Displaying publications 21 - 40 of 72 in total

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  1. Lakshmanan H, Raman J, David P, Wong KH, Naidu M, Sabaratnam V
    J Ethnopharmacol, 2016 Dec 24;194:1051-1059.
    PMID: 27816657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.10.084
    ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Hericium erinaceus is a culinary-medicinal mushroom and has a long history of usage in traditional Chinese medicine as a tonic for stomach disorders, ulcers and gastrointestinal ailments.

    AIM OF THE STUDY: The present investigation was aimed to evaluate the potential toxic effects of the aqueous extract from the fruiting bodies of H. erinaceus in rats by a sub-chronic oral toxicity study.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this sub-chronic toxicity study, rats were orally administered with the aqueous extract of H. erinaceus (HEAE) at doses of 250, 500 and 1000mg/kg body weight (b.w.) for 90 days. Body weights were recorded on a weekly basis and general behavioural changes were observed. The blood samples were subjected to haematological, biochemical, serum electrolyte, and antioxidant enzyme estimations. The rats were sacrificed and organs were processed and examined for histopathological changes.

    RESULTS: No mortality or morbidity was observed in all the treated and control rats. The results showed that the oral administration of HEAE daily at three different doses for 90 days had no adverse effect on the general behaviour, body weight, haematology, clinical biochemistry, and relative organ weights. Histopathological examination at the end of the study showed normal architecture except for few non-treatment related histopathological changes observed in liver, heart and spleen.

    CONCLUSION: The results of this sub-chronic toxicity study provides evidence that oral administration of HEAE is safe up to 1000mg/kg and H. erinaceus consumption is relatively non-toxic.

    Matched MeSH terms: Toxicity Tests, Acute/methods
  2. Khoo LW, Foong Kow AS, Maulidiani M, Lee MT, Tan CP, Shaari K, et al.
    Molecules, 2018 Aug 29;23(9).
    PMID: 30158427 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092172
    The present study aims for the first time to provide the in vivo acute toxicological profile of the highest dose of Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau water leaf extract according to the Organization for economic co-operation and development (OECD) 423 guidelines through conventional toxicity and advanced proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) serum and urinary metabolomics evaluation methods. A single dose of 5000 mg/kg bw of C. nutans water extract was administered to Sprague Dawley rats, and they were observed for 14 days. Conventional toxicity evaluation methods (physical observation, body and organ weight, food and water consumption, hematology, biochemical testing and histopathological analysis) suggested no abnormal toxicity signs. Serum ¹H-NMR metabolome revealed no significant metabolic difference between untreated and treated groups. Urinary ¹H-NMR analysis, on the other hand, revealed alteration in carbohydrate metabolism, energy metabolism and amino acid metabolism in extract-treated rats after 2 h of extract administration, but the metabolic expression collected after 24 h and at Day 5, Day 10 and Day 15 indicated that the extract-treated rats did not accumulate any toxicity biomarkers. Importantly, the outcomes further suggest that single oral administration of up to 5000 mg/kg bw of C. nutans water leaf extract is safe for consumption.
    Matched MeSH terms: Toxicity Tests, Acute/methods*
  3. Fakhlaei R, Selamat J, Razis AFA, Sukor R, Ahmad S, Amani Babadi A, et al.
    Molecules, 2021 Oct 15;26(20).
    PMID: 34684803 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206222
    Honey is prone to be adulterated through mixing with sugars, cheap and low-quality honey, and other adulterants. Consumption of adulterated honey may cause several health issues such as weight gain, diabetes, and liver and kidney dysfunction. Therefore, studying the impact of consumption of adulterated honey on consumers is critical since there is a lack of study in this field. Hence, the aims of this paper were: (1) to determine the lethal concentration (LC50) of adulterated honey using zebrafish embryo, (2) to elucidate toxicology of selected adulterated honey based on lethal dose (LD50) using adult zebrafish, (3) to determine the effects of adulterated honey on histological changes of zebrafish, and (4) to screen the metabolites profile of adulterated honey by using zebrafish blood serum. The LC50 of Heterotrigona itama honey (acacia honey) and its sugar adulterants (light corn sugar, cane sugar, inverted sugar, and palm sugar in the proportion of 1-3% (w/w) from the total volume) was determined by the toxicological assessment of honey samples on zebrafish embryos (different exposure concentrations in 24, 48, 72, and 96 h postfertilization (hpf)). Pure H. itama honey represents the LC50 of 34.40 ± 1.84 (mg/mL) at 96 hpf, while the inverted sugar represents the lowest LC50 (5.03 ± 0.92 mg/mL) among sugar adulterants. The highest concentration (3%) of sugar adulterants were used to study the toxicology of adulterated honey using adult zebrafish in terms of acute, prolong-acute, and sub-acute tests. The results of the LD50 from the sub-acute toxicity test of pure H. itama honey was 2.33 ± 0.24 (mg/mL). The histological studies of internal organs showed a lesion in the liver, kidney, and spleen of adulterated treated-honey groups compared to the control group. Furthermore, the LC-MS/MS results revealed three endogenous metabolites in both the pure and adulterated honey treated groups, as follows: (1) S-Cysteinosuccinic acid, (2) 2,3-Diphosphoglyceric acid, and (3) Cysteinyl-Tyrosine. The results of this study demonstrated that adulterated honey caused mortality, which contributes to higher toxicity, and also suggested that the zebrafish toxicity test could be a standard method for assessing the potential toxicity of other hazardous food additives. The information gained from this research will permit an evaluation of the potential risk associated with the consumption of adulterated compared to pure honey.
    Matched MeSH terms: Toxicity Tests, Acute/methods
  4. Suely A, Zabed H, Ahmed AB, Mohamad J, Nasiruddin M, Sahu JN, et al.
    Fish Physiol Biochem, 2016 Apr;42(2):431-44.
    PMID: 26501361 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-015-0149-3
    Increasing demand for eco-friendly botanical piscicides and pesticides as replacements for harmful synthetic chemicals has led to investigation of new sources of plant materials. Stem bark of Terminalia arjuna, which has been used as a popular folk medicine since ancient time, was examined for its piscicidal activity. This study aims to determine toxicity of ethanol extract of T. arjuna bark on fresh water stinging catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis), along with evaluation of changes in hematological parameters of the fishes exposed to a lethal concentration. The percent mortality of fishes varied significantly in response to concentrations of the extract and exposure times (between exposure time F = 36.57, p < 0.001; between concentrations F = 39.93, p < 0.001). The lethal concentrations (LC50) of ethanol extract were found to be 12.7, 8.94, 5.63 and 4.71 mg/l for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h, respectively. During acute toxicity test, blood samples of treatment fishes showed significant decreases in the red blood cells count, hematocrit content, hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and plasma protein level when compared to those of the control group, while there were significant increases in the mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, white blood cells count and plasma glucose concentration. These results suggest that T. arjuna bark extract could be considered as a potent piscicide due to its toxic effect on fish, particularly fish hematology.
    Matched MeSH terms: Toxicity Tests, Acute
  5. Moorthy M, Khoo JJ, Palanisamy UD
    Heliyon, 2019 Aug;5(8):e02333.
    PMID: 31508523 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02333
    Despite the lack of its toxicity evaluation, traditional herbal products are being widely used for various health indications. Geraniin, an ellagitannin, is a bioactive compound found in many traditional herbal medicines. In spite its numerous health benefits ranging from anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperglycaemic, hepatoprotective, anti-cancer and anti-microbial, no toxicity data on geraniin is available. The objective of this study is to evaluate the acute oral toxicity of geraniin and an enriched geraniin-extract of Nephelium lappaceum L rind. This study followed the guidelines of the OECD 423 acute oral toxicity test. Subsequent to a single oral administration of the test compounds, the rats were observed for 14 days for signs of toxicity and mortality. Following euthanasia, full blood count, biochemistry of blood and histopathology assessment of organs were carried out. All parameters analysed indicated insignificant difference compared to control. The LD50 cut-off values for both geraniin and geraniin-enriched extract was established to be 2000 mg/kg b. w., following a single oral dose. It was however observed that the hepatocytes of three geraniin-administered rats exhibited a 'foamy appearance'. As such, the no-observed-adverse-effect level of geraniin is below 2000 mg/kg, while that of geraniin-enriched extract is up to 2000 mg/kg. Further detailed toxicity studies are required to establish geraniin or its enriched extract from Nephelium lappaceum L rind safe for human consumption.
    Matched MeSH terms: Toxicity Tests, Acute
  6. Xian TH, Parasuraman S, Sinniah K, Ravichandran M, Prabhakaran G
    Vaccine, 2019 01 29;37(5):711-720.
    PMID: 30630696 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.12.027
    The repeated dose toxicity of a prototype cold chain-free, live, attenuated oral cholera vaccine containing 5 × 106 CFU/mL of the VCUSM14P strain was evaluated in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (single dose administered daily for 30 days) to ascertain its safety for clinical use. Repeated dose toxicity studies for cholera vaccines in the literature have administered 2 or 3 fixed doses at 7, 14, 21 or 69 day intervals. The present study reports an evaluation of 30 repeated doses of cholera vaccine administered at three different concentrations (Group II (1.25 × 106 CFU), Group III (2.5 × 106 CFU) and Group IV (5 × 106 CFU)) in SD rats. The liquid vaccine was administered orally to the rats with the respective dose every day, and normal saline was administered to the control group (Group I). No significant difference (P > 0.05) was observed in the body weights and biochemical parameters of the rats after 15 and 30 repeated doses compared to those of the control group. However, compared to those of Group I, a significant increase (P 
    Matched MeSH terms: Toxicity Tests, Acute
  7. Aslam A, Nokhala A, Peerzada S, Ahmed S, Khan T, Siddiqui MJ
    J Pharm Bioallied Sci, 2020 Nov;12(Suppl 2):S777-S780.
    PMID: 33828377 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_243_19
    Aims and Objectives: The present study was aimed to evaluate the antiinflammatory effect of different seed extracts of Trachyspermum ammi at different doses.

    Materials and Methods: Three different seed extracts were prepared through Soxhlet extraction method by using n-hexane, chloroform and methanol solvents. Acute toxicity test performed at dose of 400 mg/ kg, 800 mg/kg, 1600 mg/kg and 3200 mg/kg. Two different strengths of seed extracts (minimum therapeutic dose of 500 mg/kg and maximum therapeutic dose of 1000 mg/kg) were given to Wistar rats to measure anti-inflammatory activity through Carrageenan induced paw edema method.

    Results: The standard drug diclofenac sodium was (percentage of inhibition of paw edema 29.68%) more effective as compared to test drug. When efficacy of all extracts compared with each other, n-hexane extract showed more anti-inflammatory effect (percentage inhibition of paw edema 22.21%) at maximum effective dose 1000 mg/kg.

    Conclusion: Seed extracts of T. ammi showed anti-inflammatory activity by potentiating the neurotransmission of GABA and also by repression glutamate receptor.

    Matched MeSH terms: Toxicity Tests, Acute
  8. Baharuddin SH, Mustahil NA, Reddy AVB, Abdullah AA, Mutalib MIA, Moniruzzaman M
    Chemosphere, 2020 Jun;249:126125.
    PMID: 32058133 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126125
    The application of chemical dispersants in marine oil spill remediation is comprehensively reported across the globe. But, the augmented toxicity and poor biodegradability of reported chemical dispersants have created necessity for their replacement with the bio-based green dispersants. Therefore, in the present study, we have synthesized five ionic liquids (ILs) namely 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium lauroylsarcosinate, 1,1'-(1,4-butanediyl)bis(1-H-pyrrolidinium) dodecylbenzenesulfonate, tetrabutylammonium citrate, tetrabutylammonium polyphosphate and tetrabutylammonium ethoxylate oleyl ether glycolate, and formulated a water based ILs dispersant combining the synthesized ILs at specified compositions. The effectiveness of formulated ILs dispersant was found between 70.75% and 94.71% for the dispersion of various crude oils ranging from light to heavy. Further, the acute toxicity tests against zebra fish and grouper fish have revealed the practically non-toxic behaviour of formulated ILs dispersant with LC50 value greater than 100 ppm after 96 h. In addition, the formulated ILs dispersant has provided excellent biodegradability throughout the test period. Overall, the formulated new ILs dispersant is deemed to facilitate environmentally benign oil spill remediation and could effectively substitute the use of hazardous chemical dispersants in immediate future.
    Matched MeSH terms: Toxicity Tests, Acute
  9. Yusof HM, Ali NM, Yeap SK, Ho WY, Beh BK, Koh SP, et al.
    BMC Complement Altern Med, 2019 Dec 19;19(1):373.
    PMID: 31856816 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2791-2
    BACKGROUND: Tempeh is a widely known fermented soybean that contains elevated level of bioactive contents. Our previous study has shown that anaerobic fermented Nutrient Enriched Soybean Tempeh (NESTE) with increase amino acid and antioxidant levels possessed better hepatoprotective effect than raw soybean.

    METHODS: In this study, the anti-inflammatory effect of the NESTE aqueous extract and raw soybean aqueous extract (SBE) were evaluated by quantifying the inhibition of IL-1β, TNF-α and nitric oxide (NO) secretion in LPS treated RAW 264.7 cell in vitro. On the other hand, in vivo oral acute toxicity effect of the extract was tested on mice at the dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight. In vivo oral analgesic effect of both aqueous extracts at 200 and 1000 mg/kg body weight was evaluated by the hot plate test.

    RESULTS: In the in vitro anti-inflammatory study, 5 mg/mL NESTE was able to inhibit 25.50 ± 2.20%, 35.88 ± 3.20% and 28.50 ± 3.50% of NO, IL-1β and TNF-α production in LPS treated RAW 264.7 cells without inducing cytotoxic effect on the cells. However, this effect was lower than 4 μg/mL of curcumin, which inhibited NO, IL-1β and TNF-α production by 89.50 ± 5.00%, 78.80 ± 6.20% and 87.30 ± 4.00%, respectively. In addition, 1.5 to 2.5-fold increase of latency period up to 120 min for mice in the hot plate test was achieved by 1000 mg/kg NESTE. The analgesic effect of NESTE was better than 400 mg/kg of acetyl salicylic acid, which only increased ~ 1.7-fold of latency period up to 90 min. Moreover, NESTE did not show acute toxicity (no LD50) up to 5000 mg/kg body weight.

    CONCLUSION: NESTE is a nutritious food ingredient with potential anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects.

    Matched MeSH terms: Toxicity Tests, Acute
  10. Siddiqui MJ, Aslam A, Khan T
    J Pharm Bioallied Sci, 2019 3 25;11(1):43-48.
    PMID: 30906139 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_174_18
    Objective: The aim and objective of this study was to find the immunostimulant and immunomodulatory effect of T. ammi seed extracts.

    Methods: Seeds of T. ammi were extracted using three different solvents n-hexane, chloroform, and methanol by using soxhlet apparatus. To assess the immunomodulatory effect, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) assay method was used and by the DTH assay, the effect of T. ammi on the skin thickness of rats was estimated. To find the exact dose for administration, acute toxicity test was performed using crude methanolic extract at a dose of 400, 800, 1600, and 3200mg/kg. After acute toxicity test, 500mg/kg dose was determined as safe for therapeutic effect and immunomodulatory effect was evaluated at this dose. Dose of 500mg/kg was administered to Wistar rats daily for 14 days and skin thickness of rats was measured at 24, 48, and 72h.

    Results: Results were obtained from six groups of rats, which were positive control group, negative control group, and the groups receiving the test drugs. Standard drug was the combination of sodium selenite, vitamin E, and sodium chloride and it showed more positive results as compared to that of test drug. Furthermore, among the three extracts, methanol extract showed more effectiveness on skin thickness.

    Conclusion: There was a meaningful difference was observed between the skin thickness of rats which shows that T. ammi have good immunomodulatory as well as immunostimulant activity.

    Matched MeSH terms: Toxicity Tests, Acute
  11. Alasil SM, Omar R, Ismail S, Yusof MY
    Int J Microbiol, 2014;2014:649420.
    PMID: 24790603 DOI: 10.1155/2014/649420
    The effectiveness of many antimicrobial agents is currently decreasing; therefore, it is important to search for alternative therapeutics. Our study was carried out to assess the in vitro antibiofilm activity using microtiter plate assay, to characterize the bioactive compounds using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detection and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and to test the oral acute toxicity on Sprague Dawley rats of extract derived from a novel bacterial species of Paenibacillus strain 139SI. Our results indicate that the crude extract and its three identified compounds exhibit strong antibiofilm activity against a broad range of clinically important pathogens. Three potential compounds were identified including an amino acid antibiotic C8H20N3O4P (MW 253.237), phospholipase A2 inhibitor C21H36O5 (MW 368.512), and an antibacterial agent C14H11N3O2 (MW 253.260). The acute toxicity test indicates that the mortality rate among all rats was low and that the biochemical parameters, hematological profile, and histopathology examination of liver and kidneys showed no significant differences between experimental groups (P > 0.05). Overall, our findings suggest that the extract and its purified compounds derived from novel Paenibacillus sp. are nontoxic exhibiting strong antibiofilm activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens that can be useful towards new therapeutic management of biofilm-associated infections.
    Matched MeSH terms: Toxicity Tests, Acute
  12. Salama SM, Bilgen M, Al Rashdi AS, Abdulla MA
    PMID: 22988470 DOI: 10.1155/2012/137083
    Background. Experimental research in hepatology has focused on developing traditional medicines into potential pharmacological solutions aimed at protecting liver from cirrhosis. Along the same line, this study investigated the effects of ethanol-based extract from a traditional medicine plant Boesenbergia rotunda (BR) on liver cirrhosis. Methodology/Results. The BR extract was tested for toxicity on 3 groups of rats subjected to vehicle (10% Tween 20, 5 mL/kg) and 2g/kg and 5g/kg doses of the extract, respectively. Next, experiments were conducted on a rat model of cirrhosis induced by thioacetamide injection. The rats were divided into five groups and, respectively, administered orally with 10% Tween-20 (5 mL/kg) (normal control group), 10% Tween-20 (5 mL/kg) (cirrhosis control group), 50 mg/kg of silymarin (reference control group), and 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg of BR extract (experimental groups) daily for 8 weeks. The rats in normal group were intraperitoneally injected with sterile distilled water (1 mL/kg) 3 times/week, and those in the remaining groups were injected intraperitoneally with thioacetamide (200 mg/kg) thrice weekly. At the end of the 8 weeks, the animals were sacrificed and samples were collected for comprehensive histopathological, coagulation profile and biochemical evaluations. Also, the antioxidant activity of the BR extract was determined and compared with that of silymarin. Data from the acute toxicity tests showed that the extract was safe to use. Histological analysis of the livers of the rats in cirrhosis control group revealed uniform coarse granules on their surfaces, hepatocytic necrosis, and lymphocytes infiltration. But, the surfaces morphologically looked much smoother and the cell damage was much lesser in those livers from the normal control, silymarin and BR-treated groups. In the high-dose BR treatment group, the livers of the rats exhibited nearly normal looking lobular architecture, minimal inflammation, and minimal hepatocyte damage, the levels of the serum biomarkers and liver enzymes read nearly normal, and these results were all comparable to those observed or quantified from the normal and silymarin-treated groups. The BR extract had the antioxidant activity about half of what was recorded for silymarin. Conclusion. The progression of the liver cirrhosis can be intervened using the ethanol-based BR extract, and the liver's status quo of property, structure, and function can be preserved. This capability of the extract warrants further studies exploring the significance of its pharmacologic potential in successfully treating the liver cirrhosis in humans.
    Matched MeSH terms: Toxicity Tests, Acute
  13. Golbabapour S, Hajrezaie M, Hassandarvish P, Abdul Majid N, Hadi AH, Nordin N, et al.
    Biomed Res Int, 2013;2013:974185.
    PMID: 23781513 DOI: 10.1155/2013/974185
    The investigation was to evaluate gastroprotective effects of ethanolic extract of M. pruriens leaves on ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injuries in rats. Forty-eight rats were divided into 8 groups: negative control, extract control, ulcer control, reference control, and four experimental groups. As a pretreatment, the negative control and the ulcer control groups were orally administered carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). The reference control was administered omeprazole orally (20 mg/kg). The ethanolic extract of M. pruriens leaves was given orally to the extract control group (500 mg/kg) and the experimental groups (62.5, 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg). After 1 h, CMC was given orally to the negative and the extract control groups. The other groups received absolute ethanol. The rats were sacrificed after 1 h. The ulcer control group exhibited significant mucosal injuries with decreased gastric wall mucus and severe damage to the gastric mucosa. The extract caused upregulation of Hsp70 protein, downregulation of Bax protein, and intense periodic acid schiff uptake of glandular portion of stomach. Gastric mucosal homogenate showed significant antioxidant properties with increase in synthesis of PGE2, while MDA was significantly decreased. The ethanolic extract of M. pruriens leaves was nontoxic (<5 g/kg) and could enhance defensive mechanisms against hemorrhagic mucosal lesions.
    Matched MeSH terms: Toxicity Tests, Acute*
  14. Hor SY, Ahmad M, Farsi E, Lim CP, Asmawi MZ, Yam MF
    J Ethnopharmacol, 2011 Oct 11;137(3):1067-76.
    PMID: 21767625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.07.007
    Coriolus versicolor, which is known as Yun Zhi, is one of the commonly used Chinese medicinal herbs. Recent studies have demonstrated its antitumor activities on cancer cells which led to its widespread use in cancer patient. However, little toxicological information is available regarding its safety. The present study evaluated the potential toxicity of Coriolus versicolor standardized water extract after acute and subchronic administration in rats.
    Matched MeSH terms: Toxicity Tests, Acute*
  15. Subramaniyan V, Shaik S, Bag A, Manavalan G, Chandiran S
    Pak J Pharm Sci, 2018 Mar;31(2):509-516.
    PMID: 29618442
    To determine the ameliorative potential of the active fraction from different extracts of Rumex vesicarius against potassium dichromate and gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in experimental rats and its possible mechanism of action. Both sex wistar rats were divided into 6 groups (n=6/group) were fed with a control, potassium dichromate and gentamicin supplemented with different extracts at the doses of 200 and 400mg/kg respectively. Oral administration of EERV offered a significant (p<0.01 and p<0.001) dose dependent protection against PD and GN induced nephrotoxicity. Potassium dichromate and gentamicin nephrotoxicity assessed in terms of body weight, kidney weight, creatinine, urea, uric acid, BUN, albumin and total protein. Thus the present study revealed that EERV phytochemical constituents play an important role in protection against kidney damage.
    Matched MeSH terms: Toxicity Tests, Acute/methods
  16. Rahman HS, Rasedee A, Othman HH, Chartrand MS, Namvar F, Yeap SK, et al.
    Biomed Res Int, 2014;2014:563930.
    PMID: 25276798 DOI: 10.1155/2014/563930
    Zerumbone- (ZER-) loaded nanostructure lipid carrier (NLC) (ZER-NLC) prepared for its antileukemia effect in vitro was evaluated for its toxicological effects by observing changes in the liver, kidney, spleen, lung, heart, and brain tissues, serum biochemical parameters, total haemogram, and bone marrow stem cells. The acute toxicity study for ZER-NLC was conducted by orally treating BALB/c mice with a single dose with either water, olive oil, ZER, NLC, or ZER-NLC for 14 days. The animals were observed for clinical and behavioral abnormalities, toxicological symptoms, feed consumption, and gross appearance. The liver, kidney, heart, lung, spleen, and brain tissues were assessed histologically. Total haemogram was counted by hemocytometry and microhematocrit reader. Bone marrow examination in terms of cellular morphology was done by Wright staining with bone marrow smear. Furthermore, serum biochemical parameters were determined spectrophotometrically. Grossly all treated mice, their investigated tissues, serum biochemical parameters, total haemogram, and bone marrow were normal. At oral doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg ZER-NLC there was no sign of toxicity or mortality in BALB/c mice. This study suggests that the 50% lethal dose (LD50) of ZER-NLC is higher than 200 mg/kg, thus, safe by oral administration.
    Matched MeSH terms: Toxicity Tests, Acute
  17. Rouhollahi E, Moghadamtousi SZ, Hamdi OA, Fadaeinasab M, Hajrezaie M, Awang K, et al.
    PMID: 25283308 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-378
    Curcuma purpurascens BI. is a medicinal plant from the Zingiberaceae family, which is widely used as a spice and as folk medicine. The aim of the present study is to investigate the gastroprotective activity of C. purpurascens rhizome hexane extract (CPRHE) against ethanol- induced gastric ulcers in rats.
    Matched MeSH terms: Toxicity Tests, Acute
  18. Abdul-Wahab IR, Guilhon CC, Fernandes PD, Boylan F
    J Ethnopharmacol, 2012 Dec 18;144(3):741-6.
    PMID: 23099251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.10.029
    Local communities in Malaysia consume Pereskia bleo Kunth. (Cactaceae) leaves as raw vegetables or as a concoction and drink as a tea to treat diabetes, hypertension, rheumatism, cancer-related diseases, inflammation, gastric pain, ulcers, and for revitalizing the body.
    Matched MeSH terms: Toxicity Tests, Acute
  19. Jothy SL, Zakaria Z, Chen Y, Lau YL, Latha LY, Sasidharan S
    Molecules, 2011 Jun 23;16(6):5268-82.
    PMID: 21701437 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16065268
    BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Cassia fistula is widely used in traditional medicine to treat various types of ailments. The evaluation of toxic properties of C. fistula is crucial when considering public health protection because exposure to plant extracts can result in undesirable effects on consumers. Hence, in this study the acute oral toxicity of C. fistula seeds extract was investigated in mice.

    RESULTS: Oral administration of crude extract at the highest dose of 5000 mg/kg resulted in no mortalities or evidence of adverse effects, implying that C. fistula in nontoxic. Throughout 14 days of the treatment no changes in behavioural pattern, clinical sign and body weight of mice in both control and treatment groups. Also there were no any significant elevations observed in the biochemical analysis of the blood serum. Further, histopathological examination revealed normal architecture and no significant adverse effects observed on the kidney, heart, liver, lung and spleen.

    CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the results suggest that, the oral administration of C. fistula methanolic seeds extract did not produce any significant toxic effect in mice. Hence, the extract can be utilized for pharmaceutical formulations.

    Matched MeSH terms: Toxicity Tests, Acute
  20. Ilyanie Y, Wong TW, Choo CY
    PMID: 22754938 DOI: 10.2202/1553-3840.1469
    Ficus deltoidea Jack (Moraceae) leaf extract is used as an antidiabetic in traditional medicine. Its widespread usage is reflected by the available preparations in the present commercial market. The efficacy of other Ficus species has not been entirely satisfactory and many antidiabetic herbs have demonstrated poor safety profiles. This study examined hypoglycemic and toxicity profiles of F. deltoidea leaf extract in rodent models. Extracts of dried powdered leaves were obtained using methanol solution, n-hexane, chloroform, and n-butanol. These extracts were orally administered to rodents. Their blood glucose and insulin levels, acute and subchronic toxicity, biochemical and histological profiles of liver and kidney were determined. Methanol extract exhibited blood glucose lowering activity in mildly insulin resistant diabetic rats as well as in normoglycemic mice unlike hydrophilic butanol subextract which only expressed its activity in normoglycemic mice. Methanol extract could contain both insulin receptor sensitization and secretagogue constituents. Different from toxic chloroform and hexane subextracts, hydrophilic methanol extract gave zero percent mortality up to 6400 mg/kg in 14 days. It did not induce liver and kidney toxicity upon four-week consumption at 200 mg/kg. The methanol extract possessed mixed antidiabetic actions and exhibited a low level of oral toxicity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Toxicity Tests, Acute
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