Predictor-corrector two point block methods are developed for solving first order ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using variable step size. The method will estimate the solutions of initial value problems (IVPs) at two points simultaneously. The existence multistep method involves the computations of the divided differences and integration coefficients when using the variable step size or variable step size and order. The block method developed will be presented as in the form of Adams Bashforth - Moulton type and the coefficients will be stored in the code. The efficiency of the predictor-corrector block method is compared to the standard variable step and order non block multistep method in terms of total number of steps, maximum error, total function calls and execution times.
Two-point four step direct implicit block method is presented by applying the simple form of Adams- Moulton method for solving directly the general third order ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using variable step size. This method is implemented to get the solutions of initial value problems (IVPs) at two points simultaneously in a block using four backward steps. The numerical results showed that the performance of the developed method is better in terms of maximum error at all tested tolerances and lesser total number of steps as the tolerances getting smaller compared to the existence direct method.
The presence of extra zeros is commonly observed in traffic accident count data. Past research opt to the zero altered models and explain that the zeros are sourced from under reporting situation. However, there is also an argument against this statement since the zeros could be sourced from Poisson trial process. Motivated by the argument, we explore the possibility of mixing several discrete distributions that can contribute to the presence of extra zeros. Four simulation studies were conducted based on two accident scenarios and two discrete distributions: Poisson and negative binomial; by considering six combinations of proportion values correspond to low, moderate and high mean values in the distribution. The results of the simulation studies concur with the claim as the presence of extra zeros is detected in most cases of mixed Poisson and mixed negative binomial data. Data sets that are dominated by Poisson (or negative binomial) with low mean show an apparent existence of extra zeros although the sample size is only 30. An illustration using a real data set concur the same findings. Hence, it is essential to consider the mixed discrete distributions as potential distributions when dealing with count data with extra zeros. This study contributes on creating awareness of the possible alternative distributions for count data with extra zeros especially in traffic accident applications.
Kajian ini memfokuskan penggunaan model kabur baru untuk pemilihan sistem pelupusan sisa pepejal perbandaran (SPP) yang dewasa ini dilihat semakin menghambat terutamanya negeri-negeri di bahagian tengah Semenanjung Malaysia. Rekod menunjukkan negeri Selangor dan Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur (WPKL) mencatatkan penghasilan SPP tertinggi melebihi 2.32 juta tan setahun pada tahun 2005. Lazimnya, proses untuk menentukan sistem pelupusan yang sesuai melibatkan pengenalpastian matlamat dan kriteria berdasarkan pilihan yang ada. Ia juga bersifat pertimbangan multi-kriteria yang melibatkan banyak pihak berkepentingan dalam membuat keputusan. Berdasarkan permasalahan tersebut, model multi-kriteria dwikabur konflik diusulkan menggunakan konsep penegasan linguistik (i.i., dilasi dan konsentrasi) dalam proses hierarki analitik (AHP). Model ini diubahsuai menggunakan teori set baru yang diberi nama ‘set dwikabur konflik’. Kajian kes di negeri Selangor dan WPKL dimanfaatkan sepenuhnya untuk menunjukkan kesesuaian model yang diusulkan. Berdasarkan pengiraan yang ditunjukkan, model yang diusulkan dapat menilai kesemua kriteria secara lebih menyeluruh disebabkan sifat ‘timbal balas’ yang dimilikinya. Di samping itu, ia mampu menangani masalah yang bersifat berketaktentuan secara berkesan disebabkan pembuat keputusan boleh menilai secara linguistik sepenuhnya sekaligus memudahkan mereka membuat keputusan dengan lebih cekap dan berkesan.
La0.67Sr0.33Mn1-xTixO3 samples with x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 have been prepared using the conventional solid-state reaction method. The structure, magnetic and electrical transport properties as well as the impedance spectroscopy of the samples were investigated. The powder XRD analysis showed that all samples were single phase with rhombohedral perovskite structure. The magnetization curve suggests that the Ti substituted samples exhibit weak ferromagnetic behaviour. The highest magnetoresistance (MR) value was obtained for sample x = 0.2 at temperature 200 K and field 1 T, which was 32.5%. Low field magnetoresistance (LFMR) effect was observed for the x = 0.0 sample. The metal-like resistivity curve for the x = 0.0 sample was best fitted with ρ = ρo + ρ2T2 equation, indicating the grain boundary effects and electron-electron scattering process contribution. Semiconductor-like transport behaviour was observed for the Ti substituted samples and can be fitted by variable range hopping (VRH) and small polaron hopping (SPH) mechanisms. The activation energy of the samples increased when the Ti composition increased. An equivalent circuit was proposed for the impedance plot with a series of two parallel RC circuits. The grain, grain boundary and electrode resistance values increased with Ti composition due to the reduction of the Mn3+ / Mn4+ ratio.
The concentrations of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) and their corresponding terrestrial gamma radiation have been shown to be associated with certain lithology and soil types. A possible relationships among gamma radiation levels, and the lithology and soil types make it possible to predict ionizing radiation level of an area that cannot be directly measured. A study was carried out to statistically predict and validate environmental gamma radiation dose rates based on actual field measurements using a sodium iodide detector. Results obtained showed that the predicted dose rate (Dp) may be determined using a multiple correlation regression equation, Dp = 0.35DL + 0.82 Ds – 0.02, that integrates dose rates contributed by different lithological structures (DL) and soil types (Ds). Statistical analysis on 32 different lithology and soil type combinations showed that more than 50% of the predicted data were not significantly different from the data measured in the field. A predicted isodose map was subsequently plotted base on 4 dose rate classes ranging from 0.1 – 0.3 μSv h-1.
This study examines the influence of humic acids (HA) on adsorption of radium (Ra) ions onto coir pith (CP) in aqueous solution. The adsorption behaviours of Ra ions onto CP under the influence of HA in aqueous solution were investigated in the series of batch mode adsorption experiments. The effects of various experimental conditions such as pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage and initial concentration of Ra ions have been studied. The results revealed that the presence of HA in aqueous solution enhanced the adsorption of Ra ions onto CP. The adsorption results showed that the percentage of Ra adsorbed was increased with an increase in the pH or alkalinity of aqueous solutions. Time dependence of the batch studies showed that a contact time of one day was sufficient to reach equilibrium. The result also showed that there was no significant difference on the effect of adsorbent dose on adsorption of radium onto CP. It was shown that the equilibrium data could be fitted by Freundlich equation.
The influence of water-to-cement ratio (w/c) on the compressive strength of cement-biochar-spent resins matrix was
investigated. Spent resins waste from nuclear reactor operation was solidified using cement with w/c ranging from 0.35
to 0.90 by weight. In this study, biochar was used as a cement admixture. Some properties of spent resins and biochar
were determined prior to the formulation study. Compressive strength of harden cement-biochar-spent resins matrix
was determined at 28 days. The compressive strength of cement-biochar-spent resins matrix was found to depend on the
w/c and the amount of spent resins added to the formulation. The immersion test of cement-biochar-spent resins matrix
showed no significant effects of cracking and swelling. The compressive strength of the cement-biochar-spent resins
matrix increased after two weeks in water immersion test.
Goitre prevalence and mental performance were determined amongst the Aborigines in Sinderut, a remote rural area in Pahang. A total of 196 subjects aged 4 to 60 years old were selected for study. Goitre status was determined by an experienced endocrinologist using classification suggested by World Health Organization; while mental performance was measured using Raven's test (Oxford Psychologists Press). Blood specimen was also taken for thyroxine (T4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) measurement. It was found that goitre prevalence was 26.5% (52/196); with visible goitre prevalence of 42.3% (22152). The overall mean of goitre volume was 21.4 ± 19.1 ml (range: 3.0 - 90.8 ml), while the prevalence of mental performance for the percentile value of more than 5.0 was 26.5% (range: 5.0 - 50.0). Mean thyroxine levels was 75.4 ± 19.3 nmol/L (range: 19.9 - 138.1 nmol/ L) while mean levels of thyroid stimulating hormone was 4.9 ± 3.2 mU/L (range: 0.4 - 18.9 mU/L). There was no significant correlation between hormone levels and mental performance score (Pearson Correlation; T4 : r=-0.002, p=0.9736; TSH : r=0.10, p=0.1843). goitre volume and mental performance score (Pearson Correlation; r=-0.02, p=0.8395). Goitre prevalence of more than 20% in this area indicates a moderate endemia, while mental performance showed a low thinking level in the Aborigines particularly those who lived in remote areas.
A spatial distribution study was carried out to investigate the influence of some environmental factors to planktons using collected samples from the Sungai Pulai estuary, near to the Singapore boarder. Six stations chosen for the field sampling were Port Tanjung Pelepas (S1), Tanjung Bin Charcoal Plant (S2), seagrasses of Pulau Merambong (S4) and SecondLink Bridge (S5) and mangrove areas (S3, S6). There is no significant difference of phytoplankton abundance (p>0.05) between stations. Instead, it differs significantly at the level of p<0.05; p= 0.0001 (Two tailed, t=14.10 df=34) between sampling session. In contrast, there is a significant difference of zooplankton abundance (p<0.05) in the sampling stations (χ2 = 17.3,(5)), but there is no significant difference (p>0.05; p=0.8966) between the sampling session (Two tailed, t=0.1310, df=34). Biplot analysis shows that most species are associated with the stations except for Protoperidinium sp., Lithodesmia sp. and Alexendrium sp. Copepod species including Microcalanus sp., Calanus sp. and Temora sp. are associated with S5. Paracalanus sp., Euterpina sp., Tigriopus sp., Oithona sp. and Pseudocalanus sp. are associated with S1, S2 and S4. The planktons are correlated with the temperature (Pearson’s correlation, r2=-0.897) and salinity (Pearson’s correlation, r2=0.9416) in March but no correlation is found in November sampling session. The results indicated the important role of certain environmental factors, namely the salinity and temperature to the distribution of the planktons in Sungai Pulai estuary.
Copepods play a major role as food link for larger animals and it is also important as a live food source for the aquaculture industry. There are only few reports on the influence of temperature and salinity towards the growth and development of tropical copepods. In this study, the effect of temperature (5 and 25°C) and salinity (5, 10, 25 and 30 psu) on population growth and density of a marine harpacticoid, Pararobertsonia sp. in a laboratory condition is investigated. The species was first obtained from seagrass samples from Merchang estuary, Terengganu, which receives seawater from the South China Sea. It has been cultured in the laboratory condition through generations. The findings show that there is a significant difference (P<0.05) detected between the salinity treatment and it shows that difference in salinities give different effects on the population number of the harpacticoids cultured in the same temperature (25 ± 1°C). On the other hand, harpacticoids reared in cold temperature (5 ± 1°C) did not survive the condition. Harpacticoids reared in 25 psu salinity show the highest population density (mean of 3.7 ind./ml), but the most stable population growth is shown in 35 psu treatment as shown by its high value of maximum specific growth rate (K). From this experiment, it can be concluded that 35 psu and temperature of 25 ± 1°C is the optimum condition for the maximum production of a tropical Pararobertsonia sp. in the laboratory condition.
Meiobenthos in Bidong Archipelago in coastal water of the South China Sea is hypothesised to have a certain trend of
distribution particularly in the island ecosystem where it is usually having different type of sea bottom. Nonetheless, since
it is located in a tropical area, the trend at the sub-tidal could be less obvious due to absent of clear season. Meiobenthic
sampling was carried out in Karah Island, an island in Bidong Archipelago, from the intertidal, towards the sub-tidal
zone covering the coral and non-coral area to see the trend in the density and composition. A transparent hand core
was used to collect benthos samples. Nematoda and harpacticoid copepods dominated the intertidal and sub-tidal zone
respectively. Harpacticoid copepods were higher in density in the non-coral sediment than the coral area. This could be
due to the high content of silt and clay in the coral area (2.98% of silt and clay). The 2-dimension MDS analysis on the
density data indicated the highest degree of scattering and an over-lapping condition for those intertidal and sub-tidal
samples respectively. ANOSIM result showed that the degree of similarity was lower at the intertidal (70%) than the subtidal
(reaching 90%) in the first sampling before both became no significant different in the second sampling. It could
indicate the stable condition in the subtidal than the intertidal ecosystem. The comparatively low density of meiobenthos
could indicate their response towards the environmental condition in the area which will only be confirmed by long term
ecological study.
Kajian ini dijalankan untuk melihat variasi taburan 210Po dan 210Pb melalui profil menegak aktivitinya, serta nisbah aktiviti 210Po/210Pb di dalam teras sedimen yang diambil di beberapa stesen persampelan pesisir pantai perairan Sarawak. Didapati profil taburan radionuklid tersebut dalam teras sedimen adalah berubah-ubah mengikut lokasi persampelan dan telah dibuktikan melalui analisis ANOVA yang menunjukkan bahawa terdapat perbezaan bererti pada 95% aras keyakinan bagi aktiviti 210Po (p = 0.000), 210Pb (p = 0.035) dan 210Po/210Pb (p = 0.000) di semua lokasi kajian. Secara umumnya, aktiviti 210Po dan 210Pb yang diukur masing-masing dalam julat 337 ke 2460 Bq/kg, 11 ke 84 Bq/kg di SR 01; 224 ke 2008 Bq/kg, 6 ke 80 Bq/kg di SR 02; 119 ke 1595 Bq/kg, 6 ke 84 Bq/kg di SR 03; 241 ke 2294 Bq/kg, 5 ke 82 Bq/kg di SR 04 dan 175 ke 1340 Bq/kg, 4 ke 44 Bq/kg di SR 05. Merujuk kepada julat tersebut, didapati aktiviti 210Po adalah lebih tinggi daripada aktiviti 210Pb dengan purata nisbah 210Po/210Pb di semua stesen adalah melebihi satu, iaitu dalam julat 20 ke 35. Variasi profil taburan radionuklid tersebut dipercayai dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor sekitaran dan telah dibuktikan terdapat korelasi yang kuat di antara taburan radionuklid dengan komposisi sedimen jenis kelodak (210Po:r = 0.701 dan 210Pb: r = 0.648), kedalaman air (210Po: r = -0.647) dan jarak stesen dari daratan (210Po: r = 0.746 dan 210Pb: r = 0.975). Oleh itu, dapat disimpulkan bahawa faktor-faktor tersebut merupakan penyumbang utama ke atas perubahan yang berlaku kepada taburan 210Po dan 210Pb.
The fundamental pattern of chewing induced by the network of neurons called central pattern generator has been reported
to be modified by the information arising from the various oro-facial sensory receptors including muscle spindles of jaw
closing muscles. The cell bodies of primary afferent neurons from these muscle spindles lie in mesencephalic trigeminal
nucleus (MTN) in the brainstem. The aim of the study was to understand whether muscle spindles from jaw-closing
muscles play any role in hard food chewing. Single neuronal discharge of muscle spindle afferents was recorded from the
MTN simultaneous with jaw-movement and electromyograpic (EMG) activities of the left masseter (jaw-closing) muscle
during chewing soft and hard foods (apple and pellet) in awake rabbits. Ten consecutive chewing cycles were taken for
analysis. Discharge of nineteen muscle spindles from seven rabbits was successfully recorded. Muscle-spindle discharge
was significantly higher during the closing phase of jaw-movement for the hard food chewing than for the soft food. The
jaw-closing muscle EMG activity was significantly higher during hard food chewing compared to soft food. The spindle
discharge was higher when the masseter muscle activity was greater for chewing hard food. Significant positive (r=0.822,
p=<0.001) correlation was found between the difference of muscle activity between apple and pellet and the difference
of spindle discharge between apple and pellet. Above findings suggest that the increase of spindle discharge during
hard food chewing may play a role for facilitating jaw-closing muscle activities and thereby provides servo-assistance
to jaw-closing muscles to compensate the hardness of food.
This research investigated the behaviour of walls produced from wood wool cement board (WWCB) which were reinforced
with a lesser known commercial timber, Kelempayan, when subjected to compression load. Kelempayan timbers were
shredded into wood wool and used as reinforcement agent in this study. WWCB having dimensions of 600 × 2400 × 50 mm
and 600 × 2400 × 75 mm, respectively, were fabricated. Properties of the WWCB samples, namely swelling, bending and
compression strength were tested. 75 mm WWCB has higher fracture toughness but lower strength compared to 50 mm
WWCB. Four types of wall systems with different type of configuration were produced and the test results were compared
focusing on their value of ultimate load and failure mode. Walls that constructed without application of link and plaster
displayed the poorest performance. Plastered and linked wall had the highest ultimate load and comparable with other
load bearing walls. The results suggested that walls constructed using WWCB reinforced with Kelempayan wood wool
are suitable for load bearing as they exhibited comparable properties when compared to the other load bearing walls
such as masonry and straw bale wall.
Titanium dioxide particles were successfully prepared using microemulsion-mediated hydrothermal processing route, with sucrose ester as a stabilising agent. X-ray diffraction patterns revealed that the particles possessed anatase crystal phase. Scanning electron micrographs showed micron-sized spherical particles with rough and smooth surfaces, which eventually interconnected with one another. The formation mechanism of the titanium dioxide microstructures was postulated. The as-prepared particles were subjected to photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue, which exhibited higher photocatalytic activity compared to their commercial counterpart.
Composite materials have increasingly become crucial in manufacturing engineering products and producing commodity
materials in the major industries including; automotive, aerospace, marine, construction, agriculture and health science.
However, several improvements regarding the strength, dimensional stability and the cost of production are required.
In this study, composite of Kenaf, multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) and polypropylene (PP) with maleic anhydridegrafted
polypropylene (MAPP) are examined. The results highlight that increasing MAPP loading, in turn, increases the
value of the mechanical properties. The composites are produced by blending kenaf/MWCNT/PP using a Sigma blade
mixer and injection moulding. Injection moulding is a significant operation used to produce plastic products. In the
study, Kenaf core fibre was mixed with MWCNT and polypropylene, in addition to MAPP. The MAPP is added by applying
different percentage (1, 2, 3 and 4 wt. %) during the blending process. The main objective of the study was to analyse the
effects of MAPP concentrations on the mechanical properties of the Kenaf/MWCNT/PP composite. The results of the study
established that MAPP 3 wt. % concentration with MWCNT 3 wt. % loading and Kenaf 30 wt. % filler provide optimum
results for the composites. There was approximately, a 21% enhance in tensile strength of Kenaf 30 wt. %/MWCNT, 3 wt.
%/MAPP, 3 wt. %/PP observed compared to the (without) MAPP composite. The composites with coupling agent stimulate
better filler dispersion between Kenaf, MWCNT and PP observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and fieldemission
scanning electron microscope (FESEM).
Many bird species are highly dependent on natural marsh habitat. Unfortunately this habitat is rapidly converted to other land uses. Therefore artificial or man-made marsh habitat may become an important alternative habitat for marsh dependent bird species. The main objective of this study was to determine the density and diversity of water and terrestrial birds at man–made marsh habitat at Putrajaya using distance sampling point count technique. A total of 20010 bird individuals of 102 species representing 31.05% water birds and 68.95% terrestrial birds were detected from March 2009 to June 2010. Density analysis showed that bird density is 0.64 + 0.02 birds ha-1 and range from 0.60 – 0.68 birds ha-1 at 95.0% confidence interval. It was found that terrestrial birds had a higher density 0.74 + 0.02 birds ha-1 than water birds 0.54 + 0.09 birds ha-1. For water bird species, the highest density was Black-crowned Nightheron; 2.92 + 1.80 birds ha-1 followed by Purple Heron; 1.55 + 0.93 birds ha-1 and Grey Heron; 1.05 + 0.13 birds ha-1. The lowest density was recorded in Pintail Snipe; 0.08 + 0.03 birds ha-1, Chinese Egret; 0.08 + 0.02 birds ha-1 and Great Egret; 0.07 + 0.08 birds ha-1, respectively. In terrestrial birds, the highest bird density was observed in Rock Pigeon 3.91 + 0.97 birds ha-1, followed by Eurasian Tree Sparrow; 3.72 + 1.03 birds ha-1, House Crow; 3.69 + 0.33 birds ha-1 and Philippine Glossy Starling; 3.38 + 0.53 birds ha-1. The lowest bird density was recorded in Brown-capped Woodpecker; 0.07 + 0.02 birds ha-1 and Lesser Coucal; 0.09 + 0.03 birds ha-1. The result also shows that terrestrial birds had higher species diversity i.e. Shannon–Wiener index (N1 = 3.10), species richness i.e. Margalef’s index (R1= 8.23) and species evenness i.e. Pielou’s J index (E = 0.71) as compared with water birds (N1 = 2.04; R1= 8.23 and E = 0.65). This study indicates that man–made marsh is a suitable habitat for diverse avian species and thus should be protected in order to enhance the population of avian species.
Bullous impetigo is a highly contagious skin infection commonly affecting children due to epidermolytic toxins of bacteria Staphylococcus sp. This presentation described a case of a 3 year-old Indian girl with bullous lesion around the peri-oral region. The lesion was initially thought to be of viral origin and was treated symptomatically. However, the lesion progressed without any resolution with more vesicles at distant sites. The patient was also having fever and refused any oral intake. At this point, a probable diagnosis of bacterial skin infection was considered and the patient was admitted. Intra-venous fluid was administered to rehydrate the patient and she was treated with topical antibiotic and antipyretic. The lesion resolved within 14 days without scarring. As dental practitioners, we should be aware of bacterial infection around the peri-oral region and consider it as part of a differential diagnosis so that an appropriate treatment can be given.
The Alur Lebey fault zone, which is paralled to part of Sungai Lebey, is exposed along the East-West Highway at km 221.5 to Kota Bharu. The outcrop is about 155 m wide on the east and 105 m wide on the west side of the road. Fault morphology can be recognised from the faceted hill spurs along the valley. The fault zone has been interpreted as a lithological contact between metavolcanic in the west and metaclastic in the east. The northern extension of the fault was interpreted as the contact between silicous pelite in the west, and chert and siliceous pelite in the east. Even though left lateral motion is exhibited within the zone, evidences of right lateral motion were also observed. On Landsat 3 image, a lineament in the direction of 355° representing the Alur Lebey fault zone could be traced for some 55 km from the East-West Highway to the middle of east Pattani River in Thailand. The outcrop at the East-West Highway comprises medium indurated mylonite containing lenses of quartz and tuff. Other than asymmetric lenses, quartz also occurs in the form of a comma, and pinch-and-swell structures. These forms of clasts are used to determine the sense of movements along the fault. In general, steeply to vertically dipping mylonite strikes towards the north. Fault planes with horizontal senses of motion cut the foliotion at an acute angle. Some of these fault planes are parallel to the foliation. There are also reverse fault planes with medium to gentle dips to the west. General motions of the fault were tOwards the east southeast. The mylonite foliation which strikes north contains evidences of both left and right lateral motions, whereas the northwest striking foliation exhibits left lateral motion. Several fault-associated folds plunging towards the north northwest, south southwest and east were observed in the fault zone. The combination of field observations and structural analysis are used to arrive at the interpretation on the history of the fault zone. Four systems of compressions (maximum principal stresses) can be deduced from the study. these are the north-northeast, east-southeast, east-southeast, and the youngest north-northeast directions. The oldest deformation is characterised by dextral movement along the mylonite zone. the zone contains asymmetric lenses of tuff and quartz striking 355° to 05°. The sinistral movement along mylonite fooliation striking 354° and 326° is the evidence of the east-southest compressive stress system. Both deformation episodes could represent aseismic faultings under fairly high confining pressure. However the recurrance of the east-southest stress system could have caused the sinistral movement along the northwest and north striking fault planes, the reverse faulting on south to southwest planes and the resulting drag folds. The dextral movement along the north and northwest planes is the youngest deformation episode. The final two episodes could represent brittle deformation resulting from the shallow position of the rock body at least along that particular fault segment.
Zon sesar Alur Lebey yang selari dengan sebahagian Sungai Lebey, tersingkap di km 221.5 dari Kota Bharu di lebuhraya Timur-Barat. Panjang singkapan keratan di timur jalan di sekitar 155m, manakala di barat jalan pula 105m. Morfologi sesar ditunjukkan oleh barisan susuh bukit beifaset di sepanjang lembah. Di lapangan dan di peta geologi, sesar ini ditafsirkan sebagai sempadan di antara metavolkano di baratnya dan metaklas di timurnya. Lanjutannya ke utara ditafsirkan bahawa sesar tersebut memotong sepanjang sempadan di antara pelit bersilika di barat dan rijang serta pelit bersilika di timur. Sungguhpun gerakan mendatar ke kiri terpamer dalam milonit, namun pergerakan mendatar ke kanan boleh dicerap dalam zon tersebut. Dalam area Lansat 3 bertarikh 10 Januari 1979 lineamen berjurus 355° yang mewakili zon sesar Alur Lebey dapat dikesan sepanjang 55 Ian dari Lebuhraya Timur-Barat hingga ke pertengahan bahagian timur Sungai Pattani di Thailand. Singkapan sesar tersebut terdiri daripada milonit separuh terluluhawa yang mengandungi kekanta kuarza dan tuf. Selain berbentuk kekanta, kuarza juga berbentuk koma, dan ramping-dan-ampul. Klas yang berbentuk tersebut digunakan untuk menentukan hala pergerakan dalam zon sesar. Umumnya milonit menjurus ke utara dengan kemiringannya euram hingga tegak. Satah-satah sesar mendatar memo tong foliasi milonit pada sudut tirus atauJdan ada pula yang selari dengannya. Selain sesar mendatar terdapat pula sesar songsang yang kemiringannya landai hingga sederhana ke barat. Gerakan umumnya menyongsang ke timur-tenggara. Foliasi milonit yang menjurus ke utara mengandungi tanda-tanda pergerakan ke kiri dan ke kanan, manakala foliasi yang menjurus ke baratlaut mengandungi hanya pergerakan mendatar ke kiri. Sebilangan lipatan yang berkait-rapat dengan sesar menunjam ke utara-baratlaut, selatan-baratdaya dan ke arah timur dieerap di dalam zon sesar tersebut. Gabungan eerapan lapangan dan analisis struktur akhirnya sampai kepada pentafsiran sejarah canggaan yang berlaku di dalam zon sesar tersebut. Empat sistem tegasan boleh disimpulkan. Sistem tegasan maksimum (mampatan) tersebut ialah .utara-timurlaut, timurÂtenggara, dan yang termuda utara-timurlaut. Canggaan tertua dicirikan oleh pergerakan dekstral di sepanjang zon milonit yang mengandungi kekanta tuf dan kuarza yang asimetri berjurus 355° hingga 05°. Pergerakan sinistral di sepanjang milonit yang berjurus 354° dan 326° merupakan bukti daripada sistem tegasan timur-tenggara. kedua-dua episod canggaan mungkin mewakili penyesaran aseismos yang berlaku dalam sekitaran tekanan mengepung yang tinggi. Namun demikian perulangan tindakan sistem tegasan timur-tenggara menyebabkan pergerakan sinistral di sepanjang satah sesar berjurus baratlaut dan utara, penyesaran songsang di atas satah berjurus selatan hingga baratdaya dan lipatan seret. Pergerakan dekstral di sepanjang satah berjurus utara dan baratdaya merupakan episod canggaan yang termuda. Dua episod yang terakhir mungkin mewakili canggan rapuh akibat daripada kedudukan cetek jasad batuan sekurang-kurangnya di sepanjang segmen sesar tersebut.