Displaying publications 21 - 40 of 323 in total

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  1. Fulltext Candida species and oral mycobiota of patients clinically diagnosed with oral thrush
    Karajacob AS, Azizan NB, Al-Maleki ARM, Goh JPE, Loke MF, Khor HM, et al.
    PLoS One, 2023;18(4):e0284043.
    PMID: 37068057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284043
    Overgrowth of Candida yeasts in the oral cavity may result in the development of oral thrush in immunocompromised individuals. This study analyzed the diversity and richness of the oral mycobiota of patients clinically diagnosed with oral thrush (OT), follow-up of oral thrush patients after antifungal therapy (AT), and healthy controls (HC). Oral rinse and oral swab samples were collected from 38 OT patients, 21 AT patients, and 41 healthy individuals (HC). Pellet from the oral rinse and oral swab were used for the isolation of oral Candida yeasts on Brilliance Candida Agar followed by molecular speciation. ITS1 amplicon sequencing using Illumina MiSeq was performed on DNA extracted from the oral rinse pellet of 16 OT, 7 AT, and 7 HC oral rinse samples. Trimmed sequence data were taxonomically grouped and analyzed using the CLC Microbial Genomics Module workflow. Candida yeasts were isolated at significantly higher rates from oral rinse and swab samples of OT (68.4%, p < 0.001) and AT (61.9%, p = 0.012) patients, as compared to HC (26.8%). Predominance of Candida albicans specifically, was noted in OT (60.5%, p < 0.001) and AT (42.9%, p = 0.006) vs. HC (9.8%), while non-albicans Candida species was dominant in HC. Analysis of oral mycobiota from OT patients showed the presence of 8 phyla, 222 genera, and 309 fungal species. Low alpha diversity (Shannon index, p = 0.006; Chao-1 biased corrected index, p = 0.01), varied beta diversity (Bray-Curtis, p = 0.01986; Jaccard, p = 0.02766; Weighted UniFrac, p = 0.00528), and increased relative abundance of C. albicans (p = 3.18E-02) was significantly associated with the oral mycobiota of OT vs. HC. This study supported that C. albicans is the main etiological agent in oral thrush and highlights the association of fungal biodiversity with the pathophysiology of oral thrush.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antifungal Agents
  2. In vitro assessment of non-irritant microemulsified voriconazole hydrogel system
    Raju Y P, N H, Chowdary V H, Nair RS, Basha D J, N T
    Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol, 2017 Dec;45(8):1539-1547.
    PMID: 27887040 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2016.1260579
    Research was aimed on microemulsion-based hydrogel for voriconazole. Oleic acid and isopropyl myristate as lipid phases; tween 20: tween 80 as surfactants and PEG600 as cosurfactant were selected to formulate voriconazole microemulsions. The promising microemulsions in terms of zeta potential, pH, viscosity, and drug release were selected and developed into hydrogels using carbopol 934. Resulting microemulsion-based hydrogel (MBH) of voriconazole were evaluated for in vitro diffusion and ex vivo permeation. Antifungal potentials of MBH were assessed against selected fungal strains. Optimal MBH formulations, O6 and O8 had displayed their antifungal potentials with enlarged zone of inhibition against selected fungal strains.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antifungal Agents/metabolism; Antifungal Agents/pharmacology; Antifungal Agents/toxicity*; Antifungal Agents/chemistry*
  3. Fulltext A review on antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal activity of curcumin
    Moghadamtousi SZ, Kadir HA, Hassandarvish P, Tajik H, Abubakar S, Zandi K
    Biomed Res Int, 2014;2014:186864.
    PMID: 24877064 DOI: 10.1155/2014/186864
    Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae family) and its polyphenolic compound curcumin have been subjected to a variety of antimicrobial investigations due to extensive traditional uses and low side effects. Antimicrobial activities for curcumin and rhizome extract of C. longa against different bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites have been reported. The promising results for antimicrobial activity of curcumin made it a good candidate to enhance the inhibitory effect of existing antimicrobial agents through synergism. Indeed, different investigations have been done to increase the antimicrobial activity of curcumin, including synthesis of different chemical derivatives to increase its water solubility as well ass cell up take of curcumin. This review aims to summarize previous antimicrobial studies of curcumin towards its application in the future studies as a natural antimicrobial agent.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antifungal Agents/pharmacology*
  4. Quantitative structure-activity relationship model for classifying the diverse series of antifungal agents using ratio weighted penalized logistic regression
    Alharthi AM, Lee MH, Algamal ZY, Al-Fakih AM
    SAR QSAR Environ Res, 2020 Aug;31(8):571-583.
    PMID: 32628042 DOI: 10.1080/1062936X.2020.1782467
    One of the most challenging issues when facing a Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) classification model is to deal with the descriptor selection. Penalized methods have been adapted and have gained popularity as a key for simultaneously performing descriptor selection and QSAR classification model estimation. However, penalized methods have drawbacks such as having biases and inconsistencies that make they lack the oracle properties. This paper proposes an adaptive penalized logistic regression (APLR) to overcome these drawbacks. This is done by employing a ratio (BWR) of the descriptors between-groups sum of squares (BSS) to the within-groups sum of squares (WSS) for each descriptor as a weight inside the L1-norm. The proposed method was applied to one dataset that consists of a diverse series of antimicrobial agents with their respective bioactivities against Candida albicans. By experimental study, it has been shown that the proposed method (APLR) was more efficient in the selection of descriptors and classification accuracy than the other competitive methods that could be used in developing QSAR classification models. Another dataset was also successfully experienced. Therefore, it can be concluded that the APLR method had significant impact on QSAR analysis and studies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antifungal Agents/chemistry*
  5. Anti-amoebic potential of azole scaffolds and nanoparticles against pathogenic Acanthamoeba
    Walvekar S, Anwar A, Anwar A, Sridewi N, Khalid M, Yow YY, et al.
    Acta Trop, 2020 Nov;211:105618.
    PMID: 32628912 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105618
    Acanthamoeba spp. are free living amoeba (FLA) which are widely distributed in nature. They are opportunistic parasites and can cause severe infections to the eye, skin and central nervous system. The advances in drug discovery and modifications in the chemotherapeutic agents have shown little improvement in morbidity and mortality rates associated with Acanthamoeba infections. The mechanism-based process of drug discovery depends on the molecular drug targets present in the signaling pathways in the genome. Synthetic libraries provide a platform for broad spectrum of activities due to their desired structural modifications. Azoles, originally a class of synthetic anti-fungal drugs, disrupt the fungal cell membrane by inhibiting the biosynthesis of ergosterol through the inhibition of cytochrome P450 dependent 14α-lanosterol, a key step of the sterol pathway. Acanthamoeba and fungi share the presence of similar sterol intermediate, as ergosterol is also the major end-product in the sterol biosynthesis in Acanthamoeba. Sterols present in the eukaryotic cell membrane are one of the most essential lipids and exhibit important structural and signaling functions. Therefore, in this review we highlight the importance of specific targeting of ergosterol present in Acanthamoebic membrane by azole compounds for amoebicidal activity. Previously, azoles have also been repurposed to report antimicrobial, antiparasitic and antibacterial properties. Moreover, by loading the azoles into nanoparticles through advanced techniques in nanotechnology, such as physical encapsulation, adsorption, or chemical conjugation, the pharmacokinetics and therapeutic index of the drugs can be significantly improved. The current review proposes an important strategy to target Acanthamoeba using synthetic libraries of azoles and their conjugated nanoparticles for the first time.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antifungal Agents/pharmacology*
  6. Fulltext Antifungal efficacy of Moringa oleifera leaf and seed extracts against Botrytis cinerea causing gray mold disease of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
    Ahmadu T, Ahmad K, Ismail SI, Rashed O, Asib N, Omar D
    Braz J Biol, 2020 11 12;81(4):1007-1022.
    PMID: 33175006 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.233173
    Drawbacks associated with the use of chemical fungicides to control plant pathogenic fungi such as Botrytis cinerea stimulate the need for alternatives. Therefore, the present study was carried out to determine the antifungal potentials of Moringa oleifera extracts against B. cinerea. Phytochemical analysis using qualitative chemical tests revealed the presence of huge amount of crucial phytochemicals compounds like phenolic compounds, alkaloids and saponins in the M. oleifera leaf extract. Antifungal bioassay of the crude extracts indicated better mycelial growth inhibition by methanol leaf extract (99%). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 5 mg/ml with 100% spore germination inhibition and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) was 10 mg/ml with 98.10% mycelial growth inhibition using broth micro dilution and poisoned food techniques. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis led to the identification of 67 volatile chemical compounds in the leaf extract with 6-decenoic acid (Z)- (19.87%) was the predominant compound. Further chemical elucidation of the crude extracts performed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) showed the presence of non-volatile chemical compounds, mostly flavones, flavonoids and phenolic acids (i.e. quercetin and kaempferol). Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analysis showed positive effect of M. oleifera leaf extract on the treated conidia and mycelium of B. cinerea. Findings revealed that irreversible surface and ultra-structural changes with severe detrimental effects on conidia and mycelium morphology compared to control treatment. Overall findings suggested that M. oleifera leaf extract is a promising candidate for biological control of fungal pathogens, thus limiting overdependence on chemical fungicides.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antifungal Agents/pharmacology
  7. In Vitro Antifungal Susceptibility of Neoscytalidium dimidiatum Clinical Isolates from Malaysia
    James JE, Santhanam J, Lee MC, Wong CX, Sabaratnam P, Yusoff H, et al.
    Mycopathologia, 2017 Apr;182(3-4):305-313.
    PMID: 27815659 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-016-0085-5
    Neoscytalidium dimidiatum is an opportunistic fungus causing cutaneous infections mostly, which are difficult to treat due to antifungal resistance. In Malaysia, N. dimidiatum is associated with skin and nail infections, especially in the elderly. These infections may be mistaken for dermatophyte infections due to similar clinical appearance. In this study, Neoscytalidium isolates from cutaneous specimens, identified using morphological and molecular methods (28 Neoscytalidium dimidiatum and 1 Neoscytalidium sp.), were evaluated for susceptibility towards antifungal agents using the CLSI broth microdilution (M38-A2) and Etest methods. Amphotericin B, voriconazole, miconazole and clotrimazole showed high in vitro activity against all isolates with MIC ranging from 0.0313 to 1 µg/mL. Susceptibility towards fluconazole and itraconazole was noted in up to 10% of isolates, while ketoconazole was inactive against all isolates. Clinical breakpoints for antifungal drugs are not yet available for most filamentous fungi, including Neoscytalidium species. However, the results indicate that clinical isolates of N. dimidiatum in Malaysia were sensitive towards miconazole, clotrimazole, voriconazole and amphotericin B, in vitro.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antifungal Agents/pharmacology*
  8. Tinea Imbricata: An Overview
    Leung AKC, Leong KF, Lam JM
    Curr Pediatr Rev, 2019;15(3):170-174.
    PMID: 30734680 DOI: 10.2174/1573396315666190207151941
    BACKGROUND: Tinea imbricata is a chronic superficial mycosis caused mainly by Trichophyton concentricum. The condition mainly affects individuals living in primitive and isolated environment in developing countries and is rarely seen in developed countries. Physicians in nonendemic areas might not be aware of this fungal infection.

    OBJECTIVE: To familiarize physicians with the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of tinea imbricata.

    METHODS: A PubMed search was completed in Clinical Queries using the key terms "Tinea imbricata" and "Trichophyton concentricum". The search strategy included meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, clinical trials, observational studies, reviews, and case reports. The information retrieved from the above search was used in the compilation of the present article.

    RESULTS: The typical initial lesions of tinea imbricata consist of multiple, brownish red, scaly, pruritic papules. The papules then spread centrifugally to form annular and/or concentric rings that can extend to form serpinginous or polycyclic plaques with or without erythema. With time, multiple overlapping lesions develop, and the plaques become lamellar with abundant thick scales adhering to the interior of the lesion, giving rise to the appearance of overlapping roof tiles, lace, or fish scales. Lamellar detachment of the scales is common. The diagnosis is mainly clinical, based on the characteristic skin lesions. If necessary, the diagnosis can be confirmed by potassium hydroxide wet-mount examination of skin scrapings of the active border of the lesion which typically shows short septate hyphae, numerous chlamydoconidia, and no arthroconidia. Currently, oral terbinafine is the drug of choice for the treatment of tinea imbricata. Combined therapy of an oral antifungal agent with a topical antifungal and keratolytic agent may increase the cure rate.

    CONCLUSION: In most cases, a spot diagnosis of tinea imbricata can be made based on the characteristic skin lesions consisting of scaly, concentric annular rings and overlapping plaques that are pruritic. Due to popularity of international travel, physicians involved in patient care should be aware of this fungal infection previously restricted to limited geographical areas.

    Matched MeSH terms: Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use*
  9. Epinecidin-1, a marine antifungal peptide, inhibits Botrytis cinerea and delays gray mold in postharvest peaches
    Fan L, Wei Y, Chen Y, Jiang S, Xu F, Zhang C, et al.
    Food Chem, 2023 Mar 01;403:134419.
    PMID: 36191421 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134419
    This study investigatedthe mechanism of epinecidin-1 against Botrytis cinerea, in vitro, and its effectiveness at inhibiting gray mold on postharvest peach fruit. We found that in vitro, epinecidin-1 had significantly greater antifungal activity against B. cinerea than either clavanin-A or mytimycin, two other marine derived antimicrobial peptides that we tested. Its antifungal activity was heat-resistant (15 min at 40-100 °C) and tolerant to lower concentrations of cations (<100 mM Na+, K+; <10 mM Ca2+). Epinecidin-1 interacted directly with B. cinerea genomic DNA, and that in mycelia, epinecidin-1 exposure induced accumulation of intracellular ROS and increased the permeability of cell membranes resulting in leakage of nucleic acids and aberrant cell morphology. Meanwhile, 200 μM of epinecidin-1 had a significant inhibitory effect on gray mold injected into peach fruit. These results suggested that epinecidin-1 showed promise as a potential method for controlling postharvest gray mold in peaches.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antifungal Agents/pharmacology
  10. Fulltext Antifungal Properties of Essential Oils and Their Compounds for Application in Skin Fungal Infections: Conventional and Nonconventional Approaches
    Abd Rashed A, Rathi DG, Ahmad Nasir NAH, Abd Rahman AZ
    Molecules, 2021 Feb 19;26(4).
    PMID: 33669627 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041093
    Essential oils (EOs) are known to have varying degrees of antimicrobial properties that are mainly due to the presence of bioactive compounds. These include antiviral, nematicidal, antifungal, insecticidal and antioxidant properties. This review highlights the potential of EOs and their compounds for application as antifungal agents for the treatment of skin diseases via conventional and nonconventional approaches. A search was conducted using three databases (Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar), and all relevant articles from the period of 2010-2020 that are freely available in English were extracted. In our findings, EOs with a high percentage of monoterpenes showed strong ability as potential antifungal agents. Lavandula sp., Salvia sp., Thymus sp., Citrus sp., and Cymbopogon sp. were among the various species found to show excellent antifungal properties against various skin diseases. Some researchers developed advanced formulations such as gel, semi-solid, and ointment bases to further evaluate the effectiveness of EOs as antifungal agents. To date, most studies on the application of EOs as antifungal agents were performed using in vitro techniques, and only a limited number pursued in vivo and intervention-based research.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use*
  11. Compressed Hydrogen-Induced Synthesis of Quaternary Trimethyl Chitosan-Silver Nanoparticles with Dual Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities
    Alli YA, Ejeromedoghene O, Oladipo A, Adewuyi S, Amolegbe SA, Anuar H, et al.
    ACS Appl Bio Mater, 2022 Nov 21;5(11):5240-5254.
    PMID: 36270024 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00670
    Quaternary Trimethyl Chitosan (QTMC) and QTMC-Silver Nanoparticles (QTMC-AgNPs) have been synthesized, characterized, and tested as antibacterial agents against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and two plant fungi (Sclerotium rolfsil and Fusarium oxysporum). The as-prepared water-soluble QTMC was in situ reacted with silver nitrate in the presence of clean compressed hydrogen gas (3 bar) as a reducing agent to produce QTMC-AgNPs. UV-vis, ATR-FTIR, HR-TEM/SEM, XPS, DLS, XRD, and TGA/DTG were employed to assess the optical response, morphology/size, surface chemistry, particle size distribution, crystal nature, and thermal stability of the synthesized QTMC-AgNPs, respectively. The as-prepared QTMC-AgNPs were quasi-spherical in shape with an average particle size of 12.5 nm, as determined by ImageJ software utilizing HR-TEM images and further validated by DLS analysis. The development of crystalline nanoparticles was confirmed by the presence of distinct and consistent lattice fringes with an approximate interplanar d-spacing of 2.04 nm in QTMC-AgNPs. The QTMC-AgNPs exhibited significant antibacterial activity with a clear zone of inhibition of 30 mm and 26 mm around the disks against E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. In addition, QTMC-AgNPs showed highly efficient antifungal activity with 100% and 76.67% growth inhibition against two plant pathogens, S. rolfsii and F. oxysporum, respectively, whereas QTMC revealed no impact. Overall, QTMC-AgNPs showed a promising therapeutic potential and,thus, can be considered for drug design rationale.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antifungal Agents/pharmacology
  12. Stimuli-Responsive in situ Spray Gel of Miconazole Nitrate for Vaginal Candidiasis
    Hsin YK, Thangarajoo T, Choudhury H, Pandey M, Meng LW, Gorain B
    J Pharm Sci, 2023 Feb;112(2):562-572.
    PMID: 36096286 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.09.002
    Vaginal candidiasis is a common form of infection in women caused by Candida species. Due to several drawbacks of conventional treatments, the current research is attempted to formulate and optimize a miconazole nitrate-loaded in situ spray gel for vaginal candidiasis. The stimuli-responsive (pH and thermo-responsive) polymers selected for the in situ gel were chitosan and poloxamer 407, respectively, whereas hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) was introduced in the formulation to further improve the mucoadhesive property. The dispersion of each polymer was carried out using the cold method, whereas the optimization of the formulation was achieved using Box-Behnken statistical design considering viscosity and gelation temperature as dependent variables. Present design achieved the optimized outcome with HPMC, poloxamer and chitosan at 0.52% (w/v), 18.68% (w/v) and 0.41% (w/v), respectively. Evaluation of drug-excipients compatibility was performed using differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis where the results showed the absence of any chemical interaction between the polymers and drug component. The optimized formulation showed gelation temperature at 31°C allowing in situ phase transition in a vaginal environment; pH of 4.21 is suitable for use in the vaginal cavity, and appropriate viscosity (290 cP) at storage temperature (below 30°C) would allow spraying at ease, whereas strong mucoadhesive force (22.4±0.513 g) would prevent leaking of the formulation after application. The drug release profile showed sustained release up to 24 h with a cumulative drug release of 81.72%, which is significantly better than the marketed miconazole nitrate cream. In addition, an improved antifungal activity could be correlated to the sustained release of the drug from the formulation. Finally, the safety of the formulation was established while tested on HaCaT cell lines. Based on our findings, it could be concluded that the in situ hydrogel formulation using stimuli-responsive polymers could be a viable alternative to the conventional dosage form that can help to reduce the frequency of administration with ease of application to the site of infection, thus will provide better patient compliance.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antifungal Agents/chemistry
  13. Therapeutic efficacy of adjunctive photodynamic therapy in the treatment of denture stomatitis
    Al-Ghamdi ARS, Khanam HK, Qamar Z, Abdul NS, Reddy N, Vempalli S, et al.
    Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther, 2023 Jun;42:103326.
    PMID: 36773753 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103326
    BACKGROUND: The present report assessed the efficacy of curcumin-mediated photodynamic therapy (CUR-mediated PDT) as an adjunct to antifungal gel treatment by evaluating the salivary interleukin-6 (IL-6) and matrix metalloproteinases-8 (MMP-8) levels together with Candida species counts in denture stomatitis (DS) patients.

    METHODS: In total, 50 DS subjects were randomly categorized into 2 groups: Group-1: subjects who received the antifungal gel treatment and Group-2: participants who received CUR-mediated PDT. The Sabourad Dextrose Agar and CHROMAgar were utilized for evaluating Candida species counts, while the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay was employed to estimate the salivary levels of IL-6 and MMP-8. All clinical evaluations were performed at the baseline, 1 month, and 2 months.

    RESULTS: In total, group-2 subjects showed a significant decrease in Candida albicans (C. albicans) counts on both follow-ups (i.e., 1-month and 2-month) than group-1 participants. C. krusei count also reduced in group-2 subejcts than group-1 participants at the 2nd follow-up as compared to the baseline, nevertheless, a slight increase in C. krusei count was noticed in group-2 subjects at the 2nd follow-up than the 1st follow-up. The salivary IL-6 and MMP-8 levels in both groups reduced significantly at both follow-ups than the baseline. According to the stepwise logistic regression analysis, no statistically significant correlation was observed between Candida species count and other parameters such as age and gender of the patient, duration of DS, and frequency of treatment(s).

    CONCLUSION: CUR-mediated PDT is an efficaciousness therapeutic modality for alleviating Candida species counts on the surface of denture and the palatal mucosa, as well as improving the salivary IL-6 and MMP-8 levels in DS patients.

    Matched MeSH terms: Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use
  14. Limosilactobacillus reuteri 29A Cell-Free Supernatant Antibiofilm and Antagonistic Effects in Murine Model of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
    Boahen A, Chew SY, Neela VK, Than LTL
    Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins, 2023 Dec;15(6):1681-1699.
    PMID: 36881331 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-023-10050-0
    Vaginal dysbiosis advocates burgeoning of devious human vaginal pathobionts like Candida species that possess multiple virulence properties and metabolic flexibility to cause infections. Inevitably, antifungal resistance may emerge due to their innate nature (e.g., biofilm formation), which assists in their virulence as well as the formation of persister cells after dispersal. In consequence, the phenomenon of biofilm involvement in vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) and its recurrence is becoming paramount. Lactic acid bacteria and their derivatives have proven to be hostile to Candida species. Here, we throw more light on the potency of the derivatives, i.e., cell-free supernatant (CFS) produced by an indigenously isolated vaginal Lactobacillus strain, Limosilactobacillus reuteri 29A. In the present study, we investigated the antibiofilm and antagonistic effects of L. reuteri 29A CFS, against biofilms of Candida species and in murine model of vulvovaginal candidiasis. In our in vitro biofilm study, the CFS disrupted and inhibited preformed biofilms of C. albicans and C. glabrata. Scanning electron microscopy displayed the destruction of preformed biofilms and impediment of C. albicans morphogenesis by the CFS. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed multiple key compounds that may act singly or synergistically. In vivo, the CFS showed no collateral damage to uninfected mice; the integrity of infected vaginal tissues was restored by the administration of the CFS as seen from the cytological, histopathological, and electron microscopical analyses. The results of this study document the potential use of CFS as an adjuvant or prophylactic option in addressing vaginal fungal infections.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antifungal Agents/pharmacology
  15. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel substituted 1,3,4-thiadiazole and 2,6-di aryl substituted imidazo [2,1-b] [1,3,4] thiadiazole derivatives
    Chandrakantha B, Isloor AM, Shetty P, Fun HK, Hegde G
    Eur J Med Chem, 2014 Jan;71:316-23.
    PMID: 24321835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.10.056
    A new series of N-[5-(4-(alkyl/aryl)-3-nitro-phenyl)-[1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-2,2-dimethyl-propionamide 4 (a-l) and 6-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-2-(4-alkyl/aryl)-3-nitro-phenyl)-Imidazo [2,1-b] [1,3,4] thiadiazole 6 (a-l) were synthesized starting from 5-(4-Fluoro-3-nitro-phenyl)-[1,3,4] thiadiazole-2-ylamine. The synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, NMR, mass spectral and elemental analysis. All the compounds were tested for antibacterial and antifungal activities. The antimicrobial activities of the compounds were assessed by well plate method (zone of inhibition). Compounds 4a, 4c and 6e, 6g displayed appreciable activity at the concentration 0.5-1.0 mg/mL.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antifungal Agents/chemical synthesis; Antifungal Agents/pharmacology*; Antifungal Agents/chemistry*
  16. Fulltext Species distribution and antifungal susceptibility patterns of Candida species: Is low susceptibility to itraconazole a trend in Malaysia?
    Santhanam J, Yahaya N, Aziz MN
    Med J Malaysia, 2013 Aug;68(4):343-7.
    PMID: 24145264
    Resistance to antifungal agents has increased in Candida spp., especially in non-albicans species. Recent findings reported a strikingly low susceptibility in Candida spp. towards itraconazole in Malaysia. In this study, a colorimetric broth dilution method was utilized to determine the susceptibility of Candida spp. isolated in Kuala Lumpur Hospital within a six month period. A total of 82 isolates from blood, peritoneal and other fluids were tested against 8 antifungal agents using the Sensititre Yeast One method. These comprised of 32 (39%) C. albicans, 17 (20.7%) C. glabrata, 15 (18.3%) C. tropicalis, 13 (15.9%) C. parapsilosis, two (2.4%) C. sake and 1 (1.2%) each of C. pelliculosa, C. rugosa and Pichia etchellsii/carsonii. Overall, susceptibility of all isolates to caspofungin was 98.8%, amphotericin B, 97.6%; 5-flucytosine, 97.6%; voriconazole, 97.6%; posaconazole, 87.8%; fluconazole, 82.9%; ketoconazole, 79.3%; and itraconazole, 56.1%. A total of 18 Candida spp. isolates (22 %) were resistant to at least one antifungal agent tested, and half of these were resistant to three or more antifungal agents. C. glabrata was the most frequently identified resistant species (10 isolates), followed by C. tropicalis (4 isolates), C. parapsilosis (3 isolates) and C. albicans (1 isolate). Resistance was highest against ketoconazole (20.9%), followed by itraconazole (13.4%). However, 30.5% of isolates were susceptible-dose dependent towards itraconazole. Long-term usage of itraconazole in Malaysia and a predominance of nonalbicans species may account for the results observed in this study. In conclusion, susceptibility to antifungal drugs is species-dependent among Candida spp.; reduced susceptibility to itraconazole is concomitant with the high number of non-albicans Candida species isolated in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antifungal Agents
  17. Fulltext In vitro, in situ and in vivo studies on the anticandidal activity of Cassia fistula seed extract
    Jothy SL, Zakariah Z, Chen Y, Sasidharan S
    Molecules, 2012 Jun 07;17(6):6997-7009.
    PMID: 22678414 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17066997
    Cassia fistula seeds have many therapeutic uses in traditional medicine practice. The present investigation was undertaken to demonstrate the anticandidal activity of the C. fistula seed extract at ultra-structural level through transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations. The effect of seed extract on the growth profile of the Candida albicans was examined via time-kill assays and in vivo efficacy of the extract was tested in an animal model. In addition, the anticandidal effect of seed extract was further evaluated by microscopic observations using SEM and TEM to determine any major alterations in the ultrastructure of C. albicans. The complete inhibition of C. albicans growth was shown by C. fistula seed extract at 6.25 mg/mL concentration. The time-kill assay suggested that C. fistula seed extract had completely inhibited the growth of C. albicans and also exhibited prolonged anti-yeast activity. The SEM and TEM observations carried out to distinguish the metamorphosis in the morphology of control and C. fistula seed extract-treated C. albicans cells revealed the notable effect on the outer cell wall and cytoplasmic content of the C. albicans and complete collapse of yeast cell exposed to seed extract at concentration 6.25 mg/mL at 36 h. The in vitro time-kill study performed using the leaf extract at 1/2, 1 or 2 times of the MIC significantly inhibited the yeast growth with a noticeable drop in optical density (OD) of yeast culture, thus confirming the fungicidal effect of the extract on C. albicans. In addition, in vivo antifungal activity studies on candidiasis in mice showed a 6-fold decrease in C. albicans in kidneys and blood samples in the groups of animals treated with the extract (2.5 g/kg body weight). The results suggested that the C. fistula seed extract possessed good anticandidal activity and is a potential candidate for the development of anticandidal agents.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antifungal Agents/administration & dosage; Antifungal Agents/pharmacology*; Antifungal Agents/chemistry
  18. Antifungal activity of Andrographis paniculata extracts and active principles against skin pathogenic fungal strains in vitro
    Sule A, Ahmed QU, Latip J, Samah OA, Omar MN, Umar A, et al.
    Pharm Biol, 2012 Jul;50(7):850-6.
    PMID: 22587518 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2011.641021
    Andrographis paniculata Nees. (Acanthaceae) is an annual herbaceous plant widely cultivated in southern Asia, China, and Europe. It is used in the treatment of skin infections in India, China, and Malaysia by folk medicine practitioners.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antifungal Agents/isolation & purification; Antifungal Agents/pharmacology*; Antifungal Agents/chemistry
  19. Anti-fungal effect of Hevea brasiliensis latex C-serum on Aspergillus niger
    Daruliza KM, Lam KL, Yang KL, Priscilla JT, Sunderasan E, Ong MT
    Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, 2011 Sep;15(9):1027-33.
    PMID: 22013725
    Hevea brasiliensis extract could potentially be employed as a relatively low cost resource for various anti-fungal activities due to the simplicity of latex preparation and the abundance of latex that can be obtained in rubber producing regions. The present study was aimed at examining the species specific anti-fungal property of H. brasilensis latex C-serum against Aspergillus niger.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antifungal Agents/isolation & purification; Antifungal Agents/pharmacology*; Antifungal Agents/toxicity
  20. Fulltext Triclosan Demonstrates Synergic Effect with Amphotericin B and Fluconazole and Induces Apoptosis-Like Cell Death in Cryptococcus neoformans
    Movahed E, Tan GM, Munusamy K, Yeow TC, Tay ST, Wong WF, et al.
    Front Microbiol, 2016;7:360.
    PMID: 27047474 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00360
    Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungus that causes fatal meningoencephalitis especially in AIDS patients. There is an increasing need for discovery of new anti-cryptococcal drugs due to emergence of resistance cases in recent years. In this study, we aim to elucidate the antifungal effect of triclosan against C. neoformans.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antifungal Agents
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