Displaying publications 21 - 40 of 168 in total

Abstract:
Sort:
  1. Harwant S
    Med J Malaysia, 2004 Dec;59 Suppl F:2.
    PMID: 15941152
    Matched MeSH terms: Prosthesis Design
  2. Afiqah Hamzah N, Razak NAA, Sayuti Ab Karim M, Gholizadeh H
    Proc Inst Mech Eng H, 2021 Dec;235(12):1359-1374.
    PMID: 34304625 DOI: 10.1177/09544119211035200
    The development of the CAD/CAM (Computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing) system has globally changed the fabrication and delivery of prosthetics and orthotics. Furthermore, since the introduction of CAD/CAM in the 1980s, many successful CAD/CAM system are available in the market today. However, less than 20% of amputees have access to digital fabrication technology and large portion of the amputees are from the developing countries. This review designed to examine selected studies from 1980 to 2019 on CAD/CAM systems in the production of transtibial prosthetic sockets. A review was conducted based on articles gathered from Web of Science, Pubmed and Science Direct. From the findings, 92 articles found related to CAD/CAM-derived transtibial prosthetic socket (TPS). After a further screening of the articles, 20 studies were chosen and only one study was done in a developing country. The results showed an increase interest in CAD/CAM application in Transtibial prosthetic socket (TPS) production for both developed and developing countries, yet the technology has not fully utilised in the developing countries. Factors such as resources, accessibility, knowledge-gap and lack of experienced prosthetists remain the major causes of the lack of CAD/CAM system studies. Large-scale trials are required to employ digital fabrication in the developing regions, consequently advancing the production of high-quality CAD-CAM-derived TPS where most prosthetic and orthotics are needed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Prosthesis Design
  3. Nik Zainuddin NAM, Abd Razak NA, Ab Karim MS
    Proc Inst Mech Eng H, 2023 Jun;237(6):741-748.
    PMID: 37131337 DOI: 10.1177/09544119231171787
    Composite materials used in the prosthetic and orthotic fields have helped improve the fabrication of sockets. Laminated sockets proved to be stronger than conventional thermoplastic sockets. The internal surface of a laminated socket plays an important role in patient comfort and is influenced by the material used to fabricate the socket. This study analyzes the internal surface profile of five different materials, that is, Dacron felt, fiberglass, Perlon stockinette, polyester stockinette, and elastic stockinette. All sockets were fabricated using an acrylic resin mix with hardener powder at a ratio of 100:3. The internal surface of the sockets was tested using the Mitutoyo SurfTest SJ-210 series for 20 trials. The overall Ra values were 2.318, 2.380, 2.682, 2.722, and 3.750 µm for fiberglass, polyester, Perlon, elastic stockinette, and Dacron felt. Dacron felt yielded the lowest Ra value, thus, producing the smoothest internal surface but requiring high skill and the correct technique during the fabrication of a laminated socket. Fiberglass is considered the best material for the internal surface despite not producing the lowest value individually but overall is the lowest and most consistent, indicating that it is easy to use to laminate prosthetic sockets.
    Matched MeSH terms: Prosthesis Design
  4. Soliman MM, Islam MT, Chowdhury MEH, Alqahtani A, Musharavati F, Alam T, et al.
    J Mater Chem B, 2023 Nov 15;11(44):10507-10537.
    PMID: 37873807 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01469j
    The UK's National Joint Registry (NJR) and the American Joint Replacement Registry (AJRR) of 2022 revealed that total hip replacement (THR) is the most common orthopaedic joint procedure. The NJR also noted that 10-20% of hip implants require revision within 1 to 10 years. Most of these revisions are a result of aseptic loosening, dislocation, implant wear, implant fracture, and joint incompatibility, which are all caused by implant geometry disparity. The primary purpose of this review article is to analyze and evaluate the mechanics and performance factors of advancement in hip implants with novel geometries. The existing hip implants can be categorized based on two parts: the hip stem and the joint of the implant. Insufficient stress distribution from implants to the femur can cause stress shielding, bone loss, excessive micromotion, and ultimately, implant aseptic loosening due to inflammation. Researchers are designing hip implants with a porous lattice and functionally graded material (FGM) stems, femur resurfacing, short-stem, and collared stems, all aimed at achieving uniform stress distribution and promoting adequate bone remodeling. Designing hip implants with a porous lattice FGM structure requires maintaining stiffness, strength, isotropy, and bone development potential. Mechanical stability is still an issue with hip implants, femur resurfacing, collared stems, and short stems. Hip implants are being developed with a variety of joint geometries to decrease wear, improve an angular range of motion, and strengthen mechanical stability at the joint interface. Dual mobility and reverse femoral head-liner hip implants reduce the hip joint's dislocation limits. In addition, researchers reveal that femoral headliner joints with unidirectional motion have a lower wear rate than traditional ball-and-socket joints. Based on research findings and gaps, a hypothesis is formulated by the authors proposing a hip implant with a collared stem and porous lattice FGM structure to address stress shielding and micromotion issues. A hypothesis is also formulated by the authors suggesting that the utilization of a spiral or gear-shaped thread with a matched contact point at the tapered joint of a hip implant could be a viable option for reducing wear and enhancing stability. The literature analysis underscores substantial research opportunities in developing a hip implant joint that addresses both dislocation and increased wear rates. Finally, this review explores potential solutions to existing obstacles in developing a better hip implant system.
    Matched MeSH terms: Prosthesis Design
  5. Ramlee MH, Ammarullah MI, Mohd Sukri NS, Faidzul Hassan NS, Baharuddin MH, Abdul Kadir MR
    Sci Rep, 2024 Mar 21;14(1):6842.
    PMID: 38514731 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57454-8
    Previous research has primarily focused on pre-processing parameters such as design, material selection, and printing techniques to improve the strength of 3D-printed prosthetic leg sockets. However, these methods fail to address the major challenges that arise post-printing, namely failures at the distal end of the socket and susceptibility to shear failure. Addressing this gap, the study aims to enhance the mechanical properties of 3D-printed prosthetic leg sockets through post-processing techniques. Fifteen PLA + prosthetic leg sockets are fabricated and reinforced with four materials: carbon fiber, carbon-Kevlar fiber, fiberglass, and cement. Mechanical and microstructural properties of the sockets are evaluated through axial compression testing and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results highlight superior attributes of cement-reinforced sockets, exhibiting significantly higher yield strength (up to 89.57% more than counterparts) and higher Young's modulus (up to 76.15% greater). SEM reveals correlations between microstructural properties and socket strength. These findings deepen the comprehension of 3D-printed prosthetic leg socket post-processing, presenting optimization prospects. Future research can focus on refining fabrication techniques, exploring alternative reinforcement materials, and investigating the long-term durability and functionality of post-processed 3D-printed prosthetic leg sockets.
    Matched MeSH terms: Prosthesis Design
  6. Oshkour AA, Talebi H, Shirazi SF, Bayat M, Yau YH, Tarlochan F, et al.
    ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:807621.
    PMID: 25302331 DOI: 10.1155/2014/807621
    This study is focused on finite element analysis of a model comprising femur into which a femoral component of a total hip replacement was implanted. The considered prosthesis is fabricated from a functionally graded material (FGM) comprising a layer of a titanium alloy bonded to a layer of hydroxyapatite. The elastic modulus of the FGM was adjusted in the radial, longitudinal, and longitudinal-radial directions by altering the volume fraction gradient exponent. Four cases were studied, involving two different methods of anchoring the prosthesis to the spongy bone and two cases of applied loading. The results revealed that the FG prostheses provoked more SED to the bone. The FG prostheses carried less stress, while more stress was induced to the bone and cement. Meanwhile, less shear interface stress was stimulated to the prosthesis-bone interface in the noncemented FG prostheses. The cement-bone interface carried more stress compared to the prosthesis-cement interface. Stair climbing induced more harmful effects to the implanted femur components compared to the normal walking by causing more stress. Therefore, stress shielding, developed stresses, and interface stresses in the THR components could be adjusted through the controlling stiffness of the FG prosthesis by managing volume fraction gradient exponent.
    Matched MeSH terms: Prosthesis Design/instrumentation; Prosthesis Design/methods*
  7. Gholizadeh H, Abu Osman NA, Lúvíksdóttir Á, Eshraghi A, Kamyab M, Wan Abas WA
    Prosthet Orthot Int, 2011 Dec;35(4):360-4.
    PMID: 21975850 DOI: 10.1177/0309364611423130
    Good suspension lessens the pistoning (vertical displacement) of the residual limb inside the prosthetic socket. Several methods are used for measuring the pistoning.
    Matched MeSH terms: Prosthesis Design/instrumentation*; Prosthesis Design/methods*
  8. Omar H, Atta O, El-Mowafy O, Khan SA
    J Dent, 2010;38 Suppl 2:e95-9.
    PMID: 20493232 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2010.05.006
    To determine the effect of thickness of porcelain veneers constructed from CAD-CAM on their final color when two resin cements were used.
    Matched MeSH terms: Dental Prosthesis Design/instrumentation*; Dental Prosthesis Design/methods
  9. Abd Razak NA, Abu Osman NA, Gholizadeh H, Ali S
    Biomed Eng Online, 2014;13:134.
    PMID: 25208636 DOI: 10.1186/1475-925X-13-134
    Understanding of kinematics force applied at the elbow is important in many fields, including biomechanics, biomedical engineering and rehabilitation. This paper provides a comparison of a mathematical model of elbow joint using three different types of prosthetics for transhumeral user, and characterizes the forces required to overcome the passive mechanical of the prosthetics at the residual limb.
    Matched MeSH terms: Prosthesis Design/instrumentation*; Prosthesis Design/methods
  10. Khalaf S, Ariffin Z, Husein A, Reza F
    J Prosthodont, 2015 Jul;24(5):419-23.
    PMID: 25219956 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.12213
    PURPOSE: This study aimed to compare the surface roughness of maxillofacial silicone elastomers fabricated in noncoated and coated gypsum materials. This study was also conducted to characterize the silicone elastomer specimens after surfaces were modified.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: A gypsum mold was coated with clear acrylic spray. The coated mold was then used to produce modified silicone experimental specimens (n = 35). The surface roughness of the modified silicone elastomers was compared with that of the control specimens, which were prepared by conventional flasking methods (n = 35). An atomic force microscope (AFM) was used for surface roughness measurement of silicone elastomer (unmodified and modified), and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to evaluate the topographic conditions of coated and noncoated gypsum and silicone elastomer specimens (unmodified and modified) groups. After the gypsum molds were characterized, the fabricated silicone elastomers molded on noncoated and coated gypsum materials were evaluated further. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis of gypsum materials (noncoated and coated) and silicone elastomer specimens (unmodified and modified) was performed to evaluate the elemental changes after coating was conducted. Independent t test was used to analyze the differences in the surface roughness of unmodified and modified silicone at a significance level of p < 0.05.

    RESULTS: Roughness was significantly reduced in the silicone elastomers processed against coated gypsum materials (p < 0.001). The AFM and SEM analysis results showed evident differences in surface smoothness. EDX data further revealed the presence of the desired chemical components on the surface layer of unmodified and modified silicone elastomers.

    CONCLUSIONS: Silicone elastomers with lower surface roughness of maxillofacial prostheses can be obtained simply by coating a gypsum mold.

    Matched MeSH terms: Prosthesis Design
  11. Oshkour AA, Abu Osman NA, Davoodi MM, Yau YH, Tarlochan F, Wan Abas WA, et al.
    Int J Numer Method Biomed Eng, 2013 Dec;29(12):1412-27.
    PMID: 23922316 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.2583
    This study focused on developing a 3D finite element model of functionally graded femoral prostheses to decrease stress shielding and to improve total hip replacement performance. The mechanical properties of the modeled functionally graded femoral prostheses were adjusted in the sagittal and transverse planes by changing the volume fraction gradient exponent. Prostheses with material changes in the sagittal and transverse planes were considered longitudinal and radial prostheses, respectively. The effects of cemented and noncemented implantation methods were also considered in this study. Strain energy and von Mises stresses were determined at the femoral proximal metaphysis and interfaces of the implanted femur components, respectively. Results demonstrated that the strain energy increased proportionally with increasing volume fraction gradient exponent, whereas the interface stresses decreased on the prostheses surfaces. A limited increase was also observed at the surfaces of the bone and cement. The periprosthetic femur with a noncemented prosthesis exhibited higher strain energy than with a cemented prosthesis. Radial prostheses implantation displayed more strain energy than longitudinal prostheses implantation in the femoral proximal part. Functionally graded materials also increased strain energy and exhibited promising potentials as substitutes of conventional materials to decrease stress shielding and to enhance total hip replacement lifespan.
    Matched MeSH terms: Prosthesis Design
  12. Kamath SU, Agarwal S, Austine J
    Malays Orthop J, 2020 Nov;14(3):143-150.
    PMID: 33403075 DOI: 10.5704/MOJ.2011.022
    Introduction: With a higher proportion of young individuals undergoing uncemented hip arthroplasty, a close match in the dimension of the proximal femur and the implanted prosthesis is paramount. This is a study to gain insight into geographical variation in proximal femur morphology to determine the reference values to design uncemented femoral stems for a south Indian population, and also the effect of ageing and gender on the proximal femur morphology.

    Materials and Methods: The study comprised of two groups. For the first group, 50 unpaired dry femur bones were obtained from adult human cadavers; and the second group was a clinical group of 50 adult patients. Standardised radiographic techniques were used to measure the extra-cortical and intra-cortical morphometric parameters. Based on these, dimensionless ratios were calculated to express the shape of the proximal femur. The data were expressed in terms of mean and standard deviation and a comparison made with other studies.

    Results: A significant difference was noted across various population subsets within the Indian subcontinent and also in comparison to the Western population, suggestive of regional variation. The measurements made in cadaveric bone differed significantly from those in live patients, especially the femoral head diameter and extra-cortical and intra-cortical width. Femoral offset, head height and diameter were significantly less in females.

    Conclusion: The south Indian population needs customised implants with an increase in neck shaft angle and a decrease in intra-cortical and extra-cortical width for press fit in hip arthroplasty. The variation between the two sexes must also be accounted for during prosthesis design.

    Matched MeSH terms: Prosthesis Design
  13. Farook TH, Barman A, Abdullah JY, Jamayet NB
    J Prosthodont, 2021 Jun;30(5):420-429.
    PMID: 33200429 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.13286
    PURPOSE: Mesh optimization reduces the texture quality of 3D models in order to reduce storage file size and computational load on a personal computer. This study aims to explore mesh optimization using open source (free) software in the context of prosthodontic application.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: An auricular prosthesis, a complete denture, and anterior and posterior crowns were constructed using conventional methods and laser scanned to create computerized 3D meshes. The meshes were optimized independently by four computer-aided design software (Meshmixer, Meshlab, Blender, and SculptGL) to 100%, 90%, 75%, 50%, and 25% levels of original file size. Upon optimization, the following parameters were virtually evaluated and compared; mesh vertices, file size, mesh surface area (SA), mesh volume (V), interpoint discrepancies (geometric similarity based on virtual point overlapping), and spatial similarity (volumetric similarity based on shape overlapping). The influence of software and optimization on surface area and volume of each prosthesis was evaluated independently using multiple linear regression.

    RESULTS: There were clear observable differences in vertices, file size, surface area, and volume. The choice of software significantly influenced the overall virtual parameters of auricular prosthesis [SA: F(4,15) = 12.93, R2 = 0.67, p < 0.001. V: F(4,15) = 9.33, R2 = 0.64, p < 0.001] and complete denture [SA: F(4,15) = 10.81, R2 = 0.67, p < 0.001. V: F(4,15) = 3.50, R2 = 0.34, p = 0.030] across optimization levels. Interpoint discrepancies were however limited to <0.1mm and volumetric similarity was >97%.

    CONCLUSION: Open-source mesh optimization of smaller dental prostheses in this study produced minimal loss of geometric and volumetric details. SculptGL models were most influenced by the amount of optimization performed.

    Matched MeSH terms: Dental Prosthesis Design
  14. Al-Fakih EA, Abu Osman NA, Mahmad Adikan FR
    Sensors (Basel), 2016 Jul 20;16(7).
    PMID: 27447646 DOI: 10.3390/s16071119
    The distribution of interface stresses between the residual limb and prosthetic socket of a transtibial amputee has been considered as a direct indicator of the socket quality fit and comfort. Therefore, researchers have been very interested in quantifying these interface stresses in order to evaluate the extent of any potential damage caused by the socket to the residual limb tissues. During the past 50 years a variety of measurement techniques have been employed in an effort to identify sites of excessive stresses which may lead to skin breakdown, compare stress distributions in various socket designs, and evaluate interface cushioning and suspension systems, among others. The outcomes of such measurement techniques have contributed to improving the design and fitting of transtibial sockets. This article aims to review the operating principles, advantages, and disadvantages of conventional and emerging techniques used for interface stress measurements inside transtibial sockets. It also reviews and discusses the evolution of different socket concepts and interface stress investigations conducted in the past five decades, providing valuable insights into the latest trends in socket designs and the crucial considerations for effective stress measurement tools that lead to a functional prosthetic socket.
    Matched MeSH terms: Prosthesis Design
  15. Farook TH, Jamayet NB, Abdullah JY, Rajion ZA, Alam MK
    J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2020 Jun;121(3):268-277.
    PMID: 31610244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jormas.2019.10.003
    A systematic review was conducted in early 2019 to evaluate the articles published that dealt with digital workflow, CAD, rapid prototyping and digital image processing in the rehabilitation by maxillofacial prosthetics. The objective of the review was to primarily identify the recorded cases of orofacial rehabilitation made by maxillofacial prosthetics using computer assisted 3D printing. Secondary objectives were to analyze the methods of data acquisition recorded with challenges and limitations documented with various software in the workflow. Articles were searched from Scopus, PubMed and Google Scholar based on the predetermined eligibility criteria. Thirty-nine selected papers from 1992 to 2019 were then read and categorized according to type of prosthesis described in the papers. For nasal prostheses, Common Methods of data acquisition mentioned were computed tomography, photogrammetry and laser scanners. After image processing, computer aided design (CAD) was used to design and merge the prosthesis to the peripheral healthy tissue. Designing and printing the mold was more preferred. Moisture and muscle movement affected the overall fit especially for prostheses directly designed and printed. For auricular prostheses, laser scanning was most preferred. For unilateral defects, CAD was used to mirror the healthy tissue over to the defect side. Authors emphasized on the need of digital library for prostheses selection, especially for bilateral defects. Printing the mold and conventionally creating the prosthesis was most preferred due to issues of proper fit and color matching. Orbital prostheses follow a similar workflow as auricular prosthesis. 3D photogrammetry and laser scans were more preferred and directly printing the prosthesis was favored in various instance. However, ocular prostheses fabrication was recorded to be a challenge due to difficulties in appropriate volume reconstruction and inability to mirror healthy globe. Only successful cases of digitally designed and printed iris were noted.
    Matched MeSH terms: Prosthesis Design
  16. Kassim ZH, Nor Hisham ND, Dardiri NA, Goot Heah K, Hazwani Baharuddin I, De Angelis N
    Minerva Stomatol, 2019 Dec;68(6):291-296.
    PMID: 32052617 DOI: 10.23736/S0026-4970.19.04242-0
    BACKGROUND: The aims of this study were to enumerate the primary implant stability quotient (ISQ) value of self-tapping dual etched implants and to explore the influence of parameters such as implant length, implant diameter, age, gender, implant location and osteotomy preparation on the ISQ value.

    METHODS: Retrospective data from clinical worksheets given to participants during two implant courses held between the periods of 2013 to 2014 were evaluated. A total of 61 implants were considered based on the inclusion criteria. The effects of parameters such as implant diameter, implant length, age, gender, implant location and osteotomy protocol on ISQ values were analyzed.

    RESULTS: Mean ISQ value for all implants was 67.21±9.13. Age of patients (P=0.016) and location of implants (P=0.041) had a significant linear relationship with the ISQ values. Within the age limit of the patients in this study, it was found that an increase in one year of patient's age results in 0.20 decrease in ISQ value (95% CI: -0.36, -0.04). However, placing an implant in the posterior maxilla may negatively affect the ISQ with a likely decrease in primary stability by 6.76 ISQ value (95% CI: -13.22, -0.30).

    CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the mean ISQ achieved by the participants were comparable with the range reported for this particular type of implants. The patient's age and location of implants were elucidated as the determinant factors of primary implant stability.

    Matched MeSH terms: Dental Prosthesis Design
  17. Abdul Wahab AH, Mohamad Azmi NA, Abdul Kadir MR, Md Saad AP
    Int J Artif Organs, 2022 Feb;45(2):200-206.
    PMID: 33645338 DOI: 10.1177/0391398821999391
    Glenoid conformity is one of the important aspects that could contribute to implant stability. However, the optimal conformity is still being debated among the researchers. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the stress distribution of the implant and cement in three types of conformity (conform, non-conform, and hybrid) in three load conditions (central, anterior, and posterior). Glenoid implant and cement were reconstructed using Solidwork software and a 3D model of scapula bone was done using MIMICS software. Constant load, 750 N, was applied at the central, anterior, and posterior region of the glenoid implant which represents average load for daily living activities for elder people, including, walking with a stick and standing up from a chair. The results showed that, during center load, an implant with dual conformity (hybrid) showed the best (Max Stress-3.93 MPa) and well-distributed stress as compared to other conformity (Non-conform-7.21 MPa, Conform-9.38 MPa). While, during eccentric load (anterior and posterior), high stress was located at the anterior and posterior region with respect to the load applied. Cement stress for non-conform and hybrid implant recorded less than 5 MPa, which indicates it had a very low risk to have cement microcracks, whilst, conform implant was exposed to microcrack of the cement. In conclusion, hybrid conformity showed a promising result that could compromise between conform and non-conform implant. However, further enhancement is required for hybrid implants when dealing with eccentric load (anterior and posterior).
    Matched MeSH terms: Prosthesis Design
  18. Pirouzi G, Abu Osman NA, Ali S, Davoodi Makinejad M
    Proc Inst Mech Eng H, 2017 Dec;231(12):1127-1132.
    PMID: 28985696 DOI: 10.1177/0954411917735082
    Prosthetic alignment is an essential process to rehabilitate patients with amputations. This study presents, for the first time, an invented device to read and record prosthesis alignment data. The digital device consists of seven main parts: the trigger, internal shaft, shell, sensor adjustment button, digital display, sliding shell, and tip. The alignment data were read and recorded by the user or a computer to replicate prosthesis adjustment for future use or examine the sequence of changes in alignment and its effect on the posture of the patient. Alignment data were recorded at the anterior/posterior and medial/lateral positions for five patients. Results show the high level of confidence to record alignment data and replicate adjustments. Therefore, the device helps patients readjust their prosthesis by themselves, or prosthetists to perform adjustment for patients and analyze the effects of malalignment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Prosthesis Design
  19. Kaur K
    BMJ Case Rep, 2023 Feb 14;16(2).
    PMID: 36787931 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2022-251154
    Long-term prognosis of complicated traumatic injuries depends on precise treatment planning. Establishing a balance between a patient's age, prognosis, financial hurdles, and treatment needs is challenging. This case highlights the need for meticulous and realistic treatment planning to achieve long-term favourable outcomes in traumatic injuries in young adults.A young child sustained a traumatic injury that caused avulsion of #21 and intrusion along with palatal luxation of #11. The child reported to the dental clinic with intraoral swelling and pain a week after the injury. Socket preservation was done so that uniform bone contour could be achieved for implant placement at a later stage. We modified a 'Hollywood appliance' as an interim prosthesis to ensure that the ridge was not immediately loaded where socket preservation was done.After a follow-up of 3 years, there is significant bone deposition and the child is satisfied with aesthetics.
    Matched MeSH terms: Prosthesis Design
  20. Patil PG, Lim HF
    J Prosthet Dent, 2023 Jul;130(1):14-18.
    PMID: 34774303 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2021.08.005
    Fabricating a new crown to retrofit with an existing removable partial denture (RPD) is a complex procedure for both clinician and dental laboratory technician. The presented technique facilitates the fabrication and retrofitting of a metal-ceramic crown onto the principal abutment of the existing RPD by using 2-step intraoral scanning (with and without the RPD in place) and 2 different 3-dimensionally printed casts. The technique enables the dental laboratory technician to precisely reproduce the retentive areas, guiding planes, and rest seats on the retrofitted crown.
    Matched MeSH terms: Dental Prosthesis Design
Filters
Contact Us

Please provide feedback to Administrator (afdal@afpm.org.my)

External Links