METHODS: This research was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. The databases that had been searched included Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library and Ovid from 2017 to 2022. Study characteristics were retrieved and study outcomes such as adherence status and diabetes control were extracted and quantitatively analysed through meta-analysis.

RESULTS: Eight studies met the final inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis, contributing to a total of 884 subjects. The methodological quality of the included studies was variable. Three studies reported statistically significant improvement in medication adherence through mobile apps intervention. Additionally, the mobile apps intervention proved effective in reducing glycaemic outcomes. As compared to non-mobile apps users, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) significantly decreased by 0.36% (95% CI -0.47% to -0.25%), whereas fasting plasma glucose (FPG) significantly decreased by 16.75 mg/dL (95% CI -17.60 mg/dL to -15.80 mg/dL).

METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted over six months on T2DM patients at a National University Hospital, Malaysia. Since Malaysia is a multiethnic country with majority Malay-speaking and English widely used, the Malay and English versions of the revised version Diabetes Quality of life (DQoL) questionnaire was used to measure HRQoL. Multiple Linear Regression was applied to estimate association of individual DQoL domains with T2DM-related complications, sociodemographic and clinical characteristics.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This mixed-method project has two phases. In phase 1, we will identify a list of patient-reported and clinical outcomes through qualitative research and systematic reviews. In phase 2, we will categorise the identified outcomes using the Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials taxonomy of core domains and the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. We will develop questionnaires from the list of outcomes identified from each domain for the two-round online Delphi exercise, aiming to reach a consensus on the COS. The Delphi process will include patients, carers, researchers and healthcare participants. We will hold an online consensus meeting involving representatives of all key stakeholders to establish the final COS.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The study has been reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee for Research Involving Human Subjects, Universiti Putra Malaysia and the Research Ethics Committee, National University of Malaysia. This proposed COS in TD will improve the value of data, facilitate high-quality evidence synthesis and evidence-based decision-making. Furthermore, we will present the results to participants, in peer-reviewed academic journals and conferences.

METHOD: A systematic search was conducted in MEDLINE, SCOPUS, WEB OF SCIENCE. (Jan 2000 to April 2022). Included studies for HSUV estimates were from outpatient setting, regardless of treatment types, complication stages, regions and HRQoL instruments. Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) outcomes was to be presented as HSUV decrement values, adjusted according to social demographics and comorbidities. Adjusted HSUV decrements were extracted and compiled according to individual complications. After which, subsequently grouped into mild or severe category for comparison.

RESULTS: Searches identified 35 studies. The size of the study population ranged from 160 to 14,826. The HSUV decrement range was widest for cerebrovascular disease (stroke): -0.0060 to -0.0780 for mild stroke and -0.035 to -0.266 for severe stroke; retinopathy: mild (-0.005 to -0.0862), moderate (-0.0030 to -0.1845) and severe retinopathy (-0.023 to -0.2434); amputation: (-0.1050 to -0.2880). Different nature of complication severity defined in studies could be categorized into: those with acute nature, chronic with lasting effects, those with symptoms at early stage or those with repetitive frequency or episodes.

METHODS: A cross-sectional study involving patients with coronavirus disease 2019 self-perceived as asymptomatic was conducted. Assessments included the subjective Malaysian Smell and Taste Questionnaire and the culturally adapted Malaysian version of the objective Sniffin' Sticks Identification smell test.

RESULTS: In 81 participants (mean age of 31.59 ± 12.04 years), with mean time from diagnosis to smell test of 7.47 ± 3.79 days, subjective assessment showed that 80.2 per cent were asymptomatic (questionnaire score of 6) and 19 per cent had mild symptoms (questionnaire score of 7 and 8). The mean objective smell test score was 10.89 ± 2.11. The prevalence of olfactory impairment was 76.6 per cent among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 self-perceived as asymptomatic. There was no association between the questionnaire and the smell test scores (p = 0.25). There was a correlation between the smell test score and the duration from diagnosis to smell test (p = 0.04).

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was done at Iraqi Communicable Disease Control Center, where all confirmed cases of Salmonella typhi are reported, for a period 2019-2021. All demographic, epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients, comorbidities, type of samples, distribution of S. typhi by age and gender, time distribution in each year and profile of bacterial resistance and sensitivity to antibiotics were gathered and analysed.

RESULTS: Most samples were taken from blood. The mean age of cases during 2019, 2020 and 2021 was 18.7 ± 6.5, 17.7 ± 14.1 and 17.3 ± 12.8. Males constituted 56.7%, 58.5% and 39.8%, respectively. Some cases had comorbidities. Most cases had headache and fever. Some of them had nausea, diarrhoea, vomiting and epigastric pain. The age and sex were significantly associated with years of reporting. The most months of case reporting were June-July (2019 and 2021), Jan. -Feb. (2020). There was an obvious increase in S. typhi resistance to ceftriaxone (92.2%, 86.1%, 88.8%) and ampicillin (77.1%, 76.9%, 81.27%). There was a gradual increase in sensitivity to tetracycline (83.1%, 88.1%, 94%), cotrimoxazole (86.7%, 86.1%, 92.2%), ciprofloxacin (78.3%, 90.1%, 87.8%) and cefixime (77.7%, 72.3%, 72.7%).