Displaying publications 21 - 40 of 181 in total

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  1. McSwan DM
    Matched MeSH terms: Leptospirosis
  2. Mohamed-Hassan SN, Bahaman AR, Mutalib AR, Khairani-Bejo S
    Trop Biomed, 2010 Apr;27(1):30-2.
    PMID: 20562810 MyJurnal
    One hundred and sixty eight rats were trapped from the National Service Training Centres (NSTC) in Kelantan and Terengganu from October 2008 to May 2009. Microscopic agglutination test (MAT) was performed to detect the presence of agglutinating antibodies to Leptospira among the rats caught. All the MAT positive rats were identified as Rattus tiomanicus. In Kelantan, 17.3 % (14/81) of the rats had leptospiral antibodies to serovars Icterohaemorrhagiae (12.3%), Canicola (2.5%), Ballum (1.2%), and Pyrogenes (1.2%). In Terengganu, 18.4% (16/87) of the rats had antibodies to serovars Icterohaemorrhagiae (15%), Canicola (1.1%), Pyrogenes (1.1%) and Hebdomadis (1.1%). This study indicated that Leptospira serovars were prevalent in the rat population in the study areas and could be a source of infection to humans. Therefore, control of the rat population in all NSTC is critical to prevent outbreaks of leptospirosis amongst the NSTC trainees.
    Matched MeSH terms: Leptospirosis/blood; Leptospirosis/epidemiology; Leptospirosis/veterinary*
  3. Rahimi R, Omar E, Tuan Soh TS, Mohd Nawi SFA, Md Noor S
    Malays J Pathol, 2018 Aug;40(2):169-173.
    PMID: 30173235 MyJurnal
    INTRODUCTION: Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by spirochaete of the genus Leptospira. Human infection occurs after exposure to water or soil contaminated by urine from an infected animal. Most patients manifest as self-limited systemic illness. However 10% of patients manifest as severe disease associated with high fatality. The disease affects mostly men, cases involving pregnant women are uncommon. We presented a case of leptospirosis in a pregnant woman leading to mortality of both mother and foetus.

    CASE REPORT: A 28-year-old woman at 18 weeks of gestation, had shortness of breath and collapsed. She was brought unconscious to the emergency department and died shortly after arrival. A week prior to this, she had presented to the same hospital with pain on both thighs. Examination of the patient and ultrasound of the foetus revealed normal findings. Post mortem examination revealed hepatosplenomegaly and congested lungs; no jaundice, meningeal inflammation or cardiac abnormalities was evident. Histopathology examination of the lungs revealed pulmonary haemorrhages and oedema. Multiple infarcts were seen in the spleen and the kidneys showed foci of acute tubular necrosis. Laboratory investigations revealed Leptospira IgM antibody and PCR for leptospira were positive. This case illustrates the subtleness of clinical presentation of leptospirosis. The diagnosis was obscure even at post-mortem and was only suspected following histopathological examination, leading to further investigations.

    CONCLUSION: Leptospirosis may have a subtle presentation and a high index of suspicion for this infection is required for early identification of the disease.

    Matched MeSH terms: Leptospirosis/complications*; Leptospirosis/diagnosis*; Leptospirosis/pathology*
  4. Yusof MA, Mohd-Taib FS, Ishak SN, Md-Nor S, Md-Sah SA, Mohamed NZ, et al.
    Ecohealth, 2019 06;16(2):260-274.
    PMID: 31124020 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-019-01419-1
    Leptospirosis, a widespread zoonotic disease, is a public health problem, especially in major urban centres, and is mainly reported to be associated with rats. In Malaysia, focus has been primarily given to the Leptospira prevalence in rodents per se, but there is lack of information on the microhabitat structure of the outbreak areas. We aimed to determine the diversity of small mammal species, microhabitat types, and their prevalence of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in the outbreak areas, which were categorized as urban, semi-urban, and recreational forests. Sampling involved deploying 100 to 300 live traps at each study site. Kidney samples were extracted from selected individuals, for screening of pathogenic Leptospira spp. by PCR. Out of 537 individuals from 15 small mammal species captured, 4 species were recorded from urban, 13 from semi-urban, and 11 from recreational forest sites. From 389 individuals screened, 58 were tested positive for pathogenic Leptospira. Recreational forests recorded the highest prevalence with 19.4% (n = 93), followed by urban, 16.6% (n = 163) and semi-urban sites with 9.8% (n = 133). Seven rodent species were tested positive for pathogenic Leptospira from all areas. R. norvegicus was found to harbour the highest prevalence (66.7%) in urban, R. rattus (53.8%) in semi-urban, whereby M. whiteheadi (44.4%) in recreational forest sites. Microhabitat analysis revealed that rubbish quantity contributed especially strongly to a high prevalence of Leptospira. This study contributes to understanding of the host and microhabitat preferences of Leptospira, which is important in controlling the spread of this disease in human's landscapes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Leptospirosis/etiology; Leptospirosis/epidemiology; Leptospirosis/veterinary*
  5. Benacer D, Thong KL, Verasahib KB, Galloway RL, Hartskeerl RA, Lewis JW, et al.
    Asia Pac J Public Health, 2016 05;28(4):290-302.
    PMID: 27044535 DOI: 10.1177/1010539516640350
    The history and epidemiology of human leptospirosis in Malaysia from 1925 to 2012 are described. Previous studies have demonstrated that leptospirosis is an endemic disease in Malaysia occurring in both urban and rural locations. The number of cases has risen dramatically since the Ministry of Health Malaysia highlighted leptospirosis as a notifiable disease in 2010, with reported cases increasing from 248 cases in 2004 to 3604 in 2012. The incidence of infection among the population suggests that occupation, sex, age, ethnic background, water recreational activities, and sporting events are risk factors. A robust surveillance system is now in place to monitor temporal and spatial changes in the incidence and prevalence of infection and to identify risk areas and disease behavior. Despite extensive studies over the past decade, there is a still a need to describe local serovars in host carriers and the human population, with the view to develop an effective vaccine against leptospirosis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Leptospirosis/epidemiology*
  6. MCCRUMB FR, STOCKARD JL, ROBINSON CR, TURNER LH, LEVIS DG, MAISEY CW, et al.
    Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1957 Mar;6(2):238-56.
    PMID: 13424900
    Matched MeSH terms: Leptospirosis/epidemiology*
  7. Mortimer RB
    Wilderness Environ Med, 2005;16(3):129-31.
    PMID: 16209467
    This article describes a case of leptospirosis in a man who returned from caving in Sarawak, Malaysia, and includes a discussion of epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. The patient presented with symptoms of leptospirosis, which was confirmed by microhemagglutination titers. He became infected despite taking doxycycline daily for malaria prophylaxis. Leptospirosis is an important consideration in any returned traveler with fever. The spirochete spreads from animals to humans via water. Caving in tropical endemic zones may increase exposure risk due to the combination of multiple skin abrasions with immersions. Water in caves may increase infection risk because of increased water pH. Standard prophylaxis may be inadequate in cases of high-risk exposures.
    Matched MeSH terms: Leptospirosis/complications; Leptospirosis/diagnosis*; Leptospirosis/etiology; Leptospirosis/pathology
  8. Othman N, Intan HI, Yip CW, Alias M, Amran F
    J Trop Pediatr, 2007 Feb;53(1):55-8.
    PMID: 17237115
    We report a case of an 8-year-old aborigine boy referred to our hospital for respiratory insufficiency with skin eruptions over the trunk and limbs. The skin condition was diagnosed as acquired ichthyosis. He also had a non-bleeding form of disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. Radiograph of the lungs showed bilateral perihilar opacities with bilateral pleural effusion. The diagnosis of leptospirosis was confirmed by a 4-fold rise in microagglutinating titre and polymerase chain reaction assay.
    Matched MeSH terms: Leptospirosis/diagnosis*; Leptospirosis/drug therapy
  9. Tan DS, Lopes DA
    PMID: 5082848
    Matched MeSH terms: Leptospirosis/immunology; Leptospirosis/epidemiology*
  10. Rao M, Amran F, Kamaruzaman AA, Hakim Esa HA, Abdul Hameed A, Mohamed Shabery NA
    Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2021 01;104(1):216-218.
    PMID: 33289472 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0267
    Leptospirosis is an important zoonotic disease with worldwide distribution and nonspecific clinical manifestation. We report a case of fatal leptospirosis in a previously healthy woman with a causative agent. A young adult Indian woman was brought in dead to the forensic department. Ten days before, she developed fever, dizziness with headache, myalgia, diarrhea, and vomiting. Routine inquest and autopsy were performed on the deceased, revealing hemorrhagic lungs with extensive intra-alveolar hemorrhages, pale liver with dissociation and separation of hepatocyte plates, and edematous brain with histiocyte and lymphocyte infiltration in the parenchyma and meninges. Heart tissue depicts myocarditis and pericarditis inflammatory changes. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was turbid in appearance with mildly elevated leukocytes, predominantly lymphocytes. Real-time PCR targeting lipL32 gene of pathogenic Leptospira was detected in the blood, CSF, brain, kidney, heart, and liver. The genetic profile of the causative agent was ST149 (multi-locus sequence typing Scheme 3). This study illustrates the usefulness of Leptospira PCR assay in postmortem diagnosis and addresses the need for further surveillance to identify the epidemiological link of the disease.
    Matched MeSH terms: Leptospirosis/microbiology*; Leptospirosis/pathology*
  11. Tan DS
    Med J Malaya, 1970 Jun;24(4):261-6.
    PMID: 4248346
    Matched MeSH terms: Leptospirosis/immunology; Leptospirosis/epidemiology*
  12. Tan DS
    Malays J Pathol, 1979 Aug;2:1-6.
    PMID: 263416
    Matched MeSH terms: Leptospirosis/diagnosis; Leptospirosis/epidemiology*
  13. Naing C, Reid SA, Aye SN, Htet NH, Ambu S
    PLoS One, 2019;14(5):e0217643.
    PMID: 31141558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217643
    Leptospirosis is probably the most widespread zoonotic disease in the world especially in tropical countries. There has been an increase in individual studies, which assessed the frequency of leptospirosis in flood conditions. Some studies showed contact with floods was significantly associated with the occurrence of leptospirosis while other studies reported differently. The objective of this meta-analysis was to synthesize the evidence on the risk factors which are associated with human leptospirosis following flooding. We set up the inclusion criteria and searched for the original studies, addressing leptospirosis in human with related to flood in health-related electronic databases including PubMed, Embase, Ovid Medline, google scholar and Scopus sources. We used the terms 'leptospirosis', 'flood', 'risk factor' and terms from the categories were connected with "OR" within each category and by "AND" between categories. The initial search yielded 557 citations. After the title and abstract screening, 49 full-text papers were reviewed and a final of 18 observational studies met the pre-specified inclusion criteria. Overall, the pooled estimates of 14 studies showed that the contact with flooding was a significant factor for the occurrence of leptospirosis (pooled OR: 2.19, 95%CI: 1.48-3.24, I2:86%). On stratification, the strength of association was greater in the case-control studies (pooled OR: 4.01, 95%CI: 1.26-12.72, I2:82%) than other designs (pooled OR:1.77,95%CI:1.18-2.65, I2:87%). Three factors such as 'being male'(pooled OR:2.06, 95%CI:1.29-2.83), the exposure to livestock animals (pooled OR: 1.95, 95%CI:1.26-2.64), the lacerated wound (pooled OR:4.35, 95%CI:3.07-5.64) were the risk factors significantly associated with the incidence of leptospirosis following flooding in the absence of within-study heterogeneity (I2: 0%). We acknowledge study limitations such as publication bias and type 2 statistical errors. We recommended flood control and other environmental modifications that are expected to reduce the risk of leptospiral infection, and a multi-sectoral effort to this aspect would have long-term benefits.
    Matched MeSH terms: Leptospirosis/microbiology; Leptospirosis/epidemiology*
  14. Mohd-Taib FS, Ishak SN, Yusof MA, Azhari NN, Md-Lasim A, Md Nor S, et al.
    Trop Biomed, 2020 Mar 01;37(1):142-154.
    PMID: 33612725
    Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira and most often acquired through contact with environments contaminated with leptospires shed in the urine of infected mammals. In urban environment, rodents are well-known as the main carriers of this bacteria, however there were no intensive study on the population structure of these animals, and how it associated with this disease. Hence, we use a case study from an outbreak in a residential area in Selangor, Malaysia, to investigate how community structure of small mammals, associated with the prevalence of Leptospira. One hundred cage traps were placed randomly in and around these houses in five phases with two months interval for a year. Community structures (species, sex, and age) were assigned for each individual, prior to screening for pathogenic Leptospira, using a partial lipL32 gene from the kidney samples. 185 small mammals from four species were captured, Rattus norvegicus (74.5%, N=138), R. rattus (20%, N=37), Tupaia glis (5%, N=9), and Suncus murinus (0.5%, N=1). From this number, 29 individuals were found PCR positive for pathogenic Leptospira (R. norvegicus, N=20; R. rattus, N=6; T. glis, N=2; S. murinus, N=1). The study shows that Leptospira occurrence in the small mammals were significantly correlated to age category and sampling phases, with Spearman Correlation (rs) p=0.02 and p=0.04 respectively. Adult individuals were significantly more prevalent with Leptospira infection, whereby March and June were found to associate with higher Leptospira prevalent among the small mammals, potentially coincide with low rainfall and relative humidity level. This information is important in designing a specific control method for rodents in Leptospira outbreak areas. In addition, intensive sampling and regular cleaning effort were found to significantly reduce the small mammal Leptospira reservoir, thus should be implemented in intervention strategies in the urban environment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Leptospirosis/epidemiology; Leptospirosis/veterinary*
  15. Leung V, Luong ML, Libman M
    CMAJ, 2011 Apr 19;183(7):E423-7.
    PMID: 21262944 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.092203
    Matched MeSH terms: Leptospirosis/complications*; Leptospirosis/diagnosis
  16. Ramanathan M, Teng TL
    Med J Malaysia, 1991 Sep;46(3):283-6.
    PMID: 1839926
    We present a young lady who satisfied the criteria for the diagnosis of toxic-shock syndrome (TSS). The differential diagnoses of TSS in the local setting are outlined. The pertinent clinical features of TSS and its increasing association with nonmenstruating females are highlighted.
    Matched MeSH terms: Leptospirosis/diagnosis
  17. MACKAY-DICK J, ROBINSON JF
    J R Army Med Corps, 1957 Oct;103(4):186-97.
    PMID: 13481991
    Matched MeSH terms: Leptospirosis/therapy*
  18. Levis DG
    Proc. R. Soc. Med., 1957 Feb;50(2):119-24.
    PMID: 13408223
    Matched MeSH terms: Leptospirosis/epidemiology*
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