Displaying publications 21 - 40 of 888 in total

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  1. Noor Shafina MN, Nor Azizah A, Mohammad AR, Faisal MF, Mohamad Ikhsan S, Hafizah Z, et al.
    Med J Malaysia, 2015 Jun;70(3):153-7.
    PMID: 26248777 MyJurnal
    INTRODUCTION: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common bacterial infection affecting children and therefore, prompt recognition and accurate antimicrobial management are vital to prevent kidney damage. This study aims to determine the bacterial pathogens and their patterns of antimicrobial resistance in children presenting with UTI.
    METHODS: A retrospective study of 721 cases, involving children between the ages of 1-day old to 13 years old with culture-proven UTI in Selayang Hospital, Malaysia between January 2007 and December 2011. The bacterial pathogens and antibiotic resistance patterns in the total population, prophylaxis and no prophylaxis groups were studied.
    RESULTS: The 3 most common organisms isolated in the total population were E.Coli (41.6%), Klebsiella spp. (21.2%) and Enterococcus spp. (11.0%). With regards to the antibiotic resistance, E.Coli resistance rates to ampicillin, cefuroxime and gentamicin were 67.7%, 15.3% and 7.3% respectively. Ampicillin-resistance was also highest in Klebsiella spp. (84.3%), Enterococcus spp. (15.5%) and Proteus spp. (55.5%).
    CONCLUSION: E.coli remains to be the leading bacterial pathogen causing UTI in children, with ampicillin-resistance occurring in more than half of these cases. Therefore, accurate choice of antibiotics is important to ensure optimal outcome. In our study, cefuroxime and gentamicin have lower antibiotic resistance rates and can be used in the treatment of UTI in children.
    Matched MeSH terms: Microbial Sensitivity Tests
  2. Puthucheary SD, Chen ST, Dugdale AE
    Med J Malaya, 1972 Jun;26(4):262-5.
    PMID: 5069415
    Matched MeSH terms: Microbial Sensitivity Tests
  3. Wong, A. S-L., Nusaibah Abdul Rahim
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: Polymyxin B (PMB) is one of the remaining antibiotics that is effective against multidrug resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria. However, PMB monotherapy is not able to achieve sustained killing hence, combination with other antibiotics are usually employed. Besides antibiotics, studies are now moving towards non-antibiotic alternatives such as metabolite feeding against MDR pathogens. This study aimed to investigate the susceptibility
    and bacterial killing of PMB in combination with metabolite phenylpyruvate against Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. Methods: Broth microdilution was used to determine PMB minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) alone and with phenylpyruvate against two Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. Time kill studies were performed over 24 h (initial inoculum: ~106 CFU/mL), using PMB 2 mg/L and phenylpyruvate 2 mmol/L, alone and in combination, against the
    PMB-resistant isolate. Microbiological responses were examined using the log-change method. Results: The MIC of PMB was reduced by phenylpyruvate in both isolates. In the time kill studies, during the first hour, PMB monotherapy demonstrated the highest bacterial killing activity even compared to the combination. Phenylpyruvate monotherapy showed negligible activity against K. pneumoniae. A significant reduction in bacterial burden was seen at 1 h following PMB monotherapy and combination therapy but an equally rapid regrowth was seen at 4 h. Notably at 24 h, the regrowth following combination therapy was >1-log10 CFU/mL less than PMB monotherapy. Conclusion: Our results suggest that phenylpyruvate increased PMB susceptibility in K. pneumoniae and may minimise the emergence of resistance to PMB. Future studies investigating phenylpyruvate at higher concentrations against more isolates are
    warranted.
    Matched MeSH terms: Microbial Sensitivity Tests
  4. Zamani A, Zueter AR, Muhd Besari A, Hasan H, Harun A, Deris ZZ
    Trop Biomed, 2020 Sep 01;37(3):783-790.
    PMID: 33612791 DOI: 10.47665/tb.37.3.783
    Reduced susceptibility in Burkholderia pseudomallei during carbapenem therapy may lead to treatment failure. We isolated a clinical strain that had developed reduced susceptibility to carbapenems while on treatment. After reviewing the patient's clinical notes, the initial isolate (BUPS01/14) was exposed to carbapenem in vitro to mimic the clinical scenario. The stability of susceptibility of the carbapenem-exposed strain (BUPS01/14R) was examined by serial subculture in antibiotic-free broth. Biochemical and morphological comparison was performed by the VITEK® system and electron microscopy. MICs increased 32-fold following carbapenem exposure and became stable in the antibiotic-free environment. On electron microscopic examination, the BUPS01/14R cells were smoother and less wrinkled compared to BUPS01/14 cells. This report highlights a potential anti-melioidosis treatment failure due to the emergence of resistance while on carbapenem monotherapy. Further study of this strain is necessary to understand the mechanism of resistance at a molecular level.
    Matched MeSH terms: Microbial Sensitivity Tests
  5. Sartelli M, Weber DG, Ruppé E, Bassetti M, Wright BJ, Ansaloni L, et al.
    World J Emerg Surg, 2016;11:33.
    PMID: 27429642 DOI: 10.1186/s13017-016-0089-y
    Intra-abdominal infections (IAI) are an important cause of morbidity and are frequently associated with poor prognosis, particularly in high-risk patients. The cornerstones in the management of complicated IAIs are timely effective source control with appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Empiric antimicrobial therapy is important in the management of intra-abdominal infections and must be broad enough to cover all likely organisms because inappropriate initial antimicrobial therapy is associated with poor patient outcomes and the development of bacterial resistance. The overuse of antimicrobials is widely accepted as a major driver of some emerging infections (such as C. difficile), the selection of resistant pathogens in individual patients, and for the continued development of antimicrobial resistance globally. The growing emergence of multi-drug resistant organisms and the limited development of new agents available to counteract them have caused an impending crisis with alarming implications, especially with regards to Gram-negative bacteria. An international task force from 79 different countries has joined this project by sharing a document on the rational use of antimicrobials for patients with IAIs. The project has been termed AGORA (Antimicrobials: A Global Alliance for Optimizing their Rational Use in Intra-Abdominal Infections). The authors hope that AGORA, involving many of the world's leading experts, can actively raise awareness in health workers and can improve prescribing behavior in treating IAIs.
    Matched MeSH terms: Microbial Sensitivity Tests
  6. Sharma N, Singh V, Pandey AK, Mishra BN, Kulsoom M, Dasgupta N, et al.
    Biomolecules, 2019 11 21;9(12).
    PMID: 31766572 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120764
    Nanoparticles (NPs) possessing antibacterial activity represent an effective way of overcoming bacterial resistance. In the present work, we report a novel formulation of a nanoantibiotic formed using Ampicillin/sulbactam (Ams) and a zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnO NP). 'ZnO NP-Ams' nanoantibiotic formulation is optimized using response surface methodology coupled genetic algorithm approach. The optimized formulation of nanoantibiotic (ZnO NP: 49.9 μg/mL; Ams: 33.6 μg/mL; incubation time: 27 h) demonstrated 15% enhanced activity compared to the unoptimized formulation against K. pneumoniae. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was directly proportional to the interaction time of nanoantibiotic and K. pneumoniae after the initial lag phase of ~18 h as evident from 2'-7'-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate assay. A low minimum inhibitory concentration (6.25 μg/mL) of nanoantibiotic formulation reveals that even a low concentration of nanoantibiotic can prove to be effective against K. pneumoniae. The importance of nanoantibiotic formulation is also evident by the fact that the 100 μg/mL of Ams and 25 µg of ZnO NP was required individually to inhibit the growth of K. pneumonia, whereas only 6.25 μg/mL of optimized nanoantibiotic formulation (ZnO NP and Ams in the ratio of 49.9: 33.6 in μg/mL and conjugation time of 27 h) was needed for the same.
    Matched MeSH terms: Microbial Sensitivity Tests
  7. Verma R, Boshoff HIM, Arora K, Bairy I, Tiwari M, Varadaraj BG, et al.
    Drug Dev Res, 2020 05;81(3):315-328.
    PMID: 31782209 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21623
    A new series of novel triclosan (2,4,4'-trichloro-2'-hydroxydiphenylether) analogues were designed, synthesized, and screened for their in vitro antimycobacterial and antibacterial activities. Most of the compounds showed significant activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strain with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values in 20-40 μM range in GAST/Fe medium when compared with triclosan (43 μM) in the first week of assay, and after additional incubation, seven compounds, that is, 2a, 2c, 2g, 2h, 2i, 2j, and 2m, exhibited MIC values at the concentration of 20-40 μM. The compounds also showed more significant activity against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. The synthesized compounds showed druggable properties, and the predicted ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) properties were within the acceptable limits. The in silico studies predicted better interactions of compounds with target protein residues and a higher dock score in comparison with triclosan. Molecular dynamics simulation study of the most active compound 2i was performed in order to further explore the stability of the protein-ligand complex and the protein-ligand interaction in detail.
    Matched MeSH terms: Microbial Sensitivity Tests
  8. Norza Wani Jaffar, Dayang Fredalina Basri, Noraziah M. Zin
    Sains Malaysiana, 2011;40:1237-1241.
    Staphylococcus aureus tahan Methicillin (MRSA) adalah patogen yang mudah tersebar dan cenderung untuk menjadi multi-rintangan terhadap hampir semua terapi antibiotik yang terdapat di pasaran kini. Gal daripada Quercus infectoria atau lebih dikenali sebagai manjakani di Malaysia telah diketahui mempunyai aktiviti anti-bakteria. Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk mengkaji kesan kombinasi ekstrak gal daripada Q. infectoria dengan vankomisin terhadap lima strain MRSA dan dua strain Vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA). Proses pengekstrakan dilakukan menggunakan pelarut aseton, metanol dan akues. Teknik mikro pencairan bersiri kaldu dijalankan menggunakan plat telaga 96 bagi menentukan nilai Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). Kesan interaksi di antara gal Q. infectoria dengan vankomisin dikaji menggunakan teknik checkerboard bagi mendapatkan nilai indek Fractional Inhibitory Concentration (FIC). Hasil kombinasi ekstrak gal dan vankomisin menunjukkan terdapat aktiviti yang sinergi pada ekstrak aseton terhadap MRSA ATCC 43300 (0.3124), Sa7 (0.3750) dan VISA U9495 (0.3750), manakala ekstrak akues terhadap MRSA Sa7 (0.4167) dan VISA U9495 (0.3958) dan N316 (0.5000). Sebaliknya kombinasi metanol dan vankomisin menunjukkan kesan yang sinergi terhadap ATCC 49476 (0.3750) sahaja manakala aditif terhadap enam lagi strain MRSA yang diuji. Kesan interaksi ini menunjukkan potensi dan kepentingannya dalam pembangunan dan modifikasi agen anti-MRSA.
    Matched MeSH terms: Microbial Sensitivity Tests
  9. F.M.I. Natrah, Z. Muta Harah, N.M.S Izzatul, A. Syahidah, B. Japar Sidik
    Sains Malaysiana, 2015;44:1269-1273.
    Eight seaweed species in Teluk Kemang and three seagrass species in Teluk Pelanduk, Port Dickson, respectively, were screened for antibacterial activities. The antibacterial activities were screened using disc diffusion test, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against six aquacultural pathogens strains Aeromonas hydrophila ATCC35654, Vibrio harveyi BB120, Vibrio harveyi ATCC14126, Vibrio alginolyticus ATCC17749, Vibrio parahaemolyticus ATCC17803 and Vibrio anguillarum ATCC43313. The results showed that among all the pathogens, seaweed Padina minor and seagrass Thalassia hemprichii had the strongest antibacterial activity against Vibrio harveyi BB120 and Vibrio harveyi ATCC14126, respectively. The lowest values for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were obtained from Padina minor against V. harveyi BB120 and Thalassia hemprichii against V. harveyi ATCC14126, respectively. The findings suggested that seaweed and seagrass in Port Dickson coastal water have the potential to prevent bacterial diseases particularly in aquaculture.
    Matched MeSH terms: Microbial Sensitivity Tests
  10. Sotoodehnia P, Mazlan N, Mohd Saud H, Samsuri WA, Habib SH, Soltangheisi A
    PeerJ, 2019;7:e6418.
    PMID: 30918747 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6418
    Background: Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are highly promising biofertilizers that contribute to eco-friendly sustainable agriculture. There have been many reports on the anti-microbial properties of nanoparticles (NPs). Toxic effects of NPs under laboratory conditions have also reported; however, there is a lack of information about their uptake and mobility in organisms under environmental conditions. There is an urgent need to determine the highest concentration of NPs which is not detrimental for growth and proliferation of PGPR.

    Methods: Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to measure the size and shape of NPs. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of nano-silver on selected beneficial microbes and Ralstonia solanacearum were measured using the microdilution broth method. The percentage of seed germination was measured under in vitro conditions.

    Results: NPs were spherical with a size of 16 ± 6 nm. Nano-silver at 12-40 mg l-1 inhibited the growth of bacteria. Seed application at 40 mg l-1 protected seeds from R. solanacearum and improved the rate of seed germination.

    Matched MeSH terms: Microbial Sensitivity Tests
  11. Yong YK, Wen NCM, Yeo GEC, Chew ZX, Chan LL, Md Zain NZ, et al.
    PMID: 34574752 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189828
    Several bacterial species cause post-operative infections, which has been a critical health concern among hospital patients. Our study in this direction is a much-needed exploratory study that was carried out at the National Heart Institute (IJN) of Malaysia to examine the virulence properties of causative bacteria obtained from postoperative patients. The bacterial isolates and data were provided by the IJN. Antibiotic resistance gene patterns, and the ability to form biofilm were investigated for 127 isolates. Klebsiella pneumoniae (36.2%) was the most common isolate collected, which was followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (26%), Staphylococcus aureus (23.6%), Streptococcus spp. (8.7%) and Acinetobacter baumannii (5.5%). There were 49 isolates that showed the presence of multidrug resistance genes. The mecA gene was surprisingly found in methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), which also carried the ermA gene from those erythromycin-susceptible strains. The phenotypic antibiotic resistance profiles varied greatly between isolates. Findings from the biofilm assay revealed that 44 of the 127 isolates demonstrated the ability to produce biofilms. Our findings provide insights into the possibility of some of these bacteria surviving under antibiotic stress, and some antibiotic resistance genes being silenced.
    Matched MeSH terms: Microbial Sensitivity Tests
  12. Sangkanu S, Mitsuwan W, Mahabusarakam W, Jimoh TO, Wilairatana P, Girol AP, et al.
    Sci Rep, 2021 04 13;11(1):8053.
    PMID: 33850179 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87381-x
    Acanthamoeba spp. can cause amoebic keratitis (AK). Chlorhexidine is effective for AK treatment as monotherapy, but with a relative failure on drug bioavailability in the deep corneal stroma. The combination of chlorhexidine and propamidine isethionate is recommended in the current AK treatment. However, the effectiveness of treatment depends on the parasite and virulence strains. This study aims to determine the potential of Garcinia mangostana pericarp extract and α-mangostin against Acanthamoeba triangularis, as well as the combination with chlorhexidine in the treatment of Acanthamoeba infection. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the extract and α-mangostin were assessed in trophozoites with 0.25 and 0.5 mg/mL, for cysts with 4 and 1 mg/mL, respectively. The MIC of the extract and α-mangostin inhibited the growth of A. triangularis trophozoites and cysts for up to 72 h. The extract and α-mangostin combined with chlorhexidine demonstrated good synergism, resulting in a reduction of 1/4-1/16 of the MIC. The SEM results showed that Acanthamoeba cells treated with a single drug and its combination caused damage to the cell membrane and irregular cell shapes. A good combination displayed by the extract or α-mangostin and chlorhexidine, described for the first time. Therefore, this approach is promising as an alternative method for the management of Acanthamoeba infection in the future.
    Matched MeSH terms: Microbial Sensitivity Tests
  13. Valle DLJ, Puzon JJM, Cabrera EC, Cena-Navarro RB, Rivera WL
    Trop Biomed, 2021 Jun 01;38(2):134-142.
    PMID: 34172702 DOI: 10.47665/tb.38.2.049
    This study aimed to determine the in vivo effectiveness of the ethanolic extract of Piper betle L. leaves against Staphylococcus aureus-infected wounds in mice and its antimicrobial properties on clinical isolates of multiple drug-resistant bacterial pathogens. Twenty mice were divided into four groups. Wounds were created in all mice under anesthesia by excision from the dorsal skin down to the subcutaneous fat and inoculating with S. aureus. After 24 h, the wound of each mouse was treated once daily by application of the respective cream. Group I was treated with mupirocin antibacterial cream; Group II received a cream base containing no active ingredient; Groups III and IV were treated with 2.5% and 5.0% concentrations of P. betle cream, respectively. Further, an in vitro study was performed by adding undiluted, 1:50 and 1:100 dilutions of the four studied creams in normal saline containing 1.5 × 108 CFU/mL of the following bacteria: antimicrobial-susceptible S. aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, metallo-βlactamase-producing P. aeruginosa and carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. The mice in Groups III and IV had significantly faster wound contraction and significantly shorter reepithelialization time than Group II (p < 0.05), which were not significantly different from Group I (p > 0.05). P. betle creams inhibited all studied bacterial strains at full concentration and at a dilution of 1:50. The inhibitory effect was more significant than Groups I and II (p < 0.05), except on S. aureus. Specifically, S. aureus inhibition was not significantly different for Groups III and IV (p > 0.05) when compared with Group I. Cream formulations derived from P. betle ethanolic extract have great potential as antimicrobial agents for the treatment of wound infection. Further clinical tests are recommended to determine the safety and efficacy of these formulations in other mammalian species.
    Matched MeSH terms: Microbial Sensitivity Tests
  14. Awaad AS, Alafeefy AM, Alasmary FAS, El-Meligy RM, Zain ME, Alqasoumi SI
    Saudi Pharm J, 2017 Nov;25(7):967-971.
    PMID: 29158702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2017.02.012
    A novel and safe essential amino acid (Leucine) incorporating sulfanilamide was synthesized, and evaluated for its anti-ulcerogenic activity and in vitro anti-Helicobacter pylori activity. The new molecule showed a dose dependent activity against absolute ethanol-induced ulcer in rats, it produced percent protection of control ulcer by 66.7 at dose 100 mg/kg. In addition it showed a potent anti-Helicobacter pylori activity in vitro against 7 clinically isolated strains. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranged from 12.5 to 50 μg/ml. The preliminary safety studies and toxicity profile are optimistic and encouraging.
    Matched MeSH terms: Microbial Sensitivity Tests
  15. Auzureen AMZ, Michael MS, Mohamed M, Peng TL, Fauzi F, Mohamad NFA, et al.
    Trop Biomed, 2022 Dec 01;39(4):569-574.
    PMID: 36602217 DOI: 10.47665/tb.39.4.013
    Some of Vibrio species is well known as pathogenic bacteria in aquaculture and the marine industry. Its infection is able to generate a massive outbreak and affect the fish population, especially for net caged fish such as seabass. This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of Vibrio spp. isolated from seabass (Lates calcarifer) in Sri Tujuh Lagoon, Tumpat, Kelantan. Then, to determine the antibiotic resistance in Vibrio isolates. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect Vibrio species using specific primer VR169 and VR744 with estimation base pair size band, 597 bp and further identified by sequencing. On the other hand, antibiotic susceptibility tests were continued by using 13 types of antibiotics; kanamycin (K30), chloramphenicol (C30), neomycin (N10), ampicillin (AMP10), nitrofurantoin (F300), tetracycline (TE30), streptomycin (S10), norfloxacin (NOR10), ciprofloxacin (CIP5), nalidixic acid (NA30), gentamicin (CN10), doxycycline (DO30) and sulfamethoxazole (SXT100). As a result, 14 Vibrio isolates were identified, including Vibrio fluvialis (n=6), Vibrio parahaemolyticus (n=3), Vibrio harveyi (n=2) and each isolate for Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio spp. The results showed that all isolates were sensitive to most antibiotics except ampicillin, neomycin and streptomycin. The MAR index value was ranging from 0 to 0.31. This study demonstrates the prevalence of Vibrio spp. in seabass and the report on multidrug resistance strains that could be of concern to the fish farmers. In addition, data from this study can be further used in fish disease management plans.
    Matched MeSH terms: Microbial Sensitivity Tests
  16. Djearamane S, Sundaraji A, Eng PT, Liang SXT, Wong LS, Senthilkumar B
    Clin Ter, 2023;174(1):61-66.
    PMID: 36655646 DOI: 10.7417/CT.2023.2498
    AIM: With the characteristics such as low toxicity, high total surface, ability to inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), as one of the metallic nanoparticles, have been chosen as an antibacterial agent to treat various skin infections. The present study was aimed to determine the antibacterial potential of ZnO NPs on Bacillus subtilis, the Gram-positive bacterium that can cause skin and wound infections.

    METHODS: B. subtilis was exposed to 5 to 150 μg/mL of ZnO NPs for 24 h. The parameters employed to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of ZnO NPs were the growth inhibitory effect on B. subtilis, the surface interaction of ZnO NPs on the bacterial cell wall, and also the morphological alterations in B. subtilis induced by ZnO NPs.

    RESULTS: The results demonstrated a significant (p <0.05) inhibition of ZnO NPs on B. subtilis growth and it was in a dose-dependent manner for all the tested concentrations of ZnO NPs from 5 to 150 μg/mL at 24 h. Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectrum confirmed the involvement of polysaccharides and polypeptides of bacterial cell wall in surface binding of ZnO NPs on bacteria. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to visualize the morphological changes, B. subtilis illustrated several surface alterations such as distortion of cell membrane, roughening of cell surface, aggregation and bending of cells, as well as, the cell rupture upon interacting with ZnO NPs for 24 h.

    CONCLUSION: The results indicated the potential of ZnO NPs to be used as an antibacterial agent against B. subtilis. The findings of the present study might bring insights to incorporate ZnO NPs as an antibacterial agent in the topical applications against the infections caused by B. subtilis.

    Matched MeSH terms: Microbial Sensitivity Tests
  17. Al-Mijalli SH, El Hachlafi N, Jeddi M, Abdallah EM, Assaggaf H, Qasem A, et al.
    Biomed Pharmacother, 2023 Nov;167:115609.
    PMID: 37801906 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115609
    Cupressus sempervirens is a known traditional plant used to manage various ailments, including cancer, inflammatory and infectious diseases. In this investigation, we aimed to explore the chemical profile of Cupressus sempervirens essential oil (CSEO) as well as their antibacterial mode of action. The volatile components were characterized using gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The results revealed remarkable antibacterial properties of EO derived from C. sempervirens. GC-MS analysis indicated that C. sempervirens EO characterized by δ-3-carene (47.72%), D-limonene (5.44%), β-pinene (4.36%), β-myrcene (4.02%). The oil exhibited significant inhibitory effects against a range of bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 13048, Bacillus cereus (Clinical isolate), Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. These inhibitory effects surpassed those of conventional antibiotics. Furthermore, the EO demonstrated low minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs), indicating its bactericidal nature (MBC/MIC < 4.0). Time-kill kinetics analysis showed that CSEO was particularly effective at 2 × MIC doses, rapidly reduced viable count of B. subtilis and P. aeruginosa within 8 h. This suggests that the oil acts quickly and efficiently. The cell membrane permeability test further demonstrated the impact of CSEO on the relative conductivity of B. subtilis and P. aeruginosa, both at 2 × MIC concentrations. These observations suggest that EO disrupts the bacterial membrane, thereby influencing their growth and viability. Additionally, the cell membrane integrity test indicated that the addition of CSEO to bacterial cultures resulted in the significant release of proteins from the bacterial cells. This suggests that EO affects the structural integrity of the bacterial cells. Furthermore, the anti-biofilm assay confirmed the efficacy of CSEO as a potent anti-biofilm agent. It demonstrated the oil's ability to inhibit quorum sensing, a crucial mechanism for biofilm formation, and its competitive performance compared to the tested antibiotics.
    Matched MeSH terms: Microbial Sensitivity Tests
  18. Wang JL, Lai CC, Ko WC, Hsueh PR
    Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2024 Feb;63(2):107072.
    PMID: 38154661 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2023.107072
    To understand the global changes in non-susceptibility rates of Streptococcus pneumoniae to ceftriaxone, we conducted a study using the Antimicrobial Testing Leadership and Surveillance database. A total of 15,717 S. pneumoniae isolates were collected from 2016 to 2021. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined using broth microdilution. The overall susceptibility rates of S. pneumoniae isolates to penicillin, ceftriaxone and ceftaroline were 63.4%, 94.0% and 99.6%, respectively. The geometric mean of MICs and MIC50/MIC90 values of ceftriaxone were higher in Asia than in other continents. China (33.9%), South Korea (33.8%) and Taiwan (27.6%) had the highest ceftriaxone non-susceptibility rates, followed by Turkey, India, Brazil, Malaysia, South Africa and Colombia, with rates between 10% and 20%. During the study period from 2020 to 2021, Asia had the highest MIC90 value (4 mg/L) for ceftriaxone in S. pneumoniae isolates, and the geometric mean of MICs increased from 0.25 mg/L in 2016-2017 to 0.39 mg/L in 2020-2021. Both Asia (from 83.4% to 75.1%) and Latin America (from 94.2% to 86.3%) showed a decreasing trend in ceftriaxone susceptibility rates from 2016 to 2021. In North America, Europe and Oceania, the susceptibility rate was higher than 95%, and there was no obvious change in the rate during the 6 y. Further analysis of the data from Asia revealed that individuals younger than 6 y of age had a lower susceptibility rate to ceftriaxone (71.6% vs. 81.7%, P < 0.05) than patients ≥6 y. The higher non-susceptibility rates of ceftriaxone in S. pneumoniae in Asia may lead to therapeutic challenges in community-acquired pneumonia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Microbial Sensitivity Tests
  19. Wiart C, Hannah A, Yassim M, Hamimah H, Sulaiman M
    J Ethnopharmacol, 2004 Dec;95(2-3):285-6.
    PMID: 15507350
    The hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol fractions of leaves of Acalypha siamensis Oliv. ex Gage were evaluated for antibacterial and antifungal activity. The antibacterial activity was more pronounced in the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts. No activity was shown against tested moulds.
    Matched MeSH terms: Microbial Sensitivity Tests/statistics & numerical data
  20. Yasin RM, Suan KA, Meng CY
    Sex Transm Dis, 1997 May;24(5):257-60.
    PMID: 9153733
    BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Neisseria gonorrhoeae varies from one country to another and may also change with time. To monitor these variations and changes, it is desirable to have a method that is simple and reproducible. This study was undertaken to determine the in vitro susceptibility of N. gonorrhoeae to azithromycin and to assess the reliability of results obtained using E-test methodology for determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of azithromycin.

    STUDY DESIGN: The MICs for 135 clinical isolates of N. gonorrhoeae were determined by a modified Kirby-Bauer method recommended by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards against penicillin, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, norfloxacin, tetracycline, kanamycin, spectinomycin, and azithromycin. The MIC of azithromycin was determined by both the E-test and agar dilution method. All tests were done simultaneously.

    RESULTS: The MIC of azithromycin to all 135 isolates ranged from 0.078 to 0.25 microgram/ml with the agar dilution method and from 0.016 to 0.50 microgram/ml with the E-test. The MIC50 and MIC90 of azithromycin were 0.064 microgram/ml and 0.125 microgram/ml, respectively, by the agar dilution method, whereas they are slightly higher by the E-test method. Seventy-six of the isolates were beta-lactamase producers and 69 were high-level tetracycline-resistant N. gonorrhoeae. There was no difference in the MIC50 and MIC90 of azithromycin in these groups of isolates. The percentage agreement within the acceptable +/-1 log2 dilution difference between MICs obtained by E-test and those obtained by the agar dilution method was 97.8%.

    CONCLUSIONS: Azithromycin has a very good in vitro antigonococcal activity, and the E-test is a reliable method to determine the MIC of azithromycin against N. gonorrhoeae.

    Matched MeSH terms: Microbial Sensitivity Tests/methods*
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