Displaying publications 21 - 40 of 91 in total

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  1. McMinn P, Lindsay K, Perera D, Chan HM, Chan KP, Cardosa MJ
    J Virol, 2001 Aug;75(16):7732-8.
    PMID: 11462047
    Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a frequent cause of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) epidemics associated with severe neurological sequelae in a small proportion of cases. There has been a significant increase in EV71 epidemic activity throughout the Asia-Pacific region since 1997. Recent HFMD epidemics in this region have been associated with a severe form of brainstem encephalitis associated with pulmonary edema and high case fatality rates. In this study, we show that four genetic lineages of EV71 have been prevalent in the Asia-Pacific region since 1997, including two previously undescribed genogroups (B3 and B4). Furthermore, we show that viruses belonging to genogroups B3 and B4 have circulated endemically in Southeast Asia during this period and have been the primary cause of several large HFMD or encephalitis epidemics in Malaysia, Singapore, and Western Australia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Australia/epidemiology
  2. Kwon S, Bower C, English D
    PMID: 14565623
    Birth defects in infants born to non-Caucasian, non-Indigenous mothers in Australia have not been described in detail previously.
    Matched MeSH terms: Western Australia/epidemiology
  3. Parker G, Cheah YC, Roy K
    Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 2001 Jun;36(6):287-93.
    PMID: 11583458
    A large literature argues for the Chinese--whether in mainland China or elsewhere--being highly likely to express depression somatically, leading to predictable detection and diagnostic difficulties. If true, detection might be assisted if a set of somatic proxies of depression were identified, and this was the principal initial objective in mounting this study.
    Matched MeSH terms: Australia/epidemiology
  4. Kirkland PD, Daniels PW, Nor MN, Love RJ, Philbey AW, Ross AD
    Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract., 2002 Nov;18(3):557-71, ix.
    PMID: 12442583
    Viruses belonging to the family Paramyxoviridae generally have not been recognized as a significant cause of disease in pigs until recently. Between 1997 and 1999, there were large outbreaks of disease in pigs in Australia and Malaysia due to infection with viruses that have been shown to be new members of the Paramyxoviridae family. This article reviews current knowledge of Menangle and Nipah virus infections in pigs, the only major species of domestic animals to experience serious disease after infection with these viruses.
    Matched MeSH terms: Australia/epidemiology
  5. Hall RA, Scherret JH, Mackenzie JS
    Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2001 Dec;951:153-60.
    PMID: 11797773
    Kunjin (KUN) is a flavivirus in the Japanese encephalitis antigenic complex that was first isolated from Culex annulirostris mosquitoes captured in northern Australia in 1960. It is the etiological agent of a human disease characterized by febrile illness with rash or mild encephalitis and, occasionally, of a neurological disease in horses. KUN virus shares a similar epidemiology and ecology with the closely related Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) virus, the major causative agent of arboviral encephalitis in Australia. Based on traditional antigenic methods, KUN was initially found to be similar to, but distinct from, reference strains of West Nile (WN) virus and designated as a new species. However, more recent phylogenic analyses have revealed that some strains of WN virus, including the isolates from New York, are more similar to KUN virus and form a separate lineage to other WN viruses. An unusual KUN isolate from Malaysia and the African virus Koutango appear to form additional lineages within the WN group of viruses. While these findings are in agreement with the Seventh Report of the International Committee for the Taxonomy of Viruses that designates KUN as a subtype of West Nile, they also suggest that the species should be further subdivided into additional subtypes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Australia/epidemiology
  6. Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec., 1993 Dec 10;68(50):371-5.
    PMID: 8305295
    Matched MeSH terms: Australia/epidemiology
  7. Saville M, McNally O
    Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol, 2018 Jun;58(3):265-266.
    PMID: 29864221 DOI: 10.1111/ajo.12813
    Matched MeSH terms: Australia/epidemiology
  8. Aung AK, Tang MJ, Adler NR, de Menezes SL, Goh MSY, Tee HW, et al.
    J Clin Pharmacol, 2018 10;58(10):1332-1339.
    PMID: 29733431 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1148
    We describe adverse drug reaction (ADR) reporting characteristics and factors contributing to length of time to report by healthcare professionals. This is a retrospective study of voluntary reports to an Australian healthcare ADR Review Committee over a 2-year period (2015-2016). Descriptive and univariate models were used for outcomes, employing standardized ADR definitions. Hospital pharmacists reported 84.8% of the 555 ADRs: 70.3% were hospital onset reactions, and 71.7% were at least of moderate severity. Immunologically mediated reactions were most commonly reported (409, 73.7%). The median time to submit an ADR report was 3 (interquartile range 1-10) days. Longer median times to reporting were associated with multiple implicated agents and delayed hypersensitivity reactions, especially severe cutaneous adverse reactions. A total of 650 medications were implicated that involved multiple agents in 165/555 (29.7%) reports. Antimicrobials were the most commonly implicated agents. Immunologically mediated reactions were most commonly associated with antimicrobials and radiocontrast agents (P < .0001, odds ratio [OR] 3.6, 95%CI 2.4-5.5, and P = .04, OR 4.2, 95%CI 1.2-18.2, respectively). Opioids and psychoactive medications were more commonly implicated in nonimmunological reported ADRs (P = .0002, OR 3.9, 95%CI 1.9-7.9, and P < .0001, OR 11.4, 95%CI 4.6-27.8, respectively). Due to the predominant reporting of immunologically mediated reactions, a targeted education program is being planned to improve identification and accuracy of ADR reports, with the overall aim of improved management to ensure quality service provision and patient safety.
    Matched MeSH terms: Australia/epidemiology
  9. Ng SC, Tang W, Ching JY, Wong M, Chow CM, Hui AJ, et al.
    Gastroenterology, 2013 Jul;145(1):158-165.e2.
    PMID: 23583432 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.04.007
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are becoming more common in Asia, but epidemiologic data are lacking. The Asia-Pacific Crohn's and Colitis Epidemiology Study aimed to determine the incidence and phenotype of IBD in 8 countries across Asia and in Australia.

    METHODS: We performed a prospective, population-based study of IBD incidence in predefined catchment areas, collecting data for 1 year, starting on April 1, 2011. New cases were ascertained from multiple overlapping sources and entered into a Web-based database. Cases were confirmed using standard criteria. Local endoscopy, pathology, and pharmacy records were searched to ensure completeness of case capture.

    RESULTS: We identified 419 new cases of IBD (232 of ulcerative colitis [UC], 166 of Crohn's disease [CD], and 21 IBD-undetermined). The crude annual overall incidence values per 100,000 individuals were 1.37 for IBD in Asia (95% confidence interval: 1.25-1.51; 0.76 for UC, 0.54 for CD, and 0.07 for IBD-undetermined) and 23.67 in Australia (95% confidence interval: 18.46-29.85; 7.33 for UC, 14.00 for CD, and 2.33 for IBD-undetermined). China had the highest incidence of IBD in Asia (3.44 per 100,000 individuals). The ratios of UC to CD were 2.0 in Asia and 0.5 in Australia. Median time from symptom onset to diagnosis was 5.5 months (interquartile range, 1.4-15 months). Complicated CD (stricturing, penetrating, or perianal disease) was more common in Asia than Australia (52% vs 24%; P = .001), and a family history of IBD was less common in Asia (3% vs 17%; P < .001).

    CONCLUSIONS: We performed a large-scale population-based study and found that although the incidence of IBD varies throughout Asia, it is still lower than in the West. IBD can be as severe or more severe in Asia than in the West. The emergence of IBD in Asia will result in the need for specific health care resources, and offers a unique opportunity to study etiologic factors in developing nations.

    Matched MeSH terms: Australia/epidemiology
  10. Kandane-Rathnayake R, Golder V, Louthrenoo W, Luo SF, Jan Wu YJ, Li Z, et al.
    Int J Rheum Dis, 2019 Mar;22(3):425-433.
    PMID: 30398013 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185X.13431
    AIM: The aim of this manuscript is to describe the development of the Asia Pacific Lupus Collaboration (APLC) cohort.

    METHOD: The APLC cohort is an ongoing, prospective longitudinal cohort. Adult patients who meet either the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) Modified Classification Criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), or the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) Classification Criteria, and provide informed consent are recruited into the cohort. Patients are routinely followed up at 3- to 6-monthly intervals. Information on demographics, clinical manifestations, treatment, pathology results, outcomes, and patient-reported quality of life (Short-form 36 version 2) are collected using a standardized case report form. Each site is responsible for obtaining local ethics and governance approval, patient recruitment, data collection, and data transfer into a centralized APLC database.

    RESULTS: The latest APLC cohort comprises 2160 patients with >12 000 visits from Australia, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan and Thailand. The APLC has proposed the Lupus Low Disease Activity State (LLDAS) as a treat-to-target (T2T) endpoint, and reported several retrospective and cross-sectional analyses consistent with the validity of LLDAS. Longitudinal validation of LLDAS as a T2T endpoint is currently underway.

    CONCLUSION: The APLC cohort is one of the largest contemporary SLE patient cohorts in the world. It is the only cohort with substantial representation of Asian patients. This cohort represents a unique resource for future clinical research including evaluation of other endpoints and quality of care.

    Matched MeSH terms: Australia/epidemiology
  11. Frances SP, Edstein MD, Debboun M, Shanks GD
    US Army Med Dep J, 2016 Oct-Dec.
    PMID: 27613205
    Australian and US military medical services have collaborated since World War II to minimize vector-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, and scrub typhus. In this review, collaboration over the last 30 years is discussed. The collaborative projects and exchange scientist programs have resulted in mutually beneficial outcomes in the fields of drug development and personal protection measures against vector-borne diseases.
    Matched MeSH terms: Australia/epidemiology
  12. Fu JYL, Chua CL, Abu Bakar AS, Vythilingam I, Wan Sulaiman WY, Alphey L, et al.
    PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2023 Jun;17(6):e0011423.
    PMID: 37307291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011423
    BACKGROUND: Emerging arboviruses such as chikungunya and Zika viruses have unexpectedly caused widespread outbreaks in tropical and subtropical regions recently. Ross River virus (RRV) is endemic in Australia and has epidemic potential. In Malaysia, Aedes mosquitoes are abundant and drive dengue and chikungunya outbreaks. We assessed risk of an RRV outbreak in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia by determining vector competence of local Aedes mosquitoes and local seroprevalence as a proxy of human population susceptibility.

    METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We assessed oral susceptibility of Malaysian Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus by real-time PCR to an Australian RRV strain SW2089. Replication kinetics in midgut, head and saliva were determined at 3 and 10 days post-infection (dpi). With a 3 log10 PFU/ml blood meal, infection rate was higher in Ae. albopictus (60%) than Ae. aegypti (15%; p<0.05). Despite similar infection rates at 5 and 7 log10 PFU/ml blood meals, Ae. albopictus had significantly higher viral loads and required a significantly lower median oral infectious dose (2.7 log10 PFU/ml) than Ae. aegypti (4.2 log10 PFU/ml). Ae. albopictus showed higher vector competence, with higher viral loads in heads and saliva, and higher transmission rate (RRV present in saliva) of 100% at 10 dpi, than Ae. aegypti (41%). Ae. aegypti demonstrated greater barriers at either midgut escape or salivary gland infection, and salivary gland escape. We then assessed seropositivity against RRV among 240 Kuala Lumpur inpatients using plaque reduction neutralization, and found a low rate of 0.8%.

    CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus are susceptible to RRV, but Ae. albopictus displays greater vector competence. Extensive travel links with Australia, abundant Aedes vectors, and low population immunity places Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia at risk of an imported RRV outbreak. Surveillance and increased diagnostic awareness and capacity are imperative to prevent establishment of new arboviruses in Malaysia.

    Matched MeSH terms: Australia/epidemiology
  13. Hudson R, Pascoe EM, See YP, Cho Y, Polkinghorne KR, Paul-Brent PA, et al.
    J Vasc Access, 2024 Jan;25(1):193-202.
    PMID: 35686506 DOI: 10.1177/11297298221099134
    AIM: To describe and compare de novo arteriovenous fistula (AVF) failure rates between Australia and New Zealand (ANZ), and Malaysia.

    BACKGROUND: AVFs are preferred for haemodialysis access but are limited by high rates of early failure.

    METHODS: A post hoc analysis of 353 participants from ANZ and Malaysia included in the FAVOURED randomised-controlled trial undergoing de novo AVF surgery was performed. Composite AVF failure (thrombosis, abandonment, cannulation failure) and its individual components were compared between ANZ (n = 209) and Malaysian (n = 144) participants using logistic regression adjusted for patient- and potentially modifiable clinical factors.

    RESULTS: Participants' mean age was 55 ± 14.3 years and 64% were male. Compared with ANZ participants, Malaysian participants were younger with lower body mass index, higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus and lower prevalence of cardiovascular disease. AVF failure was less frequent in the Malaysian cohort (38% vs 54%; adjusted odds ratio (OR) 0.53, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.31-0.93). This difference was driven by lower odds of cannulation failure (29% vs 47%, OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.25-0.80), while the odds of AVF thrombosis (17% vs 20%, OR 1.24, 95% CI 0.62-2.48) and abandonment (25% vs 23%, OR 1.17, 95% CI 0.62-2.16) were similar.

    CONCLUSIONS: The risk of AVF failure was significantly lower in Malaysia compared to ANZ and driven by a lower risk of cannulation failure. Differences in practice patterns, including patient selection, surgical techniques, anaesthesia or cannulation techniques may account for regional outcome differences and warrant further investigation.

    Matched MeSH terms: Australia/epidemiology
  14. Bernhardt J, Lindley RI, Lalor E, Ellery F, Chamberlain J, Van Holsteyn J, et al.
    BMJ, 2015 Dec 11;351:h6432.
    PMID: 26658193 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.h6432
    OBJECTIVE: To report the number of participants needed to recruit per baby born to trial staff during AVERT, a large international trial on acute stroke, and to describe trial management consequences.

    DESIGN: Retrospective observational analysis.

    SETTING: 56 acute stroke hospitals in eight countries.

    PARTICIPANTS: 1074 trial physiotherapists, nurses, and other clinicians.

    OUTCOME MEASURES: Number of babies born during trial recruitment per trial participant recruited.

    RESULTS: With 198 site recruitment years and 2104 patients recruited during AVERT, 120 babies were born to trial staff. Births led to an estimated 10% loss in time to achieve recruitment. Parental leave was linked to six trial site closures. The number of participants needed to recruit per baby born was 17.5 (95% confidence interval 14.7 to 21.0); additional trial costs associated with each birth were estimated at 5736 Australian dollars on average.

    CONCLUSION: The staff absences registered in AVERT owing to parental leave led to delayed trial recruitment and increased costs, and should be considered by trial investigators when planning research and estimating budgets. However, the celebration of new life became a highlight of the annual AVERT collaborators' meetings and helped maintain a cohesive collaborative group.

    TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry no 12606000185561.

    DISCLAIMER: Participation in a rehabilitation trial does not guarantee successful reproductive activity.

    Matched MeSH terms: Australia/epidemiology
  15. Bhattacharya K, Balasubramaniam S, Choy YS, Fietz M, Fu A, Jin DK, et al.
    Orphanet J Rare Dis, 2014;9:192.
    PMID: 25433535 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-014-0192-7
    Morquio A syndrome is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease often resulting in life-threatening complications. Early recognition and proficient diagnosis is imperative to facilitate prompt treatment and prevention of clinical complications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Australia/epidemiology
  16. Rashid RM, Dahlui M, Mohamed M, Gertig D
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2013;14(3):2141-6.
    PMID: 23679334
    Cervical cancer is the third most common form of cancer that strikes Malaysian women. The National Cancer Registry in 2006 and 2007 reported that the age standardized incidence (ASR) of cervical cancer was 12.2 and 7.8 per 100,000 women, respectively. The cumulative risk of developing cervical cancer for a Malaysian woman is 0.9 for 74 years. Among all ethnic groups, the Chinese experienced the highest incidence rate in 2006, followed by Indians and Malays. The percentage cervical cancer detected at stage I and II was 55% (stage I: 21.0%, stage II: 34.0%, stage III: 26.0% and stage IV: 19.0%). Data from Ministry of Health Malaysia (2006) showed a 58.9% estimated coverage of pap smear screening conducted among those aged 30-49 years. Only a small percentage of women aged 50-59 and 50-65 years old were screened, 14% and 13.8% coverage, respectively. Incidence of cervical cancer was highest (71.6%) among those in the 60-65 age group (MOH, 2003). Currently, there is no organized population-based screening program available for the whole of Malaysia. A pilot project was initiated in 2006, to move from opportunistic cervical screening of women who attend antenatal and postnatal visits to a population based approach to be able to monitor the women through the screening pathway and encourage women at highest risk to be screened. The project was modelled on the screening program in Australia with some modifications to suit the Malaysian setting. Substantial challenges have been identified, particularly in relation to information systems for call and recall of women, as well as laboratory reporting and quality assurance. A cost-effective locally-specific approach to organized screening, that will provide the infrastructure for increasing participation in the cervical cancer screening program, is urgently required.
    Matched MeSH terms: Australia/epidemiology
  17. Koh V, Cheung CY, Wong WL, Cheung CM, Wang JJ, Mitchell P, et al.
    Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2012 Feb;53(2):1018-22.
    PMID: 22247478 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-8557
    To describe the prevalence of epiretinal membrane (ERM) and its risk factors in an Indian population and compare the findings with other populations.
    Matched MeSH terms: Australia/epidemiology
  18. Mellor D, Yeow J, Mohd Hapidzal NF, Yamamoto T, Yokoyama A, Nobuzane Y
    Child Psychiatry Hum Dev, 2009 Dec;40(4):527-41.
    PMID: 19449100 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-009-0142-0
    Childhood cruelty to animals is a symptom of conduct disorder that has been linked to the perpetration of violence in later life. Research has identified several factors associated with its etiology, including social factors. However, no cross-cultural studies on this phenomenon have been reported. This study investigated childhood cruelty to animals in Japan, Australia and Malaysia. Parents of 1,358 children between the ages of 5 and 13 years completed the Children's Attitudes and Behaviours towards Animals questionnaire (CABTA) which assesses Typical and Malicious Cruelty to animals. Analyses revealed no overall differences between children from these countries on either scale. However, younger boys were more likely to be cruel than younger girls in each country, and younger children in Australia and Japan were more likely to be cruel that older children in those countries. The findings are discussed in relation to previous research, and recommendations for future studies are suggested.
    Matched MeSH terms: Australia/epidemiology
  19. Kelly AM, Keijzers G, Klim S, Graham CA, Craig S, Kuan WS, et al.
    Emerg Med Australas, 2015 Jun;27(3):187-91.
    PMID: 25940885 DOI: 10.1111/1742-6723.12397
    Shortness of breath is a common reason for ED attendance. This international study aims to describe the epidemiology of dyspnoea presenting to EDs in the South East Asia-Pacific region, to compare disease patterns across regions, to understand how conditions are investigated and treated, and to assess quality of care.
    Matched MeSH terms: Australia/epidemiology
  20. Westbury HA
    Rev. - Off. Int. Epizoot., 2000 Apr;19(1):151-9.
    PMID: 11189712
    The author provides an account of the discovery of a previously undescribed disease of horses and a description of the studies involved in determining the aetiology of the disease. The causative virus, now named Hendra virus (HeV), is the reference virus for a proposed new genus within the virus family Paramyxoviridae. The virus is a lethal zoonotic agent able to cause natural disease in humans and horses and experimentally induced disease in cats, guinea-pigs and mice. The virus also naturally infects species of the family Megachiroptera, mainly subclinically, and such animals are the natural host of HeV. The virus appears to transmit readily between species of Megachiroptera, but not readily between horses under natural and experimental conditions, or from horses to humans. The method of transmission from bats to horses is not known. Three incidents of HeV disease in horses have been recorded in Australia--two in 1994 which caused the death of two humans and fifteen horses and one in 1999 which involved the death of a single horse. Hendra virus is related to Nipah virus, the virus that caused disease and mortality in humans, pigs, dogs and cats in Malaysia during 1998 and 1999.
    Matched MeSH terms: Australia/epidemiology
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