Displaying publications 41 - 60 of 158 in total

Abstract:
Sort:
  1. Mohd-Shafie ML, Wan-Kadir WMN, Khatibsyarbini M, Isa MA
    PLoS One, 2020;15(2):e0229312.
    PMID: 32084232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229312
    Regression testing is crucial in ensuring that modifications made did not introduce any adverse effect on the software being modified. However, regression testing suffers from execution cost and time consumption problems. Test case prioritization (TCP) is one of the techniques used to overcome these issues by re-ordering test cases based on their priorities. Model-based TCP (MB-TCP) is an approach in TCP where the software models are manipulated to perform prioritization. The issue with MB-TCP is that most of the existing approaches do not provide satisfactory faults detection capability. Besides, their granularity of test selection criteria is not very good and this can affect prioritization effectiveness. This study proposes an MB-TCP approach that can improve the faults detection performance of regression testing. It combines the implementation of two existing approaches from the literature while incorporating an additional ordering criterion to boost prioritization efficacy. A detailed empirical study is conducted with the aim to evaluate and compare the performance of the proposed approach with the selected existing approaches from the literature using the average of the percentage of faults detected (APFD) metric. Three web applications were used as the objects of study to obtain the required test suites that contained the tests to be prioritized. From the result obtained, the proposed approach yields the highest APFD values over other existing approaches which are 91%, 86% and 91% respectively for the three web applications. These higher APFD values signify that the proposed approach is very effective in revealing faults early during testing. They also show that the proposed approach can improve the faults detection performance of regression testing.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
  2. Jatau AI, Shitu Z, Khalid GM, Yunusa I, Awaisu A
    Ther Adv Drug Saf, 2019;10:2042098619852552.
    PMID: 31258886 DOI: 10.1177/2042098619852552
    Background: The burden of adverse drug event (ADE)-related emergency department (ED) visits is increasing despite several preventive measures. The objective of this paper was to develop and validate a conceptual model for a better understanding of ADE-related ED visits and to guide the design and implementation of effective interventions.

    Methods: The development of the model involved a systematic review of the literature using PubMed and Embase databases. Studies reporting the risk factors associated with ADE-related ED visits were included. The methodological qualities of the included studies were assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). The model was mapped and validated using face and content validity by an expert panel. Deficiencies and targeted interventions were identified, and steps for the design and implementation were recommended.

    Results: The literature search generated 1361 articles, of which 38 were included in the review; 41 risk factors associated with ADE-related ED visits were identified. All factors were mapped, and the model was validated through face and content validity. The model consisted of six concepts related to sociodemographic factors, clinical factors, ADE-related to ED visits, ADE while in the ED, outcomes, and consequences. Interventions could be targeted at the factors identified in each concept to prevent ADE-related ED burden.

    Conclusion: A conceptual model to guide the successful design and implementation of strategies to prevent ADE-related ED visits and the occurrence of ADE at ED was developed. Clinicians should take these factors into consideration to prevent untoward events, especially when treating high-risk patients.

    Matched MeSH terms: Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
  3. Zahari Z, Salleh MR, Teh LK, Ismail R
    Malays J Med Sci, 2009 Jul;16(3):12-20.
    PMID: 22589660 MyJurnal
    Our objective was to investigate the association of CYP2D6 polymorphisms with symptoms and side-effects of patients with schizophrenia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
  4. Tangiisuran B, Davies JG, Wright JE, Rajkumar C
    Drugs Aging, 2012 Aug 1;29(8):669-79.
    PMID: 22775477 DOI: 10.2165/11632630-000000000-00000
    The aims of the study were to determine the rates, types, severity and preventability of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in a hospitalized population of very elderly patients (over 80 years of age) and to identify factors that predispose the very elderly to an ADR.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions/epidemiology*; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions/prevention & control
  5. Shaikh Abdul Rahman S, Aziz Z
    J Clin Pharm Ther, 2020 Oct;45(5):946-958.
    PMID: 31925959 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.13106
    WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE: Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is widely used worldwide for health maintenance, disease prevention and treatment. The objective of the study was to identify adverse drug reactions (ADR) associated with the use of CAM in Malaysia and factors which are associated with the more serious reactions.

    METHODS: All ADR associated with the use of CAM products (including health supplements) submitted to the Malaysian Centre for ADR Monitoring, National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency over a 15-year period were reviewed and analysed. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of serious ADR.

    RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: From a total of 74 997 reports in the database, 930 (1.2%) involved CAM products, and 242 (26%) were serious with 36 deaths. About a third of the reports involved used CAM products for health maintenance. Most (78.1%) of the ADR reports implicated unregistered products with 16.7% confirmed to contain adulterants which were mainly dexamethasone. Of the 930 reports, the ADR involved skin and appendages disorders (18.4%) followed by liver and biliary system disorders (13.7%). The odds of someone experiencing serious ADR increased if the CAM products were used for chronic illnesses (odds ratio [OR] 1.99, confidence interval [CI] 1.46-2.71), having concurrent diseases (OR 1.51, CI 1.04-2.19) and taking concurrent drugs (OR 1.44, CI 1.03-2.02).

    WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of serious ADR associated with CAM products is high. Factors identified with serious ADR included ethnicity, CAM users with pre-existing diseases, use of CAM for chronic illnesses and concomitant use of CAM products with other drugs. The findings could be useful for planning strategies to institute measures to ensure safe use of CAM products.

    Matched MeSH terms: Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions/etiology; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions/epidemiology*
  6. Bhidayasiri R, Hattori N, Jeon B, Chen RS, Lee MK, Bajwa JA, et al.
    Expert Rev Neurother, 2015;15(11):1285-97.
    PMID: 26390066 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2015.1088783
    Most Parkinson's disease patients will receive levodopa therapy, and of these, the majority will develop some levodopa-induced complications. For many patients, the first complication to develop is the decline in the duration of therapeutic benefit of each levodopa dose, a phenomenon commonly termed 'wearing-off'. There is already extensive literature documenting the epidemiology and management of wearing-off in Parkinson's disease patients of western descent. However, data derived from these studies might not always apply to patients of Asian descent due to genetic variations, differences in co-morbidities or non-availability of certain drugs. This review summarizes the current literature regarding the epidemiology of wearing-off in Asian (including Arab) patients and discusses the management issues in the context of drug availability in Asia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions/diagnosis*; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions/ethnology*
  7. Kotyla PJ, Engelmann M, Giemza-Stokłosa J, Wnuk B, Islam MA
    Int J Mol Sci, 2021 Feb 28;22(5).
    PMID: 33671049 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052449
    Recent advances in immunology enabled the characterization of several signal transmitting pathways responsible for proper cytokine and chemokine signaling. Among them, Janus kinases (JAKs) are essential components of receptor activation systems. The discovery of JAK kinases enabled the synthesis of JAK kinase inhibitors (JAKi or Jakinibs), which have proven to be efficacious in the treatment of hematologic malignancies and several rheumatological disorders and continue to be investigated in many clinical indications. Blocking multiple cytokines belonging to several cytokine families with a single small molecule may, however, create a potential risk for the patients. Recently, a higher risk of thromboembolic complications, namely, deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, has been recognized as the main concern during treatment with Jakinibs. At present, it is not entirely clear whether this increased risk is related to direct cytokine blockade, the presence of concomitant diseases in treated patients or other unknown circumstances that work together to increase the risk of this side effect. In this review, we discuss data on the risk of thromboembolic side effects, with special emphasis on the mechanism that may be responsible for this increased risk. Many indirect data indicate that higher thromboembolic risk may be related to the specificity of JAK inhibitor action, such that preferentially blocking one signaling pathway upsets the balance between pro and anti-thrombotic activities.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions/etiology; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions/pathology*
  8. Lee SW, Lai NM, Chaiyakunapruk N, Chong DW
    Br J Clin Pharmacol, 2017 01;83(1):172-179.
    PMID: 27081765 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12976
    AIM: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is a common genetic disorder, affecting nearly 400 million individuals worldwide. Whilst it is known that a number of drugs, foods and chemicals can trigger haemolysis in G6PD deficient individuals, the association between herbal and dietary supplements and haemolysis is less clear. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between herbal or dietary supplements and adverse events in G6PD deficient individuals.

    METHODS: We searched 14 electronic databases from their inception until November 2015 for articles describing the use of herbal or dietary supplements in G6PD deficient individuals. Additional publications were identified from manually searching textbooks, conference abstracts and the grey literature. All study designs were included as long as they contained clinical information. These gathered findings were summarized narratively.

    RESULTS: Thirty-two publications met inclusion criteria. These reported on 10 herbal and dietary supplements. Overall evidence linking haemolysis to a herbal/dietary supplement was only found for henna. No evidence of harm was observed for vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin K, Gingko biloba and α-lipoic acid.

    CONCLUSIONS: The review showed that there was insufficient evidence to contravene the use of most herbal or dietary products at therapeutic doses in G6PD deficient subjects.

    Matched MeSH terms: Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions/etiology*; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions/epidemiology
  9. Othman N, Vitry AI, Roughead EE
    South Med Rev, 2010 Feb;3(1):11-8.
    PMID: 23093878
    OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the provision of medicines information in medical journal advertising in Australia, Malaysia and the United States.
    METHODS: A consecutive sample of 85 unique advertisements from each country was selected from the advertisements published between January 2004 to December 2006 in three widely circulated medical journals and one prescribing reference manual. The availability of brand name and generic name, indication, contraindications, dosage, side-effects, warnings, interactions and precautions was compared between the three countries.
    RESULTS: We examined 255 distinct advertisements for 136 pharmaceutical products. Journal advertising in Australia, Malaysia and the US usually provided brand names and generic names (range 96 -100%). Information on dosage was significantly less likely to be mentioned (32%) in the US than in Australia (92%) and Malaysia (48%) (P < 0.001). Warning information was significantly less likely to be provided in Australia (5%) than in the US (81%) and Malaysia (9%) (P < 0.001). Apart from information on brand name, generic name, warnings and dosage, other product information significantly less likely to be provided in journal advertising in Malaysia than in Australia and the US (P < 0.001). Similar trends in the provision of product information for the same medicines published in these countries were noted. Brand name and generic name were always provided in the three countries (100%). However, information on the negative effects of medicines was less frequently provided in Malaysia than in Australia and the US.
    CONCLUSIONS: Journal advertising in Australia, Malaysia and the US failed to provide complete product information. Low quality of information provided in Malaysia indicates the need for effective regulation of provision of medicines information in journal advertising. Different standards of medicines information provided in these three countries suggest that pharmaceutical promotion needs to be better controlled at the international level.
    KEYWORDS: Australia; Malaysia; Pharmaceutical advertisements; promotion; regulation
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
  10. Nafeeza Mohd Ismail
    Medical Health Reviews, 2010;2010(1):65-76.
    MyJurnal
    The safety and efficacy of drugs may be different in children compared to adults. The available documentation at the time of approval for drug use in humans invariably lack data for use in children as generally children are not exposed to medicines in clinical trials. As such, in order to clarify a safety profile in children and to limit the occurrence of adverse drug reactions (ADR), long term data collection is necessary. There is a need to consider how pharmacovigilance is conducted for medicines used by children. It is the ethical responsibility of all health professionals to report ADR. Currently, ADRs in children does not appear to be at a critical level. Certainly, a high standard of care could be a reason but the possibility of health professionals underreporting ADRs has to be considered. Furthermore, many drugs used in children are not licensed for use in this age group. This may further limit the reporting of suspected ADRs to the pharmacovigilance systems.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
  11. Wan Zaidi WA, Wan Jamaludin WF, Tumian NR, Abdul Wahid F
    Med J Malaysia, 2016 Aug;71(4):209-210.
    PMID: 27770123 MyJurnal DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00080209
    Pulmonary toxicity is a rare complication of Rituximab therapy. Although Rituximab is relatively safe and can be administered in an outpatient setting, Rituximab-associated lung disease has been reported and may cause mortality despite early detection. Typically the pulmonary toxicity occurs at around the fourth cycle of Rituximab. High index of suspicion is crucial and other concurrent pathology such as infective causes should be excluded. Radiological imaging and histological confirmation should be obtained and early treatment with corticosteroid should be initiated. Patients should receive counselling regarding respiratory symptoms and possible pulmonary toxicity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
  12. Ashby CF
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
  13. Rashed AN, Wong IC, Cranswick N, Tomlin S, Rascher W, Neubert A
    Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 2012 May;68(5):801-10.
    PMID: 22166934 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-011-1183-4
    BACKGROUND: Understanding the epidemiology and risk factors of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) is important in order to develop appropriate prevention strategies. This study aimed to identify risk factors associated with ADRs in hospitalised children and recommend strategies to minimise ADRs.

    METHODS: A prospective multicentre cohort study was conducted on paediatric general medical wards in five European and non-European hospitals. ADRs were identified by intensive chart review. Multivariable logistic regression was used to investigate risk factors associated with ADRs. For the risk factor analysis, prescribed drugs were divided into high-risk and low-risk drug groups. Analgesics, anti-epileptics, antibacterials and antimycotics for systemic use, corticosteroids for systemic use and immunosuppressant agents were considered as high-risk groups whereas the remaining drug classes were defined as low-risk drug groups.

    RESULTS: A total of 1,253 paediatric patients were identified [Australia (n = 145), Germany (n = 372), Hong Kong (n = 138), Malaysia (n = 291), UK (n = 307)]. A total of 328 ADRs were observed in 16.7% of patients (186/1,115). Use of five or more low-risk drugs per patient or three or more high-risk drugs was a strong predictor for ADRs (OR 4.7, 95% CI 2.4-9.3; OR 6.5, 95% CI 2.7-16.0 respectively; p < 0.001). Older children were more likely to experience ADRs; gender was not significantly associated.

    CONCLUSION: To reduce the risk of ADRs in children, clinicians and pharmacists should aim to minimise polypharmacy and be aware of higher ADR risks associated with some drug groups.

    Matched MeSH terms: Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions/epidemiology*; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions/physiopathology; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions/prevention & control
  14. Khor AH, Lim KS, Tan CT, Kwan Z, Ng CC
    PMID: 27763865 DOI: 10.18176/jiaci.0085
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions/drug therapy; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions/etiology*; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions/immunology
  15. Tangiisuran B, Scutt G, Stevenson J, Wright J, Onder G, Petrovic M, et al.
    PLoS One, 2014;9(10):e111254.
    PMID: 25356898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111254
    Older patients are at an increased risk of developing adverse drug reactions (ADR). Of particular concern are the oldest old, which constitute an increasingly growing population. Having a validated clinical tool to identify those older patients at risk of developing an ADR during hospital stay would enable healthcare staff to put measures in place to reduce the risk of such an event developing. The current study aimed to (1) develop and (2) validate an ADR risk prediction model.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions/diagnosis*
  16. Hassan Y, Al-Ramahi RJ, Aziz NA, Ghazali R
    Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther, 2010 Sep;48(9):571-6.
    PMID: 20860910
    BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Adverse drug events (ADEs) are a common cause of hospitalization and in-hospital complications. The aim of this study was to determine the rates, types, severity and preventability of pre-admission and in-hospital ADEs in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).

    METHODS: This study was conducted at the nephrology unit at Penang General Hospital. A random sample of 300 adult patients with CKD was included. Medical records and charts were reviewed by a clinical pharmacist every work day to find any evidence of errors or complications related to drug use. If a suspected ADE was found, further investigations were carried out to assess the causality, severity and preventability of the event.

    RESULTS: A total of 159 ADEs were reported in 122 (40.7%) of the patients. We found 86 suspected pre-admission ADEs in 68 (22.7%) of the patients. These were either the cause of admission for some patients or discovered by the initial physical examination and laboratory investigations. During hospitalization, 64 (21.3%) patients had 73 suspected ADEs. Out of the total 159 suspected ADEs, it was highly probable that 31 events were due to medication, while 61 were of lower probability, and 67 were merely possible. A total of 48 (30.2%) events was considered preventable. 46 events (28.9%) were serious, 93 (58.5%) were less serious and 20 (12.6%) were insignificant. The medication classes most frequently involved in ADEs were diuretics, antibacterials, drugs used for diabetes mellitus, antithrombotic agents, mineral supplements and antihypertensive drugs.

    CONCLUSION: ADEs are very common in hospitalized CKD patients, and some of these events are preventable. The service of a clinical pharmacist may help to reduce ADEs.

    Matched MeSH terms: Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions/epidemiology*
  17. Bandekar MS, Anwikar SR, Kshirsagar NA
    Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, 2010 Nov;19(11):1181-5.
    PMID: 20845409 DOI: 10.1002/pds.2004
    Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are considered as one of the leading causes of death among hospitalized patients. Thus reporting of adverse drug reactions become an important phenomenon. Spontaneous adverse drug reaction reporting form is an essential component and a major tool of the pharmacovigilance system of any country. This form is a tool to collect information of ADRs which helps in establishing the causal relationship between the suspected drug and the reaction. As different countries have different forms, our aim was to study, analyze the suspected adverse drug reaction reporting form of different countries, and assess if these forms can capture all the data regarding the adverse drug reaction. For this analysis we identified 18 points which are essential to make a good adverse drug reaction report, enabling proper causality assessment of adverse reaction to generate a safety signal. Adverse drug reaction reporting forms of 10 different countries were collected from the internet and compared for 18 points like patient information, information about dechallenge-rechallenge, adequacy of space and columns to capture necessary information required for its causality assessment, etc. Of the ADR forms that we analyzed, Malaysia was the highest scorer with 16 out of 18 points. This study reveals that there is a need to harmonize the ADR reporting forms of all the countries because there is a lot of discrepancy in data captured by the existing ADR reporting forms as the design of these forms is different for different countries. These incomplete data obtained result in inappropriate causality assessment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions*
  18. Ting KN, Stratton-Powell DM, Anderson C
    Pharm World Sci, 2010 Jun;32(3):339-42.
    PMID: 20336371 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-010-9382-0
    OBJECTIVES: To investigate community pharmacists' knowledge, attitudes and views on adverse drug reaction (ADR) reporting. Setting Seven community pharmacies in Malaysia.

    METHOD: Structured interviews with community pharmacists. Informed consent was obtained and interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim.

    MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Content analysis of themes on awareness of ADR reporting, reporting activities, attitudes and views on patient reporting.

    RESULTS: All pharmacists claimed to have some knowledge of a reporting system but only one had submitted a report directly to the regulatory authority. Despite the low level of reporting activities, all participants agreed that it was part of their professional obligation to report an ADR. Most participants were not aware of the direct patient reporting scheme and were skeptical about its success. Lack of awareness and patients' limited knowledge about their medications were viewed as barriers to patient reporting. Local attitudinal issues including pharmacists' attitude towards ADR reporting were described as possible contributing factors.

    CONCLUSION: Community pharmacists have an important role in reporting ADRs. Many Malaysian patients are still perceived to be ill-informed of their medications, an important determinant to the success of patient reporting. There is a need for further training about ADRs and ADR reporting for health professionals and further education for patients.

    Matched MeSH terms: Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions/epidemiology*
  19. Suwankesawong W, Dhippayom T, Tan-Koi WC, Kongkaew C
    Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, 2016 09;25(9):1061-9.
    PMID: 27174034 DOI: 10.1002/pds.4023
    PURPOSE: This study aimed to explore the current landscape and identify challenges of pharmacovigilance (PV) among Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries.

    METHODS: This cross-sectional survey collected data from May 2014 to December 2015. Questionnaires seeking to collect information on resources, processes, roles and responsibility, and functions of PV systems were sent to relevant persons in the ASEAN countries. Functions of PV centers were measured using the minimum World Health Organization requirements for a functional national PV system. Performances of PV centers were measured by the following: (1) the indicators related to the average number of individual case safety reports (ICSR); (2) presence of signal detection activities and subsequent action; and (3) contribution to the global vigilance database.

    RESULTS: Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam completed the survey. PV systems in four surveyed countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand) achieved all aspects of the World Health Organization minimum requirement for a functional national PV system; the remaining countries were deemed to have unclear communication strategies and/or no official advisory committee. Average numbers of recent ICSR national returns ranged from 7 to 3817 reports/year/million population; three countries (Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand) demonstrated good performance in reporting system and reported signal detection activities and subsequent actions. All participating countries had submitted ICSRs to the Uppsala Monitoring Center during the survey period (2013-2015).

    CONCLUSIONS: Four participating countries had functional PV systems. PV capacity, functionality, and legislative framework varied depending on local healthcare ecosystem networks. Implementing effective communication strategies and/or technical assistance from the advisory committee are needed to strengthen PV in ASEAN. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

    Matched MeSH terms: Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions/epidemiology*
  20. Abubakar AR, Ismail S, Rahman NI, Haque M
    Ther Clin Risk Manag, 2015;11:1015-25.
    PMID: 26170680 DOI: 10.2147/TCRM.S85019
    BACKGROUND: Internationally, there is a remarkable achievement in the areas of drug discovery, drug design, and clinical trials. New and efficient drug formulation techniques are widely available which have led to success in treatment of several diseases. Despite these achievements, large number of patients continue to experience adverse drug reactions (ADRs), and majority of them are yet to be on record.
    OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this survey is to compare knowledge, attitude, and practice with respect to ADRs and pharmacovigilance (PV) between medical students of Malaysia and Nigeria and to determine if there is a relationship between their knowledge and practice.
    METHOD: A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based survey involving year IV and year V medical students of the Department of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin and Bayero University Kano was carried out. The questionnaire which comprised 25 questions on knowledge, attitude, and practice was adopted, modified, validated, and administered to them. The response was analyzed using SPSS version 20.
    RESULTS: The response rate from each country was 74%. There was a statistically significant difference in mean knowledge and practice score on ADRs and PV between medical students of Malaysia and Nigeria, both at P<0.000. No significance difference in attitude was observed at P=0.389. Also, a statistically significant relationship was recorded between their knowledge and practice (r=0.229, P=0.001), although the relationship was weak.
    CONCLUSION: Nigerian medical students have better knowledge and practice than those of Malaysia, although they need improvement. Imparting knowledge of ADRs and PV among medical students will upgrade their practice and enhance health care delivery services in the future.
    KEYWORDS: KAP; Malaysia; Nigeria; drug safety; medical students; underreporting
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions*
Filters
Contact Us

Please provide feedback to Administrator (afdal@afpm.org.my)

External Links