Displaying publications 41 - 60 of 413 in total

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  1. Baharuddin, N.A., Kamin, S., Samsuddin, A.R.
    Ann Dent, 2003;10(1):-.
    MyJurnal
    This study evaluated the effectiveness of demineralized freeze-dried bone xenograft in reducing post-surgical pocket depth in moderate to advanced adult periodontitis in patients. Nine patients with a total of eighteen intrabony defects were selected for this study. The bony defects were matched for tooth type, location and pocket depth. Following an initial non-surgical treatment, only pockets of 5 to 7 mm deep were indicated for surgery. Periodontal pockets were measured pre-operatively and at 3, 6 and 9 months post-surgically. The study protocol included a split mouth design, where surgical treatment was carried out at both test and control sites. The test sites were assigned demineralized freeze-dried bone xenograft and the control sites were subjected to debridement alone without the use of demineralized freeze-dried bone xenograft. The results from this study showed a statistically significant difference in the mean pocket depth at 6 and 9 months post-operatively for both test and control groups, but there was no statistically significant difference at 3 months. In conclusion, demineralized freeze-dried bone xenograft was ineffective in reducing periodontal pocket depth in patients with moderate to severe periodontitis, as compared to surgical debridement alone.
    Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
  2. Srilekha Saha, Nurfarrah Ezzaty Mohd Zahir, Foujia Huda, Soumendra Saha
    Movement Health & Exercise, 2015;4(1):27-38.
    MyJurnal
    The beneficial impact of the differential biofeedback intervention technique on modification in autonomic competence, as well as the ultimate impact on bilateral shooting ability, were studied on young and competitive male soccer players. A total of 45 young high-performing soccer players in the age range of 18 to 24 years were recruited. At first, the players were subjected to baseline evaluation of psychomotor (i.e., reaction time - RT), physiological (viz. resting heart-rate; VO2Max, electrical muscle potentiality, etc.), and psychobiological indices (such as skin conductance components - latency, amplitude and recovery time). Thereafter, they were equally categorized into: Control Group, Experimental Group I [who received skin conductance (Sc) biofeedback training], and Experimental Group II [who received electromyography (EMG) biofeedback intervention training]. Participants of the experimental groups were subjected to their respective interventions (Sc & EMG biofeedback intervention training), which were imparted for 24 sessions (15 mins/day; 2 days/week for 12 weeks). After six weeks of intervention, mid-term evaluation of all of the aforementioned parameters (assessed during baseline evaluation) was performed. Thereafter, intervention sessions continued following the identical protocol for six weeks. At the end of the 12th week, a post-intervention assessment on all of the psychological, psychomotor and psychobiological variables was carried out on all of the participants to verify the effect of training on dependent measures. Post-intervention analyses revealed improvements in physiological, psychobiological and performance parameters, which could be rationally attributed to the differential biofeedback therapeutic interventions introduced to the experimental groups. The outcome suggested that both interventions facilitated improvement in bilateral shooting ability, while indepth analyses clarified that a higher extent of autonomic recovery emerged as the most significant factor facilitating shooting ability in the experimental groups.
    Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
  3. Vengatasubramani, M., Vikram, M.
    Medicine & Health, 2014;9(2):109-113.
    MyJurnal
    Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients are reported to have cardiovascular instability which leads to greater limitation for activities there by leads to poor quality of life. Physical training proved to be one of the moderators of these limitations. However, uncertainty prevails among the protocol and duration. The present study investigated the effect of physical training on blood pressure, heart rate and Rate pressure Product (RPP) among COPD patients. A total of thirty COPD patients aged between 40 to 55 years were recruited for the study based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were assigned in to experimental group (15 patients) and control group (15 patients). The mean difference of blood pressure, heart rate and RPP were analyzed using paired t-test. There was significant difference between the pre and post test values of all parameters between experimental and control group with p< 0.05. Diastolic blood pressure showed to be less significant compared to the systolic blood pressure. This showed that specifically designed physical improved the cardiovascular fitness among COPD patients.
    Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
  4. Siraj, Harlina H., Salam, A., Hani Azmina, C.M.N.A., Chong, S.H., Saidatul Akma, S., M. Faiz, K., et al.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: Self-awareness and reflective-skill are important components of personal and professional development of medical students.

    Objective: The objective of this study was to determine whether self awareness and reflective skill could be improved by direct teaching intervention.

    Method: This was a cross sectional intervention study conducted among 75 third year medical students of UKM Medical Centre Malaysia in 2010. Malaysian Emotional Quotient Inventory (MEQI) was used to measure self-awareness and reflective writing scripts were used to measure the reflective skills of the respondents before and after teaching intervention. Experimental group comprised of 30 students while the control group constituted the rest 45 students selected randomly. The factors contributing to self awareness with gender and learning styles were determined.

    Result: There was no significant improvement observed in self-awareness of the respondents but reflective skills was significantly improved (p=0.007) following intervention. A non-significant relationship between self-awareness and gender (p=0.588) as well as self-awareness and learning styles (p=0.435) was also noticed.

    Conclusion: It is concluded that intervention programs improved students' reflective skills but not their self-awareness. Effectiveness of the intervention programme is an important factor. Continuous effort should be focused to train students in an effective way in order to be more self-reflective, self-regulative as well as self-corrective, to ensure a high level of personal and professional development in their daily practices.
    Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
  5. Wan Putri Elena Wan Dali, Mohd Razif Shahril, Pei, Lin Lua
    ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 2014;15(1):39-53.
    MyJurnal
    Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of nutrition education intervention among university students in terms of social, psychological factors and nutrition-related Quality of Life (NQoL) outcomes after receiving a 10-week nutrition education. Longitudinal and randomised study design was adopted for the study. Methods: A total of 417 respondents from four public universities in Terengganu were randomly assigned to either intervention group (IG = 205) or control group (CG = 212). The IG received nutrition education through three tools; 1) conventional lecture, 2) brochures and 3) text messages via short messaging system (SMS) while the CG not received any intervention. Students completed the Malay version of NQoL (6 domains; 49 items; Likert-type responses=1-5) and SF-36 (8 domains; 36 items) at pre-intervention and post-intervention. Data analysis was carried out by using SPSS 16.0 utilising descriptive and parametric statistics. Results: Ninety-one percent of participants (IG = 178; CG = 202) completed the study (age = 19.1±1.1 years; female = 87.6%; Malay = 98.2%). After controlling for possible confounders (eg. weight, waist, hip circumferences and pre-intervention scores for each domain), IG possessed relatively higher NQoL score in Food Impact (p = 0.001), Social / Interpersonal (p = 0.008), Physical Functioning (p = 0.011) and Overall NQoL (p = 0.001). However, Psychological Factors did not show any significant difference for both groups. Conclusion: Although the intervention did not generate significant impact in the psychological component over a period of 10 weeks, significant positive impacts in Social/Interpersonal aspects and NQoL were clearly shown. ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 15 (1): January - June 2014: 39-53.
    Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
  6. Tahir D, Shariff M, Syukri F, Yusoff FM
    Vet World, 2018 Mar;11(3):327-331.
    PMID: 29657425 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.327-331
    Background and Aim: Brown-marbled grouper Epinephelus fuscoguttatus is a premium marine food fish with high demand in Asia. In fish, stress due to environmental changes such as fluctuations in the salinity can result in increased cortisol level. Stress in fish increases susceptibility to diseases ultimately resulting in death. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the salinity tolerance of E. fuscoguttatus and their survival in lower salinities.

    Materials and Methods: In this study, grouper juveniles (92.43±standard error of the mean 0.51 mm) maintained in 31 ppt seawater were transferred into five tanks with seawater diluted to 25, 20, 15, 10, and 5 ppt. The salinity of the control group was not changed and was maintained at 31 ppt. Serum cortisol was measured using ELISA at 0, 30, 60, and 120 min after the fish were transferred to the different concentrations of salinity.

    Results: The survival percentage was recorded for 14 days following the transfer and the results revealed that serum cortisol of fish in a high change in salinity (15, 10, and 5 ppt) was significantly higher than the control group immediately after exposure. At the high salinity change, the cortisol levels gradually decrease at 30 min and 60 min, until no difference in cortisol concentration was observed at 120 min. No mortality was observed in fish exposed to low salinity change (25 and 20 ppt) while in higher salinity change (5 ppt), the survival percentage was 50%.

    Conclusion: The study revealed that the serum cortisol concentration was high initially and continues to decrease to resting cortisol level at 120 min indicating that cortisol hormone is released following acute stress as a primary response in grouper juveniles.

    Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
  7. Ghani AAA, Shahudin MS, Zamri-Saad M, Zuki AB, Wahid H, Kasim A, et al.
    Vet World, 2017 Jun;10(6):630-635.
    PMID: 28717314 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.630-635
    AIM: The study was conducted at a smallholder goat farm located in Labu, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of proper feeding program on growth performances of replacement breeder goats.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 30 healthy female boer cross goats at the age of 4 months old with average initial live body weight (BW) of 20.05±0.5 kg were used for on-farm feeding trial to evaluate the growth performance as preparation for breeding purposes. The experimental goats were divided into two groups of 15 animals each labeled as control and treatment groups, which were kept under intensive farming system. Goats in control group were fed with normal routine feeding protocol practiced by the farmer, while goats in the treatment group were fed with new feed formulation. Throughout the experimental period, on-farm monitoring and data collection were carried out. Initial BW and body condition score (BCS) were recorded before the start of the experiment while final BW and BCS were gained after 7 months of the experimental period. Average daily gain (ADG) was calculated after the experiment end. Data on BW, ADG, and BCS were recorded from both groups for every 2 weeks and reported monthly. The feed intake for the control group was 2.8 kg/animal/day which practiced by the farmer and 3.2 kg/animal/day as new feed formulation for the treatment group.

    RESULTS: After 7 months of the experimental period, final BW shows an improvement in treatment group (39.1±1.53 kg) compared with control group (32.3±1.23 kg). The ADG in treatment group also gives promising result when comparing with control group. Goats in treatment group significantly attained better ADG than control group which were 126.7 g/day and 83.3 g/day, respectively. For the BCS, goats in the treatment group had shown an improvement where 86.67% (13 out of 15) of the group had BCS ≥3 (1-5 scoring scale) and only 66.67% (10 out of 15) of the control group had BCS ≥3.

    CONCLUSION: Therefore, it was concluded that implementation of proper feeding program as shown in treatment group give promising result to improve the growth performance of replacement breeder goats which can be adopted by the farmers to improve farm productivity.

    Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
  8. Naemah Tajol Arus, Suhaily Amran, Norhafsam Maghpor, Ahmad Sayuti Zainal Abidin, Nurzuhairah Jamil, Rochi Bakel, et al.
    MyJurnal
    In the recent years, an extensive number of scientific researches on occupational diseases have been done to
    identify occupations at high risk of inducing diseases. There are many categories of occupational diseases, and unitary
    of them are occupational respiratory diseases. This study was conducted in a tea factory located in Cameron Highlands,
    Malaysia, with an output of 600,000.00 kg per annum. Its objective was to evaluate respiratory diseases among the
    workers, conducted via questionnaires, interviews and lung functional tests. A total of 38 workers participated in this
    study, 19 in the exposed group and 19 in the control group. The most common chronic symptoms for the exposed
    group are wheezing, dyspnea (short of breath) and phlegm. The result shows that, among the tea processing workers,
    the exposed group suffer from respiratory diseases.
    Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
  9. Tamara Gien Pooke, Rozi Mahmud, Suraini Mohamad Saini, Yap, Poh Sin, Sharifah Roohi Syed Waseem Ahmad, Harwant Singh
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: The goal of this study was to assess the effectiveness of seated combined extension-compression and transverse load (ECTL) traction as a new method for increasing a reduced lordosis of less than 30 degrees in a Malaysian population between the ages of 18 and 60 years. Possible changes in disc height were measured in accordance with the underlying theoretical framework, that suggests the anterior cervical structures would elongate due to creep over the fulcrum of the traction device.
    Method: This was a single centre, randomised, blinded controlled clinical trial with parallel groups, used to test the superiority of the seated combined ECTL traction together with physiotherapy exercises when compared with the same physiotherapy exercises used as a control. Fifty randomly allocated subjects who completed the forty treatments over the fourteen weeks were analysed using non-parametric tests for changes in outcomes.
    Results: There were no significant changes in outcomes for disc height changes seen in this study. The findings of a greater overall increase in posterior disc height changes compared with anterior disc height changes were in contrast with the proposed underlying theoretical framework for this type of ECTL traction. The greater height changes occurring in the control group were also unexpected.
    Conclusion: The findings in this study of the contrasting changes in disc height of greater posterior than anterior height changes, question the underlying theoretical framework as postulated for this type of traction.
    Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
  10. Prabhu Ragawan, Ruaibah Yazani Tengah
    MyJurnal
    This study aim to examine the effectiveness of plyometric training on muscle physical changes. 24 long jumpers under 12 year old from Cameron Highland were involved in this study. 12 participants were in the control group and another 12 were assigned into treatment group. The training program was conducted twice a week for six weeks. Girth of thigh and calf muscles measurement were conducted during pre-test and post-test. The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis and two-way ANOVA test to determine the mean differences between groups, trial period and interaction of group and trial period. The findings showed that calf and thigh circumference show an improvement for both treatment and control group, in which the treatment group had gained significantly higher achievement. The two-way ANOVA test showed significant differences in enlargement of thigh muscle and calf muscle diameter between groups and trial period. As a conclusion, the plyometric exercises increased circumference of the thigh muscles and calf muscles among long jumpers. The implication of the study is that the proper plyometric training with an appropriate load for primary school athletes need to be implemented to achieve peak performance.
    Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
  11. Ahmad Fazlan Ghazalli, Mahamad Yusof Abdul Rani, Lee, Jeffrey Low Fook
    MyJurnal
    Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education 5(2): 53-60, 2016 – Many previous studies
    focus on attention has consistently demonstrated that an external focus (movement effect)
    enhances motor performance and learning relative to an internal focus (body movements).
    However, the effectiveness of the external focus direction and internal focus on the press
    behind neck lift not yet again compared among the weightlifter. Therefore, the aim of this
    study was to identify the three conditions (external focus, internal focus and control) that
    brings the best performance in the press behind neck. Besides that, a total of 30 athletes
    Selangor weightlifters performed the pre-test before they are divided into treatment groups
    (external focus and internal focus) and a control group. There are changes in the score in
    force between the test scores (pre, post and retention test) and the group will be analyzed
    using Two Way ANOVA Repeated Measure. The results showed that, there are the main
    effect of testing, F(2, 54) = 1671.065 p = 0.001 means there is a significant difference
    between pre-test and post-test . There is a main effect for group, F (2, 27) = 16,646, p =
    0.001. Meanwhile, there was a significant interaction between the test group f (4. 54) =
    378,732 p = 0.001. There are no significant differences between the three groups during the
    pre-test. However, in the post-test found an external focus groups (M = 51.5 kg, SP = 7.4)
    and an internal focus group (M = 49.5kg, SP = 6.6) is better and has significant differences to
    the control group (M = 30.5kg, SP= 6.9). Besides that, the external focus group retention test
    (M= 59.5 kg, SP=6.0) is better and has a significant difference compared with internal focus
    (M= 43.2kg, SP = 5.9) and the control group (M= 30.1, SP = 6.3). Therefore, the overall
    direction of a focus of external forces show better performance compared to focus on internal
    and groups are not given any specific instructions for long term programme.
    Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
  12. Ahmad Syariff Ahmad Tajudin, Mohammad Hamka Nizam Mohamad Rosni, Lee, Jeffrey Low Fook
    MyJurnal
    The purpose of this study was to compare the acquisition of performing the squat technique using visual and verbal feedback among eleven years old children. Thirty standard 5 students from a semi urban primary school were recruited for this study. Each participant performed the squat without any provision of feedback in the pre-test. Their performance was assessed using the Motion Competency Screen (MCS) scale. The pre-test scores were used to divide the participants randomly into three groups (i.e., visual-, verbal-feedback and control). During the acquisition phase (two weeks), the visual group (video recordings of their performance) received feedback about the correct squat technique by a qualified trainer while the verbal feedback group received verbal instructions and feedback from the same instructor on their performance. The control group did not participate in any trials during acquisition phase. All participants were tested again in the post- and retention test a week after the post-test. A 3 group x 3 tests mixed between-within ANOVA with repeated measures on the second factor was used to measure the between and within group mean differences. There was no significant different between groups for the pre-test. However, both the visual and the verbal feedback groups were significantly better than the control group in the post test. However, in the retention test, the verbal group significantly outperformed the visual group. Again both groups were significantly better than the control group. In conclusion, both visual and verbal feedbacks were effective in learning a motor skill. Interestingly, verbal feedback showed to be more effective for long term retention (learning).
    Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
  13. Tan, Hui San, Abdoreza Soleimani Farjam, Goh, Yong Meng, Idrus Zulkifli, Evi Croes, Sarathi Karmakar Partha, et al.
    MyJurnal
    This research was done to evaluate the effect of a commercial exogenous emulsifier
    (polyethylene glycol ricinoleate (PEGR)) with high hydrophilic-to-lipophilic balance (HLB)
    supplementation to broiler chicken diets on growth performance, digestibility of fat and
    apparent metabolisable energy (AME) content in week 1, 3 and 5. A total of 360 one-day-old
    male Cobb broiler chicks were assigned in groups of 30 to 12 battery cages. The chicks were
    randomly assigned to two dietary treatments, with 6 replicate cages per treatment. The diets
    were either standard broiler starter and finisher, with rice bran oil (RBO) as supplemented fat
    source or similar diets + 0.05% emulsifier (RBOV). Feed intakes of RBOV groups significantly
    increased compared to those of RBO groups from week 2 till 4 while body weights of RBOV
    diets significantly increased in week 4 and 5. Both RBOV and RBO groups had similar FCR
    except for week 5. Addition of this strongly hydrophilic emulsifier showed no significant
    difference in fat digestibility of both RC and RV groups but higher AME was noted for the
    treatment than for the control groups at week 5. Therefore, supplementing the exogenous
    emulsifier into a broiler diet enriched with rice bran oil improved body weight and AME
    content at week 5 with minimal effect on fat digestibility.
    Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
  14. Mohamad Nizam Mohamed Shapie, Oliver, Jon, O’Donoghue, Peter, Tong, Richard
    Movement Health & Exercise, 2018;7(1):27-41.
    MyJurnal
    Background & Study Aim: The purpose of the current case study was to
    describe the activity pattern of individual exponents during competitive fights
    completed before and after six weeks circuit training programme. Material
    & Methods: Thirteen and 16-year-old experimental (E13 and E16) and
    control (C13 and C16) participants were paired and videoed with fighting
    before and after 6-week training. Exponents were chosen based on their age,
    maturation, weight, competitive standard (none had participated in an official
    silat match), and initial fitness performance. All matches were converted into
    .mpg files and analysed using the same procedure. The distribution of
    outcomes was analysed and used as an index of performance for more
    detailed analysis. Results: The E13 increased the frequency of kicking during
    competition post-training, which is suggested to reflect transference of
    improved fitness to competition. Both E13 and C13 improved the ability to
    dodge their opponent attacks, likely reflecting a response to technical
    coaching. The frequency of actions during competition generally decreased
    for both older participants, suggesting limited fitness transference to
    competition. All individuals demonstrated some meaningful improvements
    in fitness following the intervention period. However, these responses did not
    necessarily reflect the group finding. Conclusions: This was the first case
    study to examine the changes in competitive fighting performance of four
    young performers from experimental and control groups following a silatspecific
    circuit training programme. Therefore, fitness gains together with
    technical coaching may transfer to competition in younger exponents, while
    alterations in strategy may have been more decisive in the older group. The
    research has provided further insight of fitness development and trainability,
    and also transference fitness into competitive performance in youth silat which may help to facilitate coaches of the demands and requirements of the
    combat sport.
    Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
  15. Omar, R., Knight, V.F., Tan, X.L., Ahmad Zahidi A.A., Mohd Saat, N.Z.
    JUMMEC, 2019;22(1):58-65.
    MyJurnal
    Empowering lay screeners, such as pre-school teachers, on vision screening is a cost-effective way to
    ensure larger populations of children can be screened. Although the validity of lay screeners in conducting
    vision screening were reported in several studies, none showed data concerning improvement of the level
    of knowledge among lay screeners after completing vision screening training, which could indicate the
    effectiveness of the training program. This study aimed to determine the level of knowledge of pre-school
    teachers before and after attending a training program. Sixty pre-school teachers from Tabika and Taska KEMAS
    were randomly selected. The Study Group (n = 30) was given theory and practical training on vision screening,
    whereas the Control Group (n = 30) was only given brief verbal instructions on how to conduct the screening. A
    theory test containing 15 questions related to the training modules were administered to both groups, before
    and after their training/briefing respectively. The findings showed that the level of knowledge among preschool
    teachers in the Study Group (73.24 ± 11.73%) was significantly higher than the Control Group (56.22
    ± 13.11%) (p < 0.01). There was also a significant improvement in the level of knowledge among pre-school
    teachers in the Study Group after the training (p
    Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
  16. Jamaris S, Akpolat-Basci L, Stephanou M, Wetzig S, Cubuk Y, Gerharz J, et al.
    Breast care (Basel, Switzerland), 2019 Oct;14(5):302-307.
    PMID: 31798390 DOI: 10.1159/000493017
    Background: Significant re-excision rates in breast-conserving surgery (BCS) after neoadjuvant systemic chemotherapy may result from difficulties in defining the surgical target particularly in cases with excellent treatment response. Devices allowing an exact topographic localisation of the lesion in the resected tissue could reduce re-excision rates by optimising the intraoperative detection of involved margins.

    Methods: 80 patients with invasive breast cancer receiving BCS after neoadjuvant chemotherapy were included in this non-randomized case-control study. 40 patients with specimen radiography performed in a standard approach (control group) were compared to 40 patients with use of a radiopaque tissue transfer system (study group).

    Results: 19/80 (23.75%) patients required re-excision because of involved margins; among those, 14/40 (35%) were in the control group and 5/40 (12.5%) in the study group. The association between the use of the radiopaque tissue transfer system and the lower re-excision rate was statistically significant (p = 0.023).

    Conclusion: Our analysis provides a rationale for the routine use of a radiopaque tissue transfer system for specimen radiography in BCS after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for invasive breast cancer in order to reduce re-excision rates.

    Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
  17. Idoui T, Karam N
    Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:347-353.
    The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of autochthonous Lactobacillus plantarum feeding on growth performance, carcass traits, serum composition and faecal microflora of broiler chickens. The results showed a significant positive effect (p< 0.05) of probiotic on body weight and feed conversion ratio. Coliform counts in the fecal matter of broiler chickens receiving probiotic were lower than the analogous population in control birds (p<0.05). In contrary, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) number increased (p<0.05) in fecal matter of experimental group. At the end of the study, the degree of serum cholesterol reduction resulted in a 20.31% compared to the control group (p<0.05). The experimental group had significantly lower serum triglycerides (p<0.05). It was concluded that autochthonous probiotic improved growth and feed efficiency in broilers chickens and considering the improvements in carcass traits. This probiotic possess the property of reducing cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood and possess a positive effect on the gut microflora.
    Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
  18. Norzihan A, Rohany N, Mohd Suhaimi M, Nor Ba’yah Abdul K
    The aim of this study is to examine the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural group counselling on anger and aggression among male prisoners in Malaysian prisons. A total of 40 male prisoners were involved in this study. Subjects were assigned into treatment group (N=20) and control group (N=20) through purposive sampling method. Subjects were then divided into small groups (two treatment groups) and (two control groups) which each group consisting of 10 prisoners. The treatment groups attended eight sessions of group counselling process. State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (STAXI-2) and Aggression Questionnaire (AQ) were used as questionnaires to measure anger emotion and aggression behaviour. Data were analysed by using the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) at 0.05 significant level. The results showed significant differences in the mean of pre-test and post-test on STAXI-2 scales such as state anger, trait anger and anger expression-out between the experimental group and control group. However, the results showed no significant differences for the scales of anger expression-in, anger control-out, and anger control-in between the groups. The results also showed significant differences in the mean of pre-test and post-test on aggression between the experimental group and control group. The implications of the findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
  19. Muhammad Taher, Nur Aizura Mat Alewi, Deny S, Zaitunnatakhin Zamli, Norazsida Ramli, Nurulwahida Saad
    Sains Malaysiana, 2012;41:1423-1429.
    Sapium baccatum is usually used as a timber in Malaysia. Its medicinal values are not well known and very little research has been conducted concerning the plant. Consequently, this study was conducted to observe toxicity effects of hexane extract of stem bark of S. baccatum. The toxicity effects were assessed through observation of physiological changes of the rats as well as through gross and histological examinations of its livers. The doses for the treated groups were given intraperitoneally for T2, T3 and T4 group which were given 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively. Meanwhile, control group (T1) was administered with 80% PEG 200 only. The observation period was 14 days. If the rat died, it was dissected and the liver was removed and examined. Some physiological effects observed include ataxia and hind-legs paralysis. The gross observations of the livers, growth of abnormal spots and connective tissues attachment to lobes of the livers were observed. The experiment was followed byhistopathological observation, which indicated the presence of abnormal hepatocytes with a distorted shape and undefined cell linings for T2 group. Results also indicated an increase in the distortion of hepatocytes, presence of massive cytoplasm and necrosis of hepatocytes for T3 and T4 groups. The results suggest that non polar extract of the stem bark of S. baccatum may promote toxic effects to the animals.
    Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
  20. Abu Bakar S, Ashriya A, Shuib A, Razak S
    Sains Malaysiana, 2014;43:1053-1059.
    The aim of this study was to investigate the genotoxicity effect of Cd and Zn and their binary mixtures in tilapia fish Oreochromis niloticus using the micronucleus test. Two cytogenetic end points were considered; the frequencies of micronucleated cells and nuclear abnormalities. Fishes were exposed to 4.63 mg/L Cd, 7.50 mg/L Zn and 4.63 mg/L Cd + 7.50 mg/L Zn mixture for the period of 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. The results showed that the frequencies of micronuclei and nuclear abnormalities in the erythrocyte were significantly increased in all groups of treatments when compared with the control group (0 exposures). In addition, the highest frequencies of micronucleated and nuclear abnormalities were obtained after 48 h exposure in almost all cases (except in the mixture of Cd+Zn) and decreased after 72 and 96 h exposure. Frequencies of micronuclei and erythrocytes with nuclear abnormalities exposed to a mixture of Cd+Zn in O. niloticus were always lower at all-time points (after 24, 48, 72 and 96 h) than that of a single Cd and Zn exposure. Therefore, the study demonstrated that the genotoxic potential of these metal compounds and the simultaneous treatment of Cd and Zn suggest the presence of antagonistic interactions.
    Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
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