Displaying publications 41 - 60 of 76 in total

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  1. Lim WY, Thevarajah TM, Goh BT, Khor SM
    Biosens Bioelectron, 2019 Mar 01;128:176-185.
    PMID: 30685097 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.12.049
    The early detection of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) upon the onset of chest pain symptoms is crucial for patient survival. However, this detection is challenging, particularly without a persistent elevation of ST-segment reflected in an electrocardiogram or in blood tests. A majority of the available point-of-care testing devices allow accurate and rapid diagnosis of AMI. However, AMI diagnosis is reliable only at intermediate and later stages, with myocardial injury (> 6 h) and MI, based on the expression of specific cardiac biomarkers including troponin I or T (cTnI or cTnT), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), and myoglobin. Diagnosis at the early myocardial ischemia stage is not possible. To overcome this limitation, a sensitive and rapid microfluidic paper-based device (µPAD) was developed for the simultaneous detection of multiple cardiac biomarkers for the early and late diagnosis of AMI. The glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB (GPBB) was detected during early (within first 4 h) ischemic myocardial injury. On the same µPAD platform, detection of prolonged elevation of levels of cTnT and CK-MB, which are only produced 6 h after the onset of chest pain in human serum, was possible. Sandwich immunoassay performed on the µPAD achieved reproducibility (RSD approximately 10% and intra-and inter-day precision (CV 10-20%, 99th percentile), as well as consistently stable test results for 28 days, with strong correlation (r2= 0.962), using the standard Siemens Centaur XPT Immunoassay system. The present findings indicate the potential of the µPAD platform as a point-of-care device for the early diagnosis and prognosis of AMI.
  2. Ibau C, Md Arshad MK, Gopinath SCB, Nuzaihan M N M, M Fathil MF, Estrela P
    Biosens Bioelectron, 2019 Jul 01;136:118-127.
    PMID: 31054519 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.04.048
    A simple, single-masked gold interdigitated triple-microelectrodes biosensor is presented by taking the advantage of an effective self-assembled monolayer (SAM) using an amino-silanization technique for the early detection of a prostate cancer's biomarker, the prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Unlike most interdigitated electrode biosensors, biorecognition happens in between the interdigitated electrodes, which enhances the sensitivity and limit of detection of the sensor. Using the Faradaic mode electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique to quantify the PSA antigen, the developed sensing platform demonstrates a logarithmic detection of PSA ranging from 0.5 ng/ml to 5000 ng/ml, an estimated LOD down to 0.51 ng/ml in the serum, and a good sensor's reproducibility. The sensor's detection range covers the clinical threshold value at 4 ng/ml and the crucial diagnosis 'grey zone' of 4-10 ng/ml of PSA in serum for an accurate cancer diagnosis. The selectivity test revealed an excellent discrimination of other competing proteins, with a recorded detection signals at 5 ng/ml PSA as high as 7-fold increase versus the human serum albumin (HSA) and 8-fold increase versus the human glandular kallikrein 2 (hK2). The stability test showed an acceptable stability of the aptasensor recorded at six (6) days before the detection signal started degrading below 10% of the peak detection value. The developed sensing scheme is proven to exhibit a great potential as a portable prostate cancer biosensor, also as a universal platform for bio-molecular sensing with the versatility to implement nanoparticles and other surface chemistry for various applications.
  3. Shamsuddin SH, Gibson TD, Tomlinson DC, McPherson MJ, Jayne DG, Millner PA
    Biosens Bioelectron, 2021 Apr 15;178:113013.
    PMID: 33508539 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113013
    Polyoctopamine (POct), an amine-functionalised non-conducting polymer, as the transducer layer in an electrochemical biosensor, is presented. This polymer offers versatile covalent coupling either through thiol linker conjugation, carboxyl or aldehyde functional groups without the requirement of pre- or post-surface activation. The colorectal cancer biomarker carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was selected as the target analyte, whilst an antibody and a synthetic binding protein, an Affimer, were used as distinct bioreceptors to demonstrate the versatility of polyoctopamine as a transducer polymer layer for oriented immobilisation of the bioreceptors. The electrodeposited polymer layer was characterised using cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and on-sensor chemiluminescent blotting. The performance of optimised POct-based biosensors were tested in spiked human serum. Results showed that the electropolymerisation of octopamine on screen printed gold electrode generates a thin polymer film with low resistance. Close proximity of the immobilised bioreceptors to the transducer layer greatly enhanced the sensitivity detection. The sensitivity of the smaller monomeric bioreceptor (Affimer, 12.6 kDa) to detect CEA was comparable to the dimeric antibody (150 kDa) with limit of detection at 11.76 fM which is significantly lower than the basal clinical levels of 25 pM. However, the Affimer-based sensor had a narrower dynamic range compared to the immunosensor (1-100 fM vs. 1 fM - 100 nM, respectively). All electrochemical measurements were done in less than 5 min with small sample volumes (10 μl). Hence, polyoctopamine features a simple fabrication of impedimetric biosensors using amine-functionalisation technique, provides rapid response time with enhanced sensitivity and label-free detection.
  4. Nadia Ahmad NF, Nik Ghazali NN, Wong YH
    Biosens Bioelectron, 2021 May 30;189:113384.
    PMID: 34090154 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113384
    The advanced stimuli-responsive approaches for on-demand drug delivery systems have received tremendous attention as they have great potential to be integrated with sensing and multi-functional electronics on a flexible and stretchable single platform (all-in-one concept) in order to develop skin-integration with close-loop sensation for personalized diagnostic and therapeutic application. The wearable patch pumps have evolved from reservoir-based to matrix patch and drug-in-adhesive (single-layer or multi-layer) type. In this review, we presented the basic requirements of an artificial pancreas, surveyed the design and technologies used in commercial patch pumps available on the market and provided general information about the latest wearable patch pump. We summarized the various advanced delivery strategies with their mechanisms that have been developed to date and representative examples. Mechanical, electrical, light, thermal, acoustic and glucose-responsive approaches on patch form have been successfully utilized in the controllable transdermal drug delivery manner. We highlighted key challenges associated with wearable transdermal delivery systems, their research direction and future development trends.
  5. Siew QY, Pang EL, Loh HS, Tan MTT
    Biosens Bioelectron, 2021 Mar 15;176:112895.
    PMID: 33358432 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112895
    This study reports on the development of a novel impedimetric immunosensor design using plant-derived antigenic glycoprotein for the detection of dengue virus (DENV) IgG antibodies. The electrochemical immunosensor platform was constructed using screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) modified with graphene/titanium dioxide (G/TiO2) nanocomposite to improve the electrode in terms electrochemical performance and specific surface area. A plant-derived dengue envelope domain III (EDIII) protein was used as the antigenic probe protein in this immunosensing strategy. Under optimised sensing conditions, the immunosensor demonstrated high sensitivity towards DENV IgG in a wide linear working range (62.5-2000 ng/mL), with a limit of detection of 2.81 ng/mL. The immunosensor showed high specificity for discriminating DENV IgG against antibodies of other infectious disease, including the closely related Zika virus (ZIKV). The reliability of the immunosensor in serological diagnosis was verified by challenging the immunosensor against serum samples, compared to conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). As shown by its remarkable performance throughout the study, the devised immunosensor is proposed as a reliable and practical diagnostic tool for the serological detection of dengue in realistic applications.
  6. Low KF, Zain ZM, Yean CY
    Biosens Bioelectron, 2017 Jan 15;87:256-263.
    PMID: 27567251 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.08.064
    A novel enzyme/nanoparticle-based DNA biosensing platform with dual colorimetric/electrochemical approach has been developed for the sequence-specific detection of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of acute diarrheal disease in cholera. This assay platform exploits the use of shelf-stable and ready-to-use (shelf-ready) reagents to greatly simplify the bioanalysis procedures, allowing the assay platform to be more amenable to point-of-care applications. To assure maximum diagnosis reliability, an internal control (IC) capable of providing instant validation of results was incorporated into the assay. The microbial target, single-stranded DNA amplified with asymmetric PCR, was quantitatively detected via electrochemical stripping analysis of gold nanoparticle-loaded latex microspheres as a signal-amplified hybridization tag, while the incorporated IC was analyzed using a simplified horseradish peroxidase enzyme-based colorimetric scheme by simple visual observation of enzymatic color development. The platform showed excellent diagnostic sensitivity and specificity (100%) when challenged with 145 clinical isolate-spiked fecal specimens. The limits of detection were 0.5ng/ml of genomic DNA and 10 colony-forming units (CFU)/ml of bacterial cells with dynamic ranges of 0-100ng/ml (R(2)=0.992) and log10 (1-10(4) CFU/ml) (R(2)=0.9918), respectively. An accelerated stability test revealed that the assay reagents were stable at temperatures of 4-37°C, with an estimated ambient shelf life of 200 days. The versatility of the biosensing platform makes it easily adaptable for quantitative detection of other microbial pathogens.
  7. Ten ST, Hashim U, Gopinath SC, Liu WW, Foo KL, Sam ST, et al.
    Biosens Bioelectron, 2017 Jul 15;93:146-154.
    PMID: 27660016 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.09.035
    Surface acoustic wave mediated transductions have been widely used in the sensors and actuators applications. In this study, a shear horizontal surface acoustic wave (SHSAW) was used for the detection of food pathogenic Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E.coli O157:H7), a dangerous strain among 225 E. coli unique serotypes. A few cells of this bacterium are able to cause young children to be most vulnerable to serious complications. Presence of higher than 1cfu E.coli O157:H7 in 25g of food has been considered as a dangerous level. The SHSAW biosensor was fabricated on 64° YX LiNbO3 substrate. Its sensitivity was enhanced by depositing 130.5nm thin layer of SiO2 nanostructures with particle size lesser than 70nm. The nanostructures act both as a waveguide as well as a physical surface modification of the sensor prior to biomolecular immobilization. A specific DNA sequence from E. coli O157:H7 having 22 mers as an amine-terminated probe ssDNA was immobilized on the thin film sensing area through chemical functionalization [(CHO-(CH2)3-CHO) and APTES; NH2-(CH2)3-Si(OC2H5)3]. The high-performance of sensor was shown with the specific oligonucleotide target and attained the sensitivity of 0.6439nM/0.1kHz and detection limit was down to 1.8femto-molar (1.8×10(-15)M). Further evidence was provided by specificity analysis using single mismatched and complementary oligonucleotide sequences.
  8. Nordin N, Yusof NA, Abdullah J, Radu S, Hushiarian R
    Biosens Bioelectron, 2016 Dec 15;86:398-405.
    PMID: 27414245 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.06.077
    A simple but promising electrochemical DNA nanosensor was designed, constructed and applied to differentiate a few food-borne pathogens. The DNA probe was initially designed to have a complementary region in Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VP) genome and to make different hybridization patterns with other selected pathogens. The sensor was based on a screen printed carbon electrode (SPCE) modified with polylactide-stabilized gold nanoparticles (PLA-AuNPs) and methylene blue (MB) was employed as the redox indicator binding better to single-stranded DNA. The immobilization and hybridization events were assessed using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The fabricated biosensor was able to specifically distinguish complementary, non-complementary and mismatched oligonucleotides. DNA was measured in the range of 2.0×10(-9)-2.0×10(-13)M with a detection limit of 5.3×10(-12)M. The relative standard deviation for 6 replications of DPV measurement of 0.2µM complementary DNA was 4.88%. The fabricated DNA biosensor was considered stable and portable as indicated by a recovery of more than 80% after a storage period of 6 months at 4-45°C. Cross-reactivity studies against various food-borne pathogens showed a reliably sensitive detection of VP.
  9. Geetha Bai R, Muthoosamy K, Zhou M, Ashokkumar M, Huang NM, Manickam S
    Biosens Bioelectron, 2017 Jan 15;87:622-629.
    PMID: 27616288 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.09.003
    In this study, a sonochemical approach was utilised for the development of graphene-gold (G-Au) nanocomposite. Through the sonochemical method, simultaneous exfoliation of graphite and the reduction of gold chloride occurs to produce highly crystalline G-Au nanocomposite. The in situ growth of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) took place on the surface of exfoliated few-layer graphene sheets. The G-Au nanocomposite was characterised by UV-vis, XRD, FTIR, TEM, XPS and Raman spectroscopy techniques. This G-Au nanocomposite was used to modify glassy carbon electrode (GCE) to fabricate an electrochemical sensor for the selective detection of nitric oxide (NO), a critical cancer biomarker. G-Au modified GCE exhibited an enhanced electrocatalytic response towards the oxidation of NO as compared to other control electrodes. The electrochemical detection of NO was investigated by linear sweep voltammetry analysis, utilising the G-Au modified GCE in a linear range of 10-5000μM which exhibited a limit of detection of 0.04μM (S/N=3). Furthermore, this enzyme-free G-Au/GCE exhibited an excellent selectivity towards NO in the presence of interferences. The synergistic effect of graphene and AuNPs, which facilitated exceptional electron-transfer processes between the electrolyte and the GCE thereby improving the sensing performance of the fabricated G-Au modified electrode with stable and reproducible responses. This G-Au nanocomposite introduces a new electrode material in the sensitive and selective detection of NO, a prominent biomarker of cancer.
  10. Saidur MR, Aziz AR, Basirun WJ
    Biosens Bioelectron, 2017 Apr 15;90:125-139.
    PMID: 27886599 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.11.039
    The presence of heavy metal in food chains due to the rapid industrialization poses a serious threat on the environment. Therefore, detection and monitoring of heavy metals contamination are gaining more attention nowadays. However, the current analytical methods (based on spectroscopy) for the detection of heavy metal contamination are often very expensive, tedious and can only be handled by trained personnel. DNA biosensors, which are based on electrochemical transduction, is a sensitive but inexpensive method of detection. The principles, sensitivity, selectivity and challenges of electrochemical biosensors are discussed in this review. This review also highlights the major advances of DNA-based electrochemical biosensors for the detection of heavy metal ions such as Hg(2+), Ag(+), Cu(2+) and Pb(2+).
  11. Perumal V, Saheed MSM, Mohamed NM, Saheed MSM, Murthe SS, Gopinath SCB, et al.
    Biosens Bioelectron, 2018 Sep 30;116:116-122.
    PMID: 29879537 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.05.042
    Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic and infectious airborne disease which requires a diagnosing system with high sensitivity and specificity. However, the traditional gold standard method for TB detection remains unreliable with low specificity and sensitivity. Nanostructured composite materials coupled with impedimetric sensing utilised in this study offered a feasible solution. Herein, novel gold (Au) nanorods were synthesized on 3D graphene grown by chemical vapour deposition. The irregularly spaced and rippled morphology of 3D graphene provided a path for Au nanoparticles to self-assemble and form rod-like structures on the surface of the 3D graphene. The formation of Au nanorods were showcased through scanning electron microscopy which revealed the evolution of Au nanoparticle into Au islets. Eventually, it formed nanorods possessing lengths of ~ 150 nm and diameters of ~ 30 nm. The X-ray diffractogram displayed appropriate peaks suitable to defect-free and high crystalline graphene with face centered cubic Au. The strong optical interrelation between Au nanorod and 3D graphene was elucidated by Raman spectroscopy analysis. Furthermore, the anchored Au nanorods on 3D graphene nanocomposite enables feasible bio-capturing on the exposed Au surface on defect free graphene. The impedimetric sensing of DNA sequence from TB on 3D graphene/Au nanocomposite revealed a remarkable wide detection linear range from 10 fM to 0.1 µM, displays the capability of detecting femtomolar DNA concentration. Overall, the novel 3D graphene/Au nanocomposite demonstrated here offers high-performance bio-sensing and opens a new avenue for TB detection.
  12. Ibau C, Md Arshad MK, Gopinath SCB
    Biosens Bioelectron, 2017 Dec 15;98:267-284.
    PMID: 28689113 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.06.049
    Early cancer diagnosis remains the holy-grail in the battle against cancers progression. Tainted with debates and medical challenges, current therapeutic approaches for prostate cancer (PCa) lack early preventive measures, rapid diagnostic capabilities, risk factors identification, and portability, i.e. the inherent attributes offered by the label-free biosensing devices. Electronic assisted immunosensing systems inherit the high sensitivity and specificity properties due to the predilection of the antigen-antibody affinity. Bioelectronic immunosensor for PCa has attracted much attentions among the researchers due to its high-performance, easy to prepare, rapid feedback, and possibility for miniaturization. This review explores the current advances on bioelectronic immunosensors for the detection of PCa biomarker revealed in the past decade. The research milestones and current trends of the immunosensors are reported to project the future visions in order to propel their "lab-to-market" realization.
  13. Low SS, Loh HS, Boey JS, Khiew PS, Chiu WS, Tan MTT
    Biosens Bioelectron, 2017 Aug 15;94:365-373.
    PMID: 28319904 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.02.038
    An efficient electrochemical impedance genosensing platform has been constructed based on graphene/zinc oxide nanocomposite produced via a facile and green approach. Highly pristine graphene was synthesised from graphite through liquid phase sonication and then mixed with zinc acetate hexahydrate for the synthesis of graphene/zinc oxide nanocomposite by solvothermal growth. The as-synthesised graphene/zinc oxide nanocomposite was characterised with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) to evaluate its morphology, crystallinity, composition and purity. An amino-modified single stranded DNA oligonucleotide probe synthesised based on complementary Coconut Cadang-Cadang Viroid (CCCVd) RNA sequence, was covalently bonded onto the surface of graphene/zinc oxide nanocomposite by the bio-linker 1-pyrenebutyric acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester. The hybridisation events were monitored by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Under optimised sensing conditions, the single stranded CCCVd RNA oligonucleotide target could be quantified in a wide range of 1.0×10-11M to 1.0×10-6 with good linearity (R =0.9927), high sensitivity with low detection limit of 4.3×10-12M. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was also performed for the estimation of nucleic acid density on the graphene/zinc oxide nanocomposite-modified sensing platform. The current work demonstrates an important advancement towards the development of a sensitive detection assay for various diseases involving RNA agents such as CCCVd in the future.
  14. Alim S, Vejayan J, Yusoff MM, Kafi AKM
    Biosens Bioelectron, 2018 Dec 15;121:125-136.
    PMID: 30205246 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.08.051
    The innovation of nanoparticles assumes a critical part of encouraging and giving open doors and conceivable outcomes to the headway of new era devices utilized as a part of biosensing. The focused on the quick and legitimate detecting of specific biomolecules using functionalized gold nanoparticles (Au NPs), and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has turned into a noteworthy research enthusiasm for the most recent decade. Sensors created with gold nanoparticles or carbon nanotubes or in some cases by utilizing both are relied upon to change the very establishments of detecting and distinguishing various analytes. In this review, we will examine the current utilization of functionalized AuNPs and CNTs with other synthetic mixes for the creation of biosensor prompting to the location of particular analytes with low discovery cutoff and quick reaction.
  15. Hatamluyi B, Lorestani F, Es'haghi Z
    Biosens Bioelectron, 2018 Nov 30;120:22-29.
    PMID: 30144642 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.08.008
    The simultaneous measurement of the concentration of anticancer drugs with a fast, sensitive and accurate method in biological samples is a challenge for better monitoring of drug therapy and better determine the pharmacokinetics. An electrochemical sensor was developed for the simultaneous determination of anticancer drugs, Ifosfamide (IFO) and Etoposide (ETO) based on pencil graphite electrode modified with Au/Pd@rGO nanocomposite decorated with poly (L-Cysteine). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were utilized to study the properties of the modified electrode. The electrochemical behavior of IFO and ETO on the Au/Pd@rGO@p(L-Cys) modified electrode was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) techniques and the obtained results confirmed its efficiency for the individual and simultaneous sensing of IFO and ETO. After optimization of electrochemical parameters, the fabricated sensor presented excellent performance in simultaneous determination of IFO and ETO with a wide linear range from 0.10 to 90.0 μM and 0.01 to 40.0 μM and low detection limits (3 Sb/m) of 9.210 nM and 0.718 nM, respectively. In addition, this study proved that the constructed sensor could be useful to simultaneous analysis of IFO and ETO in biological samples and pharmaceutical compounds.
  16. Lim WY, Goh CH, Thevarajah TM, Goh BT, Khor SM
    Biosens Bioelectron, 2020 Jan 01;147:111792.
    PMID: 31678828 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111792
    Recently, surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has attracted much attention in medical diagnosis applications owing to better detection sensitivity and lower limit of detection (LOD) than colorimetric detection. In this paper, a novel calibration-free SERS-based μPAD with multi-reaction zones for simultaneous quantitative detection of multiple cardiac biomarkers - GPBB, CK-MB and cTnT for early diagnosis and prognosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) are presented. Three distinct Raman probes were synthesised, subsequently conjugated with respective detecting antibodies and used as SERS nanotags for cardiac biomarker detection. Using a conventional calibration curve, quantitative simultaneous measurement of multiple cardiac biomarkers on SERS-based μPAD was performed based on the characteristic Raman spectral features of each reporter used in different nanotags. However, a calibration free point-of-care testing device is required for fast screening to rule-in and rule-out AMI patients. Partial least squares predictive models were developed and incorporated into the immunosensing system, to accurately quantify the three unknown cardiac biomarkers levels in serum based on the previously obtained Raman spectral data. This method allows absolute quantitative measurement when conventional calibration curve fails to provide accurate estimation of cardiac biomarkers, especially at low and high concentration ranges. Under an optimised condition, the LOD of our SERS-based μPAD was identified at 8, 10, and 1 pg mL-1, for GPBB, CK-MB and cTnT, respectively, which is well below the clinical cutoff values. Therefore, this proof-of-concept technique shows significant potential for highly sensitive quantitative detection of multiplex cardiac biomarkers in human serum to expedite medical decisions for enhanced patient care.
  17. Ong CC, Siva Sangu S, Illias NM, Chandra Bose Gopinath S, Saheed MSM
    Biosens Bioelectron, 2020 Apr 15;154:112088.
    PMID: 32056954 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112088
    Deoxynivalenol (DON), a cosmopolitan mycotoxin found in agricultural commodities causes serious health maladies to human and animals when accidently consumed even at a low quantity. It necessitates selective and sensitive devices to analyse DON as the conventional methods are complex and time-consuming. This study is focused on developing a selective biosensing system using iron nanoflorets graphene nickel (INFGN) as the transducer and a specific aptamer as the biorecognition element. 3D-graphene is incorporated using a low-pressure chemical vapour deposition followed by the decoration of iron nanoflorets using electrochemical deposition. INFGN enables a feasible bio-capturing due to its large surface area. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis confirms the presence of the hydroxyl groups on the INFGN surface, which acts as the linker. Clear Fourier-transform infrared peak shifts affirm the changes with surface chemical modification and biomolecular assembly. The limit of detection attained is 2.11 pg mL-1 and displays high stability whereby it retains 30.65% of activity after 48 h. The designed INFGN demonstrates remarkable discrimination of DON against similar mycotoxins (zearalenone and ochratoxin A). Overall, the high-performance biosensor shown here is an excellent, simple and cost-effective alternative for detecting DON in food and feed samples.
  18. Taniselass S, Arshad MKM, Gopinath SCB
    Biosens Bioelectron, 2019 Apr 01;130:276-292.
    PMID: 30771717 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.01.047
    Graphene is a 2-dimensional nanomaterial with an atomic thickness has attracted a strong scientific interest owing to their remarkable optical, electronic, thermal, mechanical and electrochemical properties. Graphene-based materials particularly graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide are widely utilized in various applications ranging from food industry, environmental monitoring and biomedical fields as well as in the development of various types of biosensing devices. The richness in oxygen functional groups in the materials serves as a catalysis for the development of biosensors/electrochemical biosensors which promotes for an attachment of biological recognition elements, surface functionalization and compatible with micro- and nano- bio-environment. In this review, the graphene-based materials application in electrochemical biosensors based on recent advancement (e.g; the surface modification and analytical performances) and the utilization of such biosensors to monitor the noncommunicable diseases are presented. The detection performances of the graphene-based electrochemical biosensors are in the range of ng/mL and have reached up to fg/mL in detecting the targets of NCDs with higher selectivity, sensitivity and stability with good reproducibility attributes. We have discussed the advances while addressing the very specific biomarkers for the NCDs detection. Challenges and possible future research directions for the NCDs detection based on graphene nanocomposite with other 2D nanomaterials are outlined.
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