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  1. Sureshkumar S, Mwangi KJ, Gathecha G, Marcus K, Kohlbrenner B, Issom D, et al.
    Pan Afr Med J, 2023;44:153.
    PMID: 37455892 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2023.44.153.38616
    INTRODUCTION: over one third of total Disability-Adjusted-Life-Years lost in Kenya are due to non-communicable diseases (NCD). In response, the Government declared significant commitment towards improving NCD care. The COVID-19 pandemic increased the burden on the already overstretched health systems in Kenya. The aims of this study are to assess whether health care providers perceived NCD care to be optimal during the pandemic and explore how to improve responses to future emergencies.

    METHODS: this cross-sectional online survey included healthcare personnel with non-clinical roles (public health workers and policy-makers) and those delivering health care (doctors and nurses). Respondents were recruited between May and September 2021 by random sampling, completed by snowball sampling.

    RESULTS: among 236 participants (42% in clinical, 58% in non-clinical roles) there was an overall consensus between respondents on NCD care being disrupted and compromised during the pandemic in Kenya. Detracted supplies, funding, and technical resources affected the continuity of NCDs' response, despite government efforts. Respondents agreed that the enhanced personnel capacity and competencies to manage COVID-19 patients were positive, but noted a lack of guidance for redirecting care for chronic diseases, and advocated for digital innovation as a solution.

    CONCLUSION: this paper explores the perceptions of key stakeholders involved in the management of NCDs in Kenya to improve planning for future emergency responses. Gaps were identified in health system response and preparedness capacity during the pandemic including the perceived need to strengthen NCD services, with solutions offered to guide resilience efforts to protect the health system from disruption.

    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  2. Pourhassan B, Beigzadeh Z, Nasirzadeh N, Karimi A
    Biol Trace Elem Res, 2024 Mar;202(3):811-823.
    PMID: 37347403 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03717-w
    Welding fumes have an important role to create the adverse health effects. So, the aim of this study was to use of multiple occupational health risk assessment models for metal fumes in welding process. This cross-sectional study was conducted among welding workers. Sampling of heavy metals such as Sn, Zn, Al, Fe, Cd, Pb, Cu, Mn, Ni, Cr, and As was provided based on the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) method 7300 and analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). Risk assessment was managed by four methods including Malaysia's method, Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Essentials (COSHH model), Chinese OHRA standard (GBZ/T 298-2017), and EPA method. Also, Monte Carlo simulation was used to examine the uncertainties by using the Crystal Ball tool. To compare the models, the risk levels of each model were converted into the risk ratio and the SPSS 22.0 software was used to the statistical analysis. The consistency of the two occupational health risk assessment models was examined by Cohen's Kappa. Risk ration was the highest level for Cr (VI) fumes in all models. Also, carcinogenic risk was unacceptable for all examined fumes. Moreover, non-carcinogenic risk was the highest (HI > 1) for As fumes. Mont Carlo simulations suggested that exposure time (ET) had a significant effect on the risk. Also, there was a good consistency between Malaysia method/GBZ/T 298-2017 and COSHH model/GBZ/T 298-2017. Therefore, it is recommended that the engineering and administrative controls should be provided to reduce exposure.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  3. Yong YV, Shafie AA
    Value Health, 2014 Nov;17(7):A568.
    PMID: 27201892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2014.08.1892
    Objectives: To assess the feasibility of a computer-based Standard Gamble (SG) visual prop whilst measuring utilities of different asthma health states at the same time.
    Methods: Twenty adult asthma patients literate in either Malay or English language were conveniently sampled from a public hospital in Penang, Malaysia. They were interviewed by two trained interviewers using a bilingual script. Each patient was requested to value the given health states using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) prior to SG exercise. There were three chronic health states (C1-C3) for 10 years, three temporary states (T1-T3) for 3 months, and two anchor states (healthy and dead). During the SG exercise, the visual prop was fully operated by the interviewers. The probability of being in a worse state was changed in a ‘ping-pong’ fashion until the indifference point was reached.
    Results: All patients understood the SG exercise and rated SG easier than VAS. Around 85% (n=17) completed SG within 30 minutes. There was 90% (n=18) who ranked T3 as the worst temporary health state during VAS. Two patients provided logical inconsistency data in SG. The preferences by SG were higher than VAS. Preferences were also higher in temporary states measured by chained SG than other states by conventional SG. The mean utilities for C1=0.56 (SD 0.38), C2=0.47 (SD 0.33), C3=0.53 (SD 0.38), T1=0.65 (SD 0.31), T2=0.53 (SD 0.35), and T3=0.38 (SD 0.38).
    Conclusions: The SG methods including the props are feasible for utilities measurement in asthma, based on the agreements achieved with other studies on the pattern of utilities measured in this preliminary study.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  4. Al-Dubai S, Ganasegeran K, Alshagga M, Hawash A, Wajih W, Kassim S
    Health Psychol Res, 2014 Jan 13;2(1):1195.
    PMID: 26973928 DOI: 10.4081/hpr.2014.1195
    This study aimed to explore factors associated, specifically belief factors, with self-reported tobacco smoking status. A sample of 300 students was recruited from a private university in Malaysia. Data was collected using a pre-tested self-administrated questionnaire that investigated various factors including socio-demographics, socio-economic status, smoking behavior and beliefs on tobacco smoking. The main tobacco use in this study sample was cigarettes and the estimated prevalence of self-reported cigarette smoking was 10.3%. In bivariate analysis, self-reported cigarette smoking was significantly associated with socio-demographic, behavioral factors and faculty of study (P<0.05). In multivariate modeling, being male and a non-medical student, did not exercise, having a smoker father and brother or sister, suffering from financial difficulties and having the belief that smokers had more friends, all had statistically significant associations (P<0.05) with self-reported cigarette smoking. Social and interpersonal factors were associated with self-reported cigarette smoking status. A comprehensive health model focusing on changing the social norms of parent and sibling tobacco smoking and students' beliefs, alongside nurturing skills of dealing with stressful situations, warrant implementation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  5. Ibrahim O, Oteh M, A Syukur A, Che Hassan HH, S Fadilah W, Rahman MM
    Pak J Med Sci, 2013 Jan;29(1):97-102.
    PMID: 24353516 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.291.2820
    OBJECTIVES: To evaluate aspirin and clopidogrel resistance/non-responders in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) by using adenosine diposphate and aspirin tests.
    METHODOLOGY: In the study patients with ACS loaded with 300 mg of clopidogrel and 300 mg aspirin and patients on stable daily dose of 75 mg of clopidogrel (more than 3 days) underwent PCI. Response to clopidogrel and Aspirin was assessed by Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) Test (20 µmol/L) and Aspirin Test (Acetyl Acid) (ASP) 20 µmol/L, respectively, using the Multiplate Platelet Function Analyzer (Dynabyte Medical, Munich, Germany).
    RESULTS: Sixty four patients were included in this study out of which 57 were with ACS and 7 scheduled for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) electively. The proportion of Aspirin good responders and adequate responders were 76.56% and 18.75%, respectively while adequate response and good response to Clopidogrel accounted for 29.7 and 48.4%, respectively Hyperlipidaemia was only co-morbidity associated with higher AUC ADP value (p: 0.046). Hypertriglyceridaemia and serum calcium were weakly correlated with higher AUC ADP serum calcium r=0.08, triglyceride r=0.12. Patients admitted for scheduled PCI and on stable dose of 75mg clopidogrel exhibited lower AUC ADP value as compared to those admitted with acute coronary syndrome given loading dose of 300mg of Clopidogrel. Post loading dose measurement of anti-platelet therapy among ACS patients using the Multiplate Platelet Function Analyzer showed comparable results with other methods.
    Conclusions : As determined by Multiplate Platelet Function Analyzer, Aspirin resistance/non-responders in this study in acute coronary syndrome patients accounted for 4.69% while Non-responders in Clopidogrel was 21.9%.
    KEYWORDS: Acute coronary syndromes; Anti-platelet therapy; Aspirin; Clopidogrel; Hyperlipidaemia
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  6. Juslina O, Muthupalaniappen L, Khairani O, Iryani T
    Malays Fam Physician, 2011;6(2-3):66-7.
    PMID: 25606226
    Adolescent smoking is an emerging health concern in the developing countries. A cross-sectional study is conducted to determine the prevalence and smoking behaviour of adolescents in Sarawak. The prevalence of smoking is 32.8% with mean age of initiation at 12.8±1.9 years. Most (67.2%) adolescents are experimental smokers and the majority (67.9%) did not smoke on a daily basis. Branded cigarettes are preferred (83.1%) and the cigarettes are obtained either from friends (49.1%) or self purchased (43.6%). Students prefer to smoke at their friend's house (31.0%) or at school (25.3%). Smoking prevalence among adolescents in Sarawak is high and begins early. Early intervention on smoking prevention and risk awareness is perhaps more effective if initiated before the age of 12 years.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  7. Habibi N, Huang MS, Gan WY, Zulida R, Safavi SM
    Pain Manag Nurs, 2015 Dec;16(6):855-61.
    PMID: 26328887 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2015.07.001
    Primary dysmenorrhea is a womanhood problem around the world and negatively affects quality of life. This study was designed to investigate the prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea and to determine the factors associated with its intensity. A cross-sectional study was carried out among 311 undergraduate female students aged 18 to 27 years in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Socio-demographic characteristics and menstrual factors were obtained through interviews with the help of a pretested questionnaire. The prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea was 89.1%. Residing at home, younger age, lower number of years of formal education for the mother, positive family history of dysmenorrhea, higher severity of bleeding, and shorter menstrual period intervals were significantly associated with the higher intensity of primary dysmenorrhea. Primary dysmenorrhea is a common health concern among young women. Being aware of the factors that are associated with its intensity makes it possible for health professionals to organize better focused programs to reduce the adverse effects of dysmenorrhea.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  8. Med J Malaysia, 2015 Sep;70 Suppl 1:1-81.
    PMID: 26449327
    Household food insecurity in Malaysia: findings from Malaysian Adults Nutrition Survey
    Current nutrient intake among Malaysia Adult: Finding from MANS 2014
    The prevalence of meal patterns among Malaysia Adults: Findings from MANS 2014
    Malaysia health policy adaptation toward climate change
    Health Security and Health Diplomacy: New Paradigms for Global Public Health
    Current intake of food according to Food Group: Finding from MANS 2014
    Prevalence of habits in relation to food consumption
    Food label reading and understanding among Malaysian adult: findings from MANS 2014
    Dietary supplement use among adults in Malaysia: finding from Malaysian Adults Nutrition Survey (MANS 2014)
    Food Consumption Patterns: Findings from the Malaysian Adults Nutrition Survey (MANS) 2014
    Study name: Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey (MANS-2014)
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  9. Yang C, Guadamuz TE, Lim SH, Koe S, Wei C
    LGBT Health, 2016 Apr;3(2):168-74.
    PMID: 26789393 DOI: 10.1089/lgbt.2014.0041
    We explored factors associated with alcohol use before or during sex among a sample of 10,861 men who have sex with men (MSM) in Asia who were recruited online for the study. Multinomial logistic regression analysis indicated that having sex under the influence of alcohol was associated with having multiple male partners, seeking partners primarily through gay bar/gym/dance party/friends, selling sex and using multiple drugs during the past 6 months, and unprotected anal sex. More efforts are needed to better assess alcohol use and misuse among MSM in Asia and understand contextual influences on alcohol use and HIV-related behaviors in order to implement culturally-specific interventions.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  10. Kaur K, Sulaiman AH, Yoon CK, Hashim AH, Kaur M, Hui KO, et al.
    PMID: 32942770 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186730
    Mental health disorders (MHDs) among refugees has been recognized as a major public health issue. However, to date, there is limited evidence on the prevalence of MHDs among Rohingya refugees in Malaysia. This study aimed to examine the prevalence and associated factors of major depressive disorder (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among Rohingya refugees in Malaysia. A total of 220 refugees were randomly selected to participate in this cross-sectional study, conducted from June 2019 to November 2019. Perceived social support, religious orientation, food security, and sociodemographic characteristics were assessed as independent variables. The dependent variables assessed were MDD, GAD, and PTSD. The prevalence of GAD, PTSD, and MDD was reported at 92 (41.8%), 84 (38.2%), and 71 (32.3%). Several factors were significantly associated with MDD following multivariate analysis such as perceived low to moderate social support (AOR = 2.17; 95% CI 1.13, 4.19) and food insecurity (AOR = 2.77; 95% CI 1.19, 6.47). Exposure to violence (AOR = 38.46; 95% CI 16.27, 90.91) and food insecurity (AOR = 3.74; 95% CI 1.41, 9.91) were significantly associated with PTSD. Addressing these risk factors could be key in improving mental health outcomes among this vulnerable population.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  11. Ahmed NO, Alrebdi SF, Abdulghani MAM, Baobaid MF
    The objective of this study is to explore physician’s perception toward clinical pharmacy services and role of clinical pharmacists in governmental hospitals at Al-Qassim region. An observational cross-sectional survey was conducted. Results: 150 males and 39 females participated giving 75.5% (189 of 250) response rate. Physicians perceptions were found to be high (equal or more than 90% of frequency) in some clinical pharmacy services such as patients’ education and counselling, monitoring of patients’ responses to drug therapy including toxicity/side effects and provision of drug information to healthcare professionals. The physicians showed low perception (less than 76%) in the taking of patients’ medication history on admission, by clinical pharmacists. Conclusion: Physicians’ perception toward clinical pharmacy services and the role of clinical pharmacists was not found to be completely favourable. The reason of this mixed responses and to the accommodating feelings of clinical pharmacy services in clinical setting appear to relate to the state of infrastructure and environments of hospitals. The infrastructure and environments of hospitals need to be updated for an improved accommodation clinical pharmacy services.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  12. Barnes ME, Russell PF
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  13. Robertson EA
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  14. ISBN: 978-983-2387-15-2
    Citation and links
    National Health and Morbidity Survey 2014: Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey (MANS). Volume I: Methodology and General Findigns. Kuala Lumur: Institute of Public Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia; 2014
    http://iku.moh.gov.my/images/IKU/Document/REPORT/NHMS2014-MANS-VOLUME-1-MethodologyandGeneralFind.pdf

    National Health and Morbidity Survey 2014: Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey (MANS). Volume II: Survey Findigns. Kuala Lumur: Institute of Public Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia; 2014
    http://iku.moh.gov.my/images/IKU/Document/REPORT/NHMS2014-MANS-VOLUME-2-SurveyFindings.pdf

    National Health and Morbidity Survey 2014: Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey (MANS). Volume III: Food Consumption Statistics of Malaysia. Kuala Lumur: Institute of Public Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia; 2014
    http://iku.moh.gov.my/images/IKU/Document/REPORT/NHMS2014-MANS-VOLUME-3-FoodConsumptionStatisticsofMalaysia.pdf

    Study name: Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey (MANS-2014)
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  15. Bhavadharini B, Dehghan M, Mente A, Rangarajan S, Sheridan P, Mohan V, et al.
    PMID: 32423962 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000826
    OBJECTIVE: Our aims were to assess the association of dairy intake with prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) (cross-sectionally) and with incident hypertension and incident diabetes (prospectively) in a large multinational cohort study.

    METHODS: The Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study is a prospective epidemiological study of individuals aged 35 and 70 years from 21 countries on five continents, with a median follow-up of 9.1 years. In the cross-sectional analyses, we assessed the association of dairy intake with prevalent MetS and its components among individuals with information on the five MetS components (n=112 922). For the prospective analyses, we examined the association of dairy with incident hypertension (in 57 547 individuals free of hypertension) and diabetes (in 131 481 individuals free of diabetes).

    RESULTS: In cross-sectional analysis, higher intake of total dairy (at least two servings/day compared with zero intake; OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.71 to 0.80, p-trend<0.0001) was associated with a lower prevalence of MetS after multivariable adjustment. Higher intakes of whole fat dairy consumed alone (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.66 to 0.78, p-trend<0.0001), or consumed jointly with low fat dairy (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.80 to 0.98, p-trend=0.0005), were associated with a lower MetS prevalence. Low fat dairy consumed alone was not associated with MetS (OR 1.03, 95% CI 0.77 to 1.38, p-trend=0.13). In prospective analysis, 13 640 people with incident hypertension and 5351 people with incident diabetes were recorded. Higher intake of total dairy (at least two servings/day vs zero serving/day) was associated with a lower incidence of hypertension (HR 0.89, 95% CI 0.82 to 0.97, p-trend=0.02) and diabetes (HR 0.88, 95% CI 0.76 to 1.02, p-trend=0.01). Directionally similar associations were found for whole fat dairy versus each outcome.

    CONCLUSIONS: Higher intake of whole fat (but not low fat) dairy was associated with a lower prevalence of MetS and most of its component factors, and with a lower incidence of hypertension and diabetes. Our findings should be evaluated in large randomized trials of the effects of whole fat dairy on the risks of MetS, hypertension, and diabetes.

    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  16. Yap KH, Warren N, Allotey P, Reidpath DD
    Aging Ment Health, 2020 05;24(5):709-716.
    PMID: 30588848 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2018.1550632
    Background: Subjective memory complaints (SMC) are common in the elderly and have been suggested as the first subtle sign of decline which can predict dementia. Cognitive decline is thought to be related to inflammatory processes similarly found in other chronic diseases and conditions such as stroke, heart disease and arthritis. This study aimed to examine the association of SMC with chronic diseases and the profile of these health conditions reported by a group of older adults.Methods: Data from a cross-sectional survey conducted from August 2013 and March 2014 was drawn from 6179 individuals aged 56 years and above. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to examine SMC's relationship with individual chronic diseases (asthma, kidney disease, heart disease, stroke, arthritis, hypertension and diabetes) and multimorbidity. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify the profile of health conditions. The effect of SMC was estimated in a multinomial logistic regression as part of the latent class model.Results: SMC was statistically significant in its association with asthma, stroke, heart disease, arthritis and multimorbidity in the fully controlled multivariable logistic regression models. Three health profiles were identified: low comorbidity (n = 4136, low rates in all health conditions), arthritis group (n = 860) and diabetes and hypertension group (n = 1183). SMC was associated with arthritis group (OR = 2.04, 95% CI = 1.51-2.75) and diabetes and hypertension group (OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.03-1.46).Conclusion: Adapting a combination of analytical approaches allows a better understanding in the assessment of SMC's relationship with chronic diseases and the patterns of distribution of these health conditions.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  17. Makhtar A, Syed Elias SM, Azizi A
    Enferm Clin, 2021 04;31 Suppl 2:S130-S134.
    PMID: 33849146 DOI: 10.1016/j.enfcli.2020.12.007
    This study aimed to determine the relationship between painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy and functional status among older people in Kuantan, Pahang. A cross-sectional study was performed by using an interviewer-administered questionnaire among 300 participants recruited from selective Primary Health Centres and endocrine clinics, Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan in Kuantan, Pahang. The data were analyzed by using SPSS version 22. The findings indicated that most participants reported neuropathic pain experience. The severity of pain was found to be significantly related to patients who had been diagnosed over 10 years ago, Indians patients and those who were treating their diabetes with insulin alone. No significant relationship was found between pain severity and functional status. The severity of pain and the associated factors suggest the need for a multidisciplinary approach to provide effective treatment to patients with painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  18. Firdaus MKZH, Jittanoon P
    Enferm Clin, 2021 04;31 Suppl 2:S243-S246.
    PMID: 33849173 DOI: 10.1016/j.enfcli.2020.09.009
    This literature review conducted to explore the best available intervention for diabetic foot care. Online databases (ProQuest, CINAHL, Science Direct and Google Scholar) were searched to retrieve relevant articles. The keywords diabetic foot care, diabetic foot care program, diabetic foot care intervention, diabetic foot education were used for data retrieval and PICO analysis. After screening analysis was completed, only 15 (from 7423) articles, published within 2007-2017, were included in a qualitative synthesis of the data. The articles were categorized as: systematic review (n=1), randomized control trial (n=3), quasi-experimental (n=3), pre-test-post-test (n=4), cohort (n=2), cross-sectional (n=1) and surveys (n=1). Themes synthesized from the analysis were: effective approach (group or individual), project leader, specialized skills required and adaptation of technology. A combination of identified approaches would help design a technology-friendly program for managing diabetic foot care.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  19. Zalilah MS, Mirnalini K, Safiah MY, Tahir A, Siti Haslinda MD, Siti Rohana D, et al.
    Malays J Nutr, 2008 Mar;14(1):41-55.
    PMID: 22691763 MyJurnal
    Meal and snack patterns are associated with energy and nutrient intakes and consequently health and nutritional status. The aim of this paper is to describe the percentage of daily energy intake from meals and afternoon snack among Malaysian adults. The study included a representative sample of adults aged 18-59 years (n=7349) from a nationwide Food Consumption Survey conducted by the Ministry of Health. Information on dietary intake was obtained using a one day 24-hour diet recall (24-HDR). Dietary data on 6886 adults were analysed using Nutritionist ProTM and statistical analysis was carried out using the SPSS 13.0. The median percentage of daily energy intake is reported only for adults consuming meals and afternoon tea and by socio-demographic characteristics as well as body mass index (BMI) status. More than 80% of Malaysian adults consumed morning meals, lunch and dinner and 54% reported having afternoon tea. The median percentage of energy intake from morning meals, lunch, dinner and afternoon tea was 29.9%, 30.5%, 32.4% and 17%, respectively. There were variations in the median percentage of energy from meals and snacks according to the socio-demographic variables and BMI status. It is important to understand the eating patterns of Malaysians as the information can assist in efforts to address obesity and diet-related chronic diseases among adults.
    Study name: Malaysian Adults Nutrition Survey (MANS-2003)
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  20. Norimah AK, Safiah M, Jamal K, Haslinda S, Zuhaida H, Rohida S, et al.
    Malays J Nutr, 2008 Mar;14(1):25-39.
    PMID: 22691762 MyJurnal
    This study reports the food consumption patterns of adults aged 18 to 59 years in the Malaysian Adults Nutrition Survey (MANS) carried out between October 2002 and December 2003. A total of 6,742 subjects comprising 3,274 men and 3,468 women representing the northern, central , southern and east coast of Peninsular Malaysia as well as Sabah and Sarawak were interviewed. A semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) which consisted of 126 food items was used to evaluate the food consumption pattern (habitual food intake) of the respondents during the previous one- year period. The results demonstrate that nasi putih (cooked rice) was consumed by 97% of the population twice daily (average 2½ plates per day). Other food items consumed daily were marine fish, (one medium fish per day), green leafy vegetables (one cup per day) and sweetened condensed milk (three teaspoons per day. The mean frequencies for daily intake of rice, leafy vegetables, marine fish, local kuih, anchovy (ikan bilis) and biscuits were significantly higher among the rural compared to the urban adults. In contrast, more urban dwellers consumed chicken and eggs more frequently than their rural counterparts. More men than women consumed chicken and eggs more frequently. Malaysian adults showed a satisfactory habit of drinking plain water, with 99% drinking at least six glasses of plain water daily. Other beverages such as tea (47%), coffee (28%), chocolate-based drinks (23%) and cordial syrup (11%) were also consumed on daily basis, however, in a smaller proportion of the population. There were differences in the prevalence of daily consumption of foods when comparing urban and rural population, and also between men and women. The prevalence of daily consumption of marine fish among rural and urban adults was 51% and 34% respectively. For sweetened condensed milk, men and women consumed 43% and 28% respectively; however, more women drank full cream milk than men. Between the age groups, 21% of adults below 20 years old consumed chicken at least once a day, while this pattern of intake was not shown in the older age groups. Our findings show that adults, aged 50 to 59 years old, had the highest prevalence of daily consumption of full cream milk with 24% while those aged 18 to 19 years old had the lowest prevalence of daily consumption at 15%. The food consumption pattern of Malaysian adults appears to be satisfactory. However, some changes in food habits are recommended especially in substituting the less wholesome sweetened condensed milk with the more nutritious full cream or skimmed milk.
    Study name: Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey (MANS-2003)
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
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