentrations of the aqueous extract. The level of apoptosis observed at all the concentrations of the aqueous extract tested was consistently higher than necrosis. There was a significant (p<0.05) increase in the level of necrosis observed in the 4T1 cells treated with 300 microg/mL of the methanol extract. Generally, the level of necrosis was noted to be higher than that of apoptosis in the methanol extract-treated cells. The mutagenicity assay performed showed that in the absence of S-9 liver metabolic activation, the extract was not mutagenic up to the concentration of 165 microg/mL . However, in the presence of S-9 liver metabolic activation, the aqueous extract was mutagenic at all the concentrations tested. This study shows that both the aqueous and methanol extracts of the leaves from Pereskia bleo (Kunth) DC (Cactaceae) do not have appreciable anti-proliferative effect on the 4T1 and NIH/3T3 cells as the EC(50) values obtained are greater than 50 microg/mL when tested under optimal culture condition. Moreover, the aqueous extract may form mutagenic compound(s) upon the metabolisation by liver enzymes.
    Matched MeSH terms: NIH 3T3 Cells
  8. Talik Sisin NN, Abdul Razak K, Zainal Abidin S, Che Mat NF, Abdullah R, Ab Rashid R, et al.
    Int J Nanomedicine, 2020;15:7805-7823.
    PMID: 33116502 DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S269214
    Purpose: This study aimed to quantify synergetic effects induced by bismuth oxide nanoparticles (BiONPs), cisplatin (Cis) and baicalein-rich fraction (BRF) natural-based agent on the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and radiosensitization effects under irradiation of clinical radiotherapy beams of photon, electron and HDR-brachytherapy. The combined therapeutic responses of each compound and clinical radiotherapy beam were evaluated on breast cancer and normal fibroblast cell line.

    Methods: In this study, individual BiONPs, Cis, and BRF, as well as combinations of BiONPs-Cis (BC), BiONPs-BRF (BB) and BiONPs-Cis-BRF (BCB) were treated to the cells before irradiation using HDR brachytherapy with 0.38 MeV iridium-192 source, 6 MV photon beam and 6 MeV electron beam. The individual or synergetic effects from the application of the treatment components during the radiotherapy were elucidated by quantifying the ROS generation and radiosensitization effects on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines as well as NIH/3T3 normal cell line.

    Results: The ROS generated in the presence of Cis stimulated the most substantial amount of ROS compared to the BiONPs and BRF. Meanwhile, the combination of the components had induced the higher ROS levels for photon beam than the brachytherapy and electron beam. The highest ROS enhancement relative to the control is attributable to the presence of BC combination in MDA-MB-231 cells, in comparison to the BB and BCB combinations. The radiosensitization effects which were quantified using the sensitization enhancement ratio (SER) indicate the highest value by BC in MCF-7 cells, followed by BCB and BB treatment. The radiosensitization effects are found to be more prominent for brachytherapy in comparison to photon and electron beam.

    Conclusion: The BiONPs, Cis and BRF are the potential radiosensitizers that could improve the efficiency of radiotherapy to eradicate the cancer cells. The combination of these potent radiosensitizers might produce multiple effects when applied in radiotherapy. The BC combination is found to have the highest SER, followed by the BCB combination. This study is also the first to investigate the effect of BRF in combination with BiONPs (BB) and BC (BCB) treatments.

    Matched MeSH terms: NIH 3T3 Cells
  9. Barman M, Mahmood S, Augustine R, Hasan A, Thomas S, Ghosal K
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2020 Nov 01;162:1849-1861.
    PMID: 32781129 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.060
    Applying nanotechnology to deliver drug could result in several benefits such as prolong duration of action, enhancement in overall bioavailability, targeting to specific site, low initial loading dose require, systemic stability enhancement etc. Halloysite is one of those clay minerals showing maximum effectiveness when consider as a nano drug carriers for different kind applications. Here, we have used norfloxacin as the model drug for loading into halloysite nanotube (HNT) for its anti-bacterial activity. Norfloxacin was loaded into halloysites by vacuum operation and sonication. The nanotubes were evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical microscopy, water absorption studies, cytotoxicity studies, antimicrobial studies and in vitro diffusion studies. SEM, FT-IR and XRD analysis data showed that the norfloxacin was successfully loaded into nanotubes. TEM analysis confirmed loading of norfloxacin in halloysites' lumen. The halloysite/chitosan nanocomposites were prepared by solvent casting and freeze-drying method. SEM analysis revealed compact and rugged surface of nanocomposites due to existing norfloxacin loaded halloysite. FTIR and XRD confirmed formation of nanocomposite. The nanocomposites showed good antimicrobial effect and good biocompatibility in cytotoxicity study. The in-vitro release studies revealed that halloysite/chitosan nanocomposites were able to sustain the drug release. Also, the nanocomposites were stable in various humidity conditions. Therefore, all the outcomes suggest that the prepared nanocomposites can provide enhanced therapeutic benefits and they can be very potential nano vehicle for sustaining drug delivery.
    Matched MeSH terms: 3T3 Cells
  10. Ab Aziz NA, Salim N, Zarei M, Saari N, Yusoff FM
    Prep Biochem Biotechnol, 2021;51(1):44-53.
    PMID: 32701046 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2020.1789991
    The study was conducted to determine anti-tyrosinase and antioxidant activities of the extracted collagen hydrolysate (CH) derived from Malaysian jellyfish, Rhopilema hispidum. Collagen was extracted using 1:1 (w:v) 0.1 M NaOH solution at temperature 25 °C for 48 hr followed by treatment of 1:2 (w:v) distilled water for another 24 hr and freeze-dried. The extracted collagen was hydrolyzed using papain at optimum temperature, pH and enzyme/substrate ratio [E/S] of 60 °C, 7.0 and 1:50, respectively. CH was found to exhibit tyrosinase inhibitory activity, DPPH radical scavenging and metal ion-chelating assays up to 64, 28, and 83%, respectively, after 8 hr of hydrolysis process. The molecular weight of CH was found <10 kDa consisting of mainly Gly (19.219%), Glu (10.428%), and Arg (8.848%). The UV-visible spectrum analysis showed a major and minor peak at 218 and 276 nm, accordingly. The FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the amide groups in CH. The SEM images demonstrated spongy and porous structure of CH. In the cytotoxicity study, CH has no cytotoxicity against mouse embryonic 3T3 fibroblast cell line with IC50 value >500 µg/ml. Results revealed that the CH generated from this study has a potential to be developed as active ingredient in cosmeceutical application.
    Matched MeSH terms: 3T3 Cells
  11. Khan KM, Qurban S, Salar U, Taha M, Hussain S, Perveen S, et al.
    Bioorg Chem, 2016 10;68:245-58.
    PMID: 27592296 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2016.08.010
    Current study based on the synthesis of new thiazole derivatives via "one pot" multicomponent reaction, evaluation of their in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory activities, and in silico studies. All synthetic compounds were fully characterized by (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR and EIMS. CHN analysis was also performed. These newly synthesized compounds showed activities in the range of IC50=9.06±0.10-82.50±1.70μM as compared to standard acarbose (IC50=38.25±0.12μM). It is worth mentioning that most of the compounds such as 1 (IC50=23.60±0.39μM), 2 (IC50=22.70±0.60μM), 3 (IC50=22.40±0.32μM), 4 (IC50=26.5±0.40μM), 6 (IC50=34.60±0.60μM), 7 (IC50=26.20±0.43μM), 8 (IC50=14.06±0.18μM), 9 (IC50=17.60±0.28μM), 10 (IC50=27.16±0.41μM), 11 (IC50=19.16±0.19μM), 12 (IC50=9.06±0.10μM), 13 (IC50=12.80±0.21μM), 14 (IC50=11.94±0.18μM), 15 (IC50=16.90±0.20μM), 16 (IC50=12.60±0.14μM), 17 (IC50=16.30±0.29μM), and 18 (IC50=32.60±0.61μM) exhibited potent inhibitory potential. Molecular docking study was performed in order to understand the molecular interactions between the molecule and enzyme. Newly identified α-glucosidase inhibitors except few were found to be completely non-toxic.
    Matched MeSH terms: 3T3 Cells
  12. Bakar NA, Tengku Ibrahim TA, Mohamad Shalan NA, Mohamed S
    J Microsc Ultrastruct, 2016 08 21;5(2):70-81.
    PMID: 30023239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmau.2016.08.001
    The edible red seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii or Eucheuma cottonii is commercially cultivated in the pristine tropical seas for carrageenan production. The systemic, cellular, and molecular effects of E. cottonii 50% alcohol extract [seaweed E. cottonii ethanol extract (SECE)] on breast cancer were investigated in a rat model. Mammary tumor was induced by subcutaneously injecting LA7 cells in female rat mammary pads. After 2 weeks of cancer growth, the rats received oral administration of either SECE [150 mg/kg body weight (BW) and 300 mg/kg BW] or tamoxifen. Electron microscopy imaging results confirmed macrophage activity and hematoxylin and eosin staining indicated that tumor histopathological alterations were restored toward normal structures by the seaweed extract. The extract suppressed tumor development and modulated the immune responses. This was evidenced by the microscopic observations, the increased spleen weight, size, spleen CD19 B cells, and blood immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels. The extract also increased the circulating total white blood cells, lymphocytes, segmented neutrophils count, T cells (CD3), T-helper cells (CD4), cytotoxic T cell (CD8), and nuclear factor-kappa beta expressions. The extract enhanced cancer cell death, by upregulating the Birc5, Chk1, and p53 levels and downregulating the tumor growth cellular Mdm2 (transformed mouse 3T3 cell double minute 2) messenger RNA (mRNA) expression. The extract showed no toxicity at 150 mg/kg BW in rats. The lectin-rich SECE showed tumor suppression by enhancing immune responses and upregulating the cancer cell apoptosis mRNA expressions.
    Matched MeSH terms: 3T3 Cells
  13. Arshad T, Khan KM, Rasool N, Salar U, Hussain S, Asghar H, et al.
    Bioorg Chem, 2017 06;72:21-31.
    PMID: 28346872 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2017.03.007
    On the basis of previous report on promising α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of 5-bromo-2-aryl benzimidazole derivatives, these derivatives were further screened for urease inhibitory and cytotoxicity activity in order to get more potent and non-cytotoxic potential dual inhibitor for the patients suffering from diabetes as well as peptic ulcer. In this study, all compounds showed varying degree of potency in the range of (IC50=8.15±0.03-354.67±0.19μM) as compared to standard thiourea (IC50=21.25±0.15μM). It is worth mentioning that derivatives 7 (IC50=12.07±0.05μM), 8 (IC50=10.57±0.12μM), 11 (IC50=13.76±0.02μM), 14 (IC50=15.70±0.12μM) and 22 (IC50=8.15±0.03μM) were found to be more potent inhibitors than standard. All compounds were also evaluated for cytotoxicity towards 3T3 mouse fibroblast cell line and found to be completely non-toxic. Previously benzimidazole 1-25 were also showed α-glucosidase inhibitory potential. In silico studies were performed on the lead molecules i.e.2, 7, 8, 11, 14, and 22, in order to rationalize the binding interaction of compounds with the active site of urease enzyme.
    Matched MeSH terms: 3T3 Cells
  14. Syed Azhar SNA, Ashari SE, Salim N
    Int J Nanomedicine, 2018;13:6465-6479.
    PMID: 30410332 DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S171532
    Introduction: Kojic monooleate (KMO) is an ester derived from a fungal metabolite of kojic acid with monounsaturated fatty acid, oleic acid, which contains tyrosinase inhibitor to treat skin disorders such as hyperpigmentation. In this study, KMO was formulated in an oil-in-water nanoemulsion as a carrier for better penetration into the skin.

    Methods: The nanoemulsion was prepared by using high and low energy emulsification technique. D-optimal mixture experimental design was generated as a tool for optimizing the composition of nanoemulsions suitable for topical delivery systems. Effects of formulation variables including KMO (2.0%-10.0% w/w), mixture of castor oil (CO):lemon essential oil (LO; 9:1) (1.0%-5.0% w/w), Tween 80 (1.0%-4.0% w/w), xanthan gum (0.5%-1.5% w/w), and deionized water (78.8%-94.8% w/w), on droplet size as a response were determined.

    Results: Analysis of variance showed that the fitness of the quadratic polynomial fits the experimental data with F-value (2,479.87), a low P-value (P<0.0001), and a nonsignificant lack of fit. The optimized formulation of KMO-enriched nanoemulsion with desirable criteria was KMO (10.0% w/w), Tween 80 (3.19% w/w), CO:LO (3.74% w/w), xanthan gum (0.70% w/w), and deionized water (81.68% w/w). This optimum formulation showed good agreement between the actual droplet size (110.01 nm) and the predicted droplet size (111.73 nm) with a residual standard error <2.0%. The optimized formulation with pH values (6.28) showed high conductivity (1,492.00 µScm-1) and remained stable under accelerated stability study during storage at 4°C, 25°C, and 45°C for 90 days, centrifugal force as well as freeze-thaw cycles. Rheology measurement justified that the optimized formulation was more elastic (shear thinning and pseudo-plastic properties) rather than demonstrating viscous characteristics. In vitro cytotoxicity of the optimized KMO formulation and KMO oil showed that IC50 (50% inhibition of cell viability) value was >100 µg/mL.

    Conclusion: The survival rate of 3T3 cell on KMO formulation (54.76%) was found to be higher compared to KMO oil (53.37%) without any toxicity sign. This proved that the KMO formulation was less toxic and can be applied for cosmeceutical applications.

    Matched MeSH terms: 3T3 Cells
  15. Ali MK, Moshikur RM, Wakabayashi R, Tahara Y, Moniruzzaman M, Kamiya N, et al.
    J Colloid Interface Sci, 2019 Sep 01;551:72-80.
    PMID: 31075635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.04.095
    Ionic liquid (IL) surfactants have attracted great interest as promising substitutes for conventional surfactants owing to their exceptional and favorable physico-chemical properties. However, most IL surfactants are not eco-friendly and form unstable micelles, even when using a high concentration of the surfactant. In this study, we prepared a series of halogen-free and biocompatible choline-fatty-acid-based ILs with different chain lengths and degrees of saturation, and we then investigated their micellar properties in aqueous solutions. Characterization of the synthesized surface-active ILs (SAILs) was performed by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and elemental analysis. The surface-active properties of the SAILs were investigated by tensiometry, conductometry, and dynamic light scattering measurements. The critical micelle concentration of the SAILs was found to be 2-4 times lower than those of conventional surfactants. The thermodynamic properties of micellization (ΔG0m, ΔH0m, and ΔS0m) indicate that the micellization process of the SAILs is spontaneous, stable, and entropy-driven at room temperature. The cytotoxicity of the SAILs was evaluated using mammalian cell line NIH 3T3. Importantly, [Cho][Ole] shows lower toxicity than the analogous ILs with conventional surfactants. These results clearly suggest that these environmentally friendly SAILs can be used as a potential alternative to conventional ILs for various purposes, including biological applications.
    Matched MeSH terms: 3T3 Cells
  16. Tan JM, Bullo S, Fakurazi S, Hussein MZ
    Sci Rep, 2020 10 09;10(1):16941.
    PMID: 33037287 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73963-8
    This research work represents the first major step towards constructing an effective therapeutic silibinin (SB) in cancer treatment using oxidised multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT-COOH) functionalised with biocompatible polymers as the potential drug carrier. In an attempt to increase the solubility and dispersibility of SB-loaded nanotubes (MWSB), four water-soluble polymers were adopted in the preparation process, namely polysorbate 20 (T20), polysorbate 80 (T80), polyethylene glycol (PEG) and chitosan (CHI). From the geometry point of view, the hydrophobic regions of the nanotubes were loaded with water-insoluble SB while the hydrophilic polymers functionalised on the outer surfaces of the nanotubes serve as a protective shell to the external environment. The chemical interaction between MWSB nanocomposites and polymer molecules was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy. Besides, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and UV-visible spectrophotometry were also employed to characterise the synthesised nanocomposites. The morphological study indicated that the polymers were deposited on the external surfaces of MWSB and the nanocomposites were seen to preserve their tubular structures even after the coating process was applied. The TGA results revealed that the incorporation of biopolymers practically improved the overall thermal stability of the coated MWSB nanocomposites. Evaluation of the in vitro effect on drug release rate by the nanocomposites was found to follow a biphasic release manner, showing a fast release at an initial stage and then a sustained-release over 2500 min. Besides, the drug release mechanisms of the nanocomposites demonstrated that the amount of SB released in the simulated environment was governed by pseudo-second order in which, the rate-limiting step mainly depends on diffusion of drug through chemisorption reaction. Finally, MTT assay showed that the coated MWSB nanocomposites on 3T3 cells were very much biocompatible at a concentration up to 100 g/mL, which is an evidence of MWSB reduced cytotoxicity.
    Matched MeSH terms: 3T3 Cells
  17. Yeap SK, Yong CY, Faruq U, Ong HK, Amin ZBM, Ho WY, et al.
    BMC Complement Med Ther, 2021 Mar 09;21(1):86.
    PMID: 33750373 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-021-03260-y
    BACKGROUND: Phyllanthus tenellus Roxb. has been traditionally used to treat inflammation and liver diseases and its medicinal property may be due to the presence of relatively high levels of hydrosable tannins. Recent report revealed that pressurized hot water extraction of P. tenellus significantly increased the concentration of hydrolysable tannins and its catabolites. Thus, this study was aimed to evaluate the in vivo toxicity and antioxidant capacity of pressurized hot water extraction of P. tenellus on healthy mice.

    METHODS: Pressurized hot water extraction P. tenellus was carried out and standardized to 7.9% hydrosable tannins. In vitro toxicity of the extract was tested on NIH 3 T3 cell by MTT assay. The cellular antioxidant level was quantified by measuring cellular level of glutathione. Oral sub-chronic toxicity (200, 1000 and 3000 mg/kg body weight) of P. tenellus extract were evaluated on healthy mice. Liver and kidney antioxidant level was quantified by measuring levels of Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Potential (FRAP), superoxide dismutase, glutathione.

    RESULTS: The P. tenellus extract did not induce cytotoxicity on murine NIH 3 T3 cells up to 200 μg/mL for 48 h. Besides, level of glutathione was higher in the extract treated NIH 3 T3 cells. P. tenellus extract did not cause mortality at all tested concentration. When treated with 1000 mg/kg of the extract, serum liver enzymes (ALP and ALT) and LDH were lower than normal control and mice treated with 200 mg/kg of extract. Moreover, SOD, FRAP and glutathione levels of liver of the mice treated with 200 and 1000 mg/kg of extract were higher than the normal control mice. On the other hand, when treated with 3000 mg/kg of extract, serum liver enzymes (ALP and ALT) and LDH were higher than normal mice without changing the liver SOD and glutathione level, which may contribute to the histological sign of ballooning hepatocyte.

    CONCLUSION: P. tenellus extract standardized with 7.9% hydrosable tannins and their catabolites increased the antioxidant levels while reducing the nitric oxide levels in both liver and kidney without causing any acute and sub-chronic toxicity in the mice.

    Matched MeSH terms: NIH 3T3 Cells
  18. Osman AF, M Fitri TF, Rakibuddin M, Hashim F, Tuan Johari SAT, Ananthakrishnan R, et al.
    Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2017 May 01;74:194-206.
    PMID: 28254285 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.11.137
    Polymer-clay based nanocomposites are among the attractive materials to be applied for various applications, including biomedical. The incorporation of the nano sized clay (nanoclay) into polymer matrices can result in their remarkable improvement in mechanical, thermal and barrier properties as long as the nanofillers are well exfoliated and dispersed throughout the matrix. In this work, exfoliation strategy through pre-dispersing process of the organically modified montmorillonite (organo-MMT) nanofiller was done to obtain ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA) nanocomposite with improved flexibility, toughness, thermal stability and biostability. Our results indicated that the degree of organo-MMT exfoliation affects its cytotoxicity level and the properties of the resulting EVA nanocomposite. The pre-dispersed organo-MMT by ultrasonication in water possesses higher degree of exfoliation as compared to its origin condition and significantly performed reduced cytotoxicity level. Beneficially, this nanofiller also enhanced the EVA flexibility, thermal stability and biostability upon the in vitro exposure. We postulated that these were due to plasticizing effect and enhanced EVA-nanofiller interactions contributing to more stable chemical bonds in the main copolymer chains. Improvement in copolymer flexibility is beneficial for close contact with human soft tissue, while enhancement in toughness and biostability is crucial to extend its life expectancy as insulation material for implantable device.
    Matched MeSH terms: NIH 3T3 Cells
  19. Khan KM, Mesaik MA, Abdalla OM, Rahim F, Soomro S, Halim SA, et al.
    Bioorg Chem, 2016 Feb;64:21-8.
    PMID: 26637945 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2015.11.004
    Benzothiazole and its natural or synthetic derivatives have been used as precursors for several pharmacological agents for neuroprotective, anti-bacterial, and anti-allergic activities. The objective of the present study was to evaluate effects of benzothiazole analogs (compounds 1-26) for their immunomodulatory activities. Eight compounds (2, 4, 5, 8-10, 12, and 18) showed potent inhibitory activity on PHA-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with IC50 ranging from 3.7 to 11.9 μM compared to that of the standard drug, prednisolone <1.5 μM. Some compounds (2, 4, 8, and 18) were also found to have potent inhibitory activities on the production of IL-2 on PHA/PMA-stimulated PBMCs with IC50 values ranging between <4.0 and 12.8 μM. The binding interaction of these compounds was performed through silico molecular docking. Compounds 2, 8, 9, and 10 significantly suppressed oxidative burst ROS production in phagocytes with IC50 values between <4.0 and 15.2 μM. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitrites in murine macrophages cell line J774 were found to be inhibited by compounds 4, 8, 9, and 18 at a concentration of 25 μg/mL by 56%, 91%, 58%, and 78%, respectively. Furthermore, compounds 5, 8, 12, and 18 showed significant (P<0.05) suppressive activity on Th-2 cytokine, interleukin 4 (IL-4) with an IC50 range of <4.0 to 40.3 μM. Interestingly compound 4 has shown a selective inhibitory activity on IL-2 and T cell proliferation (naïve T cell proliferation stage) rather than on IL-4 cytokine, while compound 12 displayed an interference with T-cell proliferation and IL-4 generation. Moreover compound 8 and 18 exert non-selective inhibition on both IL-2 and IL-4 cytokines, indicating a better interference with stage leading to humoral immune response and hence possible application in autoimmune diseases.
    Matched MeSH terms: NIH 3T3 Cells
  20. Ngan CL, Basri M, Tripathy M, Abedi Karjiban R, Abdul-Malek E
    Eur J Pharm Sci, 2015 Apr 5;70:22-8.
    PMID: 25619806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.01.006
    Despite the fact that intrinsic oxidative stress is inevitable, the extrinsic factor such as ultraviolet radiation enhances reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation resulting in premature skin aging. Nanoemulsion was loaded with fullerene, a strong free radical scavenger, and its efficacy to provide protection and regenerative effect against ROS-induced collagen breakdown in human skin was studied. Stable fullerene nanoemulsions were formulated using high shear homogenization and ultrasonic dispersion technique. An open trial was conducted using fullerene nanoemulsion on skin twice a day for 28 days. The mean collagen score significantly increased (P<0.05) from 36.53±4.39 to 48.69±5.46 with 33.29% increment at the end of the treatment. Biophysical characteristics of skin revealed that skin hydration was increased significantly (P<0.05) from 40.91±7.01 to 58.55±6.08 corneometric units (43.12% increment) and the water was able to contain within the stratum corneum without any increased in transepidermal water loss. In the in vitro safety evaluation, fullerene nanoemulsion showed no acute toxicity on 3T3 fibroblast cell line for 48h and no indication of potential dermal irritation. Hence, the fullerene nanoemulsion may assist in protecting collagen from breakdown with cosmeceutical benefit.
    Matched MeSH terms: 3T3 Cells
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