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Two-dimensional correlation infrared spectroscopy applied to analyzing and identifying the extracts of Baeckea frutescens medicinal materials

Adib AM, Jamaludin F, Kiong LS, Hashim N, Abdullah Z

J Pharm Biomed Anal, 2014 Aug 5;96:104-10.
PMID: 24727283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.03.022

Baeckea frutescens or locally known as Cucur atap is used as antibacterial, antidysentery, antipyretic and diuretic agent. In Malaysia and Indonesia, they are used as an ingredient of the traditional medicine given to mothers during confinement. A three-steps infra-red (IR) macro-fingerprinting method combining conventional IR spectra, and the secondary derivative spectra with two dimensional infrared correlation spectroscopy (2D-IR) have been proved to be effective methods to examine a complicated mixture such as herbal medicines. This study investigated the feasibility of employing multi-steps IR spectroscopy in order to study the main constituents of B. frutescens and its different extracts (extracted by chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and aqueous in turn). The findings indicated that FT-IR and 2D-IR can provide many holistic variation rules of chemical constituents. The structural information of the samples indicated that B. frutescens and its extracts contain a large amount of flavonoids, since some characteristic absorption peaks of flavonoids, such as ∼1600cm(-1), ∼1500cm(-1), ∼1450cm(-1), and ∼1270cm(-1) can be observed. The macroscopical fingerprint characters of FT-IR and 2D-IR spectra can not only provide the information of main chemical constituents in medicinal materials and their different extracts, but also compare the components differences among the similar samples. In conclusion, the multi-steps IR macro-fingerprint method is rapid, effective, visual and accurate for pharmaceutical research.

Matched MeSH terms: Flavonoids/analysis; Flavonoids/isolation & purification; Flavonoids/chemistry
Fulltext Influence of sonication treatments and extraction solvents on the phenolics and antioxidants in star fruits

Annegowda HV, Bhat R, Min-Tze L, Karim AA, Mansor SM

J Food Sci Technol, 2012 Aug;49(4):510-4.
PMID: 23904662 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-011-0435-8

The present study was conducted to examine the effects of sonication treatments (time intervals of 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min.) on phenolics and other antioxidant compounds in starfruits extracted in methanol and water. Overall, methanolic extracts exhibited significantly higher extractability, percentage inhibition of DPPH radicals, ferric reducing antioxidant property (FRAP) value, antioxidant capacity, flavonoids, total phenolics and tannins (p

Matched MeSH terms: Flavonoids
Fulltext Corn silk (Stigma maydis) in healthcare: a phytochemical and pharmacological review

Hasanudin K, Hashim P, Mustafa S

Molecules, 2012 Aug 13;17(8):9697-715.
PMID: 22890173 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17089697

Corn silk (Stigma maydis) is an important herb used traditionally by the Chinese, and Native Americans to treat many diseases. It is also used as traditional medicine in many parts of the world such as Turkey, United States and France. Its potential antioxidant and healthcare applications as diuretic agent, in hyperglycemia reduction, as anti-depressant and anti-fatigue use have been claimed in several reports. Other uses of corn silk include teas and supplements to treat urinary related problems. The potential use is very much related to its properties and mechanism of action of its plant's bioactive constituents such as flavonoids and terpenoids. As such, this review will cover the research findings on the potential applications of corn silk in healthcare which include its phytochemical and pharmacological activities. In addition, the botanical description and its toxicological studies are also included.

Matched MeSH terms: Flavonoids/pharmacology; Flavonoids/toxicity; Flavonoids/chemistry
Effect of prenylated flavonoids and chalcones isolated from Artocarpus species on platelet aggregation in human whole blood

Jantan I, Mohd Yasin YH, Jamil S, Sirat H, Basar N

J Nat Med, 2010 Jul;64(3):365-9.
PMID: 20349149 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-010-0410-0

Five prenylflavonoids and two prenylchalcones from Artocarpus lowii King, A. scortechinii King and A. teysmanii Miq., and acetylated derivatives of cycloheterophyllin and artonin E were investigated for their ability to inhibit arachidonic acid (AA), collagen and adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet aggregation in human whole blood by using an electrical impedance method. Among the tested compounds, only cycloheterophyllin inhibited AA-induced platelet aggregation with an IC(50) value of 100.9 microM. It also showed strong inhibition against ADP-induced aggregation, with an IC(50) value of 57.1 microM. Isobavachalcone, 2',4'-dihydroxy-4-methoxy-3'-prenyldihydrochalcone, cycloartobiloxanthone, artonin E and artonin E triacetate showed selective inhibition against ADP-induced aggregation, with IC(50) values ranging from 55.3 to 192.0 microM, but did not show such effect against other inducers.

Matched MeSH terms: Flavonoids/isolation & purification*; Flavonoids/pharmacology*; Flavonoids/chemistry
Flavonone and chalcone derivatives from Cryptocarya kurzii

Fu X, Sévenet T, Remy F, Païs M, Hamid A, Hadi A, et al.

J Nat Prod, 1993 Jul;56(7):1153-63.
PMID: 8377019

Four complex flavanones, kurziflavolactones A [2], B [3], C [4], and D [5] and a complex chalcone 6 with an unprecedented carbon side chain on the flavanone or chalcone A ring have been isolated from a Malaysian plant, Cryptocarya kurzii (Lauraceae). Their structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic analysis, especially 2D nmr experiments. Compounds 3 and 6 showed slight cytotoxicity against KB cells, with IC50 values of 4 and 15 micrograms/ml, respectively. A biosynthetic pathway for the formation of these compounds is suggested.

Matched MeSH terms: Flavonoids/isolation & purification*; Flavonoids/pharmacology; Flavonoids/chemistry
A new phytochemical survey of Malaysia. V. Preliminary screening and plant chemical studies

Teo LE, Pachiaper G, Chan KC, Hadi HA, Weber JF, Deverre JR, et al.

J Ethnopharmacol, 1990 Feb;28(1):63-101.
PMID: 2314111

A large phytochemical survey of the flora of the Malaysian Peninsula and Sabah is described, covering the systematic search for alkaloids, and partly, for saponins and flavonoids. Details of some chemical studies are reported. This emphasizes the great interest of such a study.

Matched MeSH terms: Flavonoids/analysis; Flavonoids/isolation & purification; Flavonoids/pharmacology
A new flavonoid and sulphur-containing amides from Glycosmis chlorosperma

Rahmani M, Leng KW, Ismail HB, Hin TY, Sukari MA, Ali AM, et al.

Nat Prod Res, 2004 Feb;18(1):85-8.
PMID: 14974620

A new flavonoid, dihydroglychalcone-A, was isolated from the leaves extract of Glycosmis chlorosperma in addition to two known sulphur-containing amides, dambullin and gerambullin. The structure of the new compound was assigned as 2'-hydroxy-4,6'-dimethoxy-3',4'-(2",2"-dimethylpyrano)dihydrochalcone. The extract of the leaves was also found to exhibit antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities.

Matched MeSH terms: Flavonoids/isolation & purification; Flavonoids/pharmacology; Flavonoids/chemistry*
Fulltext Crystal structures of 3,5-bis-[(E)-3-hy-droxy-benzyl-idene]-1-methyl-piperidin-4-one and 3,5-bis-[(E)-2-chloro-benzyl-idene]-1-methyl-piperidin-4-one

Eryanti Y, Zamri A, Herlina T, Supratman U, Rosli MM, Fun HK

Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun, 2015 Dec 01;71(Pt 12):1488-92.
PMID: 26870411 DOI: 10.1107/S2056989015020976

The title compounds, C20H19NO3, (1), and C20H17Cl2NO, (2), are the 3-hy-droxy-benzyl-idene and 2-chloro-benzyl-idene derivatives, respectively, of curcumin [systematic name: (1E,6E)-1,7-bis-(4-hy-droxy-3-meth-oxy-phen-yl)-1,6-hepta-diene-3,5-dione]. The dihedral angles between the benzene rings in each compound are 21.07 (6)° for (1) and 13.4 (3)° for (2). In both compounds, the piperidinone rings adopt a sofa confirmation and the methyl group attached to the N atom is in an equatorial position. In the crystal of (1), two pairs of O-H⋯N and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules, forming chains along [10-1]. The chains are linked via C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming undulating sheets parallel to the ac plane. In the crystal of (2), mol-ecules are linked by weak C-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds, forming chains along the [204] direction. The chains are linked along the a-axis direction by π-π inter-actions [inter-centroid distance = 3.779 (4) Å]. For compound (2), the crystal studied was a non-merohedral twin with the refined ratio of the twin components being 0.116 (6):0.886 (6).

Matched MeSH terms: Flavonoids
Fulltext Statistical Optimization of Flavonoid and Antioxidant Recovery from Macerated Chinese and Malaysian Lotus Root (Nelumbo nucifera) Using Response Surface Methodology

Tan SJ, Lee CK, Gan CY, Olalere OA

Molecules, 2021 Apr 01;26(7).
PMID: 33916148 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26072014

In this study, the combination of parameters required for optimal extraction of anti-oxidative components from the Chinese lotus (CLR) and Malaysian lotus (MLR) roots were carefully investigated. Box-Behnken design was employed to optimize the pH (X1: 2-3), extraction time (X2: 0.5-1.5 h) and solvent-to-sample ratio (X3: 20-40 mL/g) to obtain a high flavonoid yield with high % DPPHsc free radical scavenging and Ferric-reducing power assay (FRAP). The analysis of variance clearly showed the significant contribution of quadratic model for all responses. The optimal conditions for both Chinese lotus (CLR) and Malaysian lotus (MLR) roots were obtained as: CLR: X1 = 2.5; X2 = 0.5 h; X3 = 40 mL/g; MLR: X1 = 2.4; X2 = 0.5 h; X3 = 40 mL/g. These optimum conditions gave (a) Total flavonoid content (TFC) of 0.599 mg PCE/g sample and 0.549 mg PCE/g sample, respectively; (b) % DPPHsc of 48.36% and 29.11%, respectively; (c) FRAP value of 2.07 mM FeSO4 and 1.89 mM FeSO4, respectively. A close agreement between predicted and experimental values was found. The result obtained succinctly revealed that the Chinese lotus exhibited higher antioxidant and total flavonoid content when compared with the Malaysia lotus root at optimum extraction condition.

Matched MeSH terms: Flavonoids/isolation & purification*; Flavonoids/pharmacology; Flavonoids/chemistry*
Metabolomic analysis reveals the valuable bioactive compounds of Ardisia elliptica

Wong PL, Ramli NS, Tan CP, Azlan A, Abas F

Phytochem Anal, 2021 Sep;32(5):685-697.
PMID: 33295100 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3015

INTRODUCTION: Ardisia elliptica Thunb. (Primulaceae) is a medicinal herb that is traditionally used for the treatment of fever, diarrhoea, measles and herpes. However, there is limited information regarding the correlation of its phytoconstituents with the bioactivity. Optimisation of solvent extraction is vital for maximising retention of bioactive molecules.
OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the metabolite variations in A. elliptica leaves and the correlation with antioxidant activities.
METHODOLOGY: Total phenolic content (TPC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and nitric oxide (NO) radicals scavenging assays were performed on A. elliptica leaves extracted with four different ethanol ratios (0%, 50%, 70% and absolute ethanol). The correlation of metabolites with antioxidant activities was evaluated using a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics approach.
RESULTS: The results showed that the 50% and 70% ethanolic extracts retained the highest TPC, and the 70% ethanolic extract was the most active, exhibiting half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) values of 10.18 ± 0.83 and 43.05 ± 1.69 μg/mL, respectively, in both radical scavenging assays. A total of 46 metabolites were tentatively identified, including flavonoids, benzoquinones, triterpenes and phenolic derivatives. The 50% and 70% ethanolic extracts showed similarities in metabolites content and were well discriminated from water and absolute ethanol extracts in a principal component analysis (PCA) model. Moreover, 31 metabolites were found to contribute significantly to the differentiation and antioxidant activity.
CONCLUSION: This study provides information on bioactive compounds in A. elliptica leaves, which is promising as a functional ingredient for food production or for the development of phytomedicinal products.

Matched MeSH terms: Flavonoids
Fulltext Potential Protective Effects of Rice Seedling Extracts of a Malaysian Rice Variety, Biris, Against Doxorubicin-Induced Cytotoxicity

Brandon Yeo Pei Hui, Siaw San Hwang, Mrinal Bhave

Trop Life Sci Res, 2019;30(2):1-20.
MyJurnal

Doxorubicin (DOX) adalah salah satu ubat kemoterapi yang paling berkesan untuk merawat pelbagai neoplasma seperti leukemia, limfoma dan kanser payudara. Walau bagaimanapun, ia sering dikaitkan dengan kardiomiopati. Pada masa ini, tiada rawatan yang sesuai untuk mengurangkan kesan kardiomiopati tanpa kesan sampingan yang ketara. Oleh itu, kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji kesan-kesan perlindungan potensi ekstrak benih padi (RSE) terhadap kesitotoksikan yang disebabkan oleh DOX menggunakan kajian kultur sel vitro. Keupayaan antioksidan RSE dinilai, dan hasilnya menunjukkan jumlah kandungan fenolik yang lebih rendah (TPC), tetapi jumlah kandungan flavonoid total (TFC) dan kapasiti antioksidan yang setara trolox (TEAC), dibandingkan dengan ekstrak benih wheatgrass. Satu siri eksperimen spektroskopi penyerapan dan pendarfluor menunjukkan bahawa RSE boleh menghalang pembentukan kompleks DOX-DNA pada kepekatan yang diuji. Tambahan pula, daya maju sel kardiomiosit sel, H9c2 (2-1), telah diuji selepas 24, 48 dan 72 jam rawatan DOX terhadap RSE menggunakan ujian proliferasi sel berdasarkan garam tetrazolium (MTS reagent). Hasilnya menunjukkan kesan perlindungan yang signifikan terhadap RSE terhadap kesitotoksikan yang disebabkan oleh DOX. Jalur sel karsinoma nasofarinks, HK1, digunakan sebagai kawalan untuk menentukan sama ada keberkesanan DOX terjejas oleh pentadbiran bersama RSE. Hasilnya tidak menunjukkan kesan negatif terhadap keberkesanan dadah. Pelbagai sifat berfaedah RSE menunjukkan potensi kuatnya untuk membangunkan agen kardioprotektif untuk melengkapi rawatan DOX dalam tetapan klinikal.

Matched MeSH terms: Flavonoids
Fulltext Phytochemicals and antioxidant properties of different parts of Camellia sinensis leaves from Sabah Tea Plantation in Sabah, Malaysia

Nor Qhairul Izzreen, M.N., Mohd Fadzelly, A.B.

International Food Research Journal, 2013;20(1):307-312.
MyJurnal

This study was conducted to determine the total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) as well as the antioxidant activity of 50% ethanolic extracts from different parts of Camellia sinensis (shoot, young and matured leaves). Comparison was also made between black (fermented) and green (unfermented) tea. For green tea, the results showed that the shoot contained significantly higher total phenolic content, followed by the young and matured leaves (p

Matched MeSH terms: Flavonoids
Fulltext 3D-QSAR modelling dataset of bioflavonoids for predicting the potential modulatory effect on P-glycoprotein activity

Wongrattanakamon P, Lee VS, Nimmanpipug P, Jiranusornkul S

Data Brief, 2016 Dec;9:35-42.
PMID: 27626051 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2016.08.004

The data is obtained from exploring the modulatory activities of bioflavonoids on P-glycoprotein function by ligand-based approaches. Multivariate Linear-QSAR models for predicting the induced/inhibitory activities of the flavonoids were created. Molecular descriptors were initially used as independent variables and a dependent variable was expressed as pFAR. The variables were then used in MLR analysis by stepwise regression calculation to build the linear QSAR data. The entire dataset consisted of 23 bioflavonoids was used as a training set. Regarding the obtained MLR QSAR model, R of 0.963, R (2)=0.927, [Formula: see text], SEE=0.197, F=33.849 and q (2)=0.927 were achieved. The true predictabilities of QSAR model were justified by evaluation with the external dataset (Table 4). The pFARs of representative flavonoids were predicted by MLR QSAR modelling. The data showed that internal and external validations may generate the same conclusion.

Matched MeSH terms: Flavonoids
Fulltext Supercritical fluid extraction of bioactive flavonoid from Strobilanthes crispus (pecah kaca) and its comparison with solvent extraction

Liza, M.S., Abdul Rahman, R., Mandana, B., Jinap, S., Rahmat, A., Zaidul, I.S.M., et al.

International Food Research Journal, 2012;19(2):503-508.
MyJurnal

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SC-CO2) of bioactive flavonoid from Strobilanthes crispus (Pecah Kaca) was performed to study the effects of various parameters such as pressure, temperature and dynamic extraction time on the yield and composition of bioactive flavonoid. The results were also compared with those obtained by conventional Soxhlet extraction in lab conditions. The results from SFE showed that the effect of extraction variables on extraction yields decreased in the following order: pressure, temperature and dynamic extraction time. The extraction pressure played a dominant role in the yield of the sample while the effect of time could be ignored. This study also revealed that both Soxhlet extraction and SC-CO2 extraction can be used to obtain flavonoid compound. Under the optimum conditions, the highest bioactive flavonoid compound content was obtained at 3.98% and eight flavonoid compounds were identified by HPLC.

Matched MeSH terms: Flavonoids
Fulltext Total phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant activity of banana pulp and peel flours: influence of variety and stage of ripeness

Fatemeh, S. R., Saifullah, R., Abbas, F. M. A., Azhar, M. E.

International Food Research Journal, 2012;19(3):1041-1046.
MyJurnal

The influence of variety (Cavendish and Dream), stage of ripeness (green and ripe) and parts (pulp and peel) on antioxidative compounds and antioxidant activity of banana fruit was investigated. The TPC and TFC ranged widely from 75.01 to 685.57 mg GAE/100 g and 39.01 to 389.33 mg CEQ/100 g of dry matter respectively. Cavendish banana flour contained higher TPC and TFC compared to Dream variety. TPC and TFC values of banana peel were higher than those of banana pulp. Also, green banana showed higher TPC and TFC values than those of ripe fruit. Radical scavenging activities (inhibition of DPPH) of the extracts ranged from 26.55 to 52.66%. Although Dream banana peel extracts appeared to have low TPC and TFC, its antioxidant activities were ranked moderate to high. This implies that antioxidative compounds other than phenolics and flavonoids were probably responsible for inhibition of DPPH.

Matched MeSH terms: Flavonoids
Response surface methodology optimization for extraction of phenolics and antioxidant capacity in defatted dabai parts

H-E. Khoo, Azlan A, Ismail A, Abas F

Sains Malaysiana, 2013;42:949-954.

This study aimed to determine the total phenolics and antioxidant capacity of defatted dabai parts based on liquid extraction and optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). A two-level factorial design was applied to determine the effect of two independent variables (extraction time: X1 and % methanol: X2) on three response variables (total phenolic content: Y1, total flavonoid/anthocyanin content: Y2 and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity: Y3). The optimum conditions for extraction time and percent methanol were 36 min or 1 min and 62.25% or 53% for the defatted dabai pulp or peel, respectively. The RSM optimized extraction was compared with sonication-assisted extraction. Optimization results showed that defatted dabai parts had high total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. Sonication-assisted extraction utilized the optimized extraction conditions had further increased the total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of defatted dabai peel, but not in the pulp. Therefore, optimization of different extraction methods for the defatted fruit parts is recommended for future studies.

Matched MeSH terms: Flavonoids
Flavonoids: promising natural compounds against viral infections

Zakaryan H, Arabyan E, Oo A, Zandi K

Arch Virol, 2017 Sep;162(9):2539-2551.
PMID: 28547385 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3417-y

Flavonoids are widely distributed as secondary metabolites produced by plants and play important roles in plant physiology, having a variety of potential biological benefits such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activity. Different flavonoids have been investigated for their potential antiviral activities and several of them exhibited significant antiviral properties in in vitro and even in vivo studies. This review summarizes the evidence for antiviral activity of different flavonoids, highlighting, where investigated, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of action on viruses. We also present future perspectives on therapeutic applications of flavonoids against viral infections.

Matched MeSH terms: Flavonoids/metabolism; Flavonoids/pharmacology*; Flavonoids/chemistry
Fulltext Antioxidant activity of herbal tea prepared from Cosmos caudatus leaves at different maturity stages

Dian-Nashiela, F., Noriham, A., Nooraain, H., Azizah, A.H.

International Food Research Journal, 2015;22(3):1189-1194.
MyJurnal

Herbal tea is widely consumed around the world because people believed that it contained high amount of antioxidant. However, usage of different maturity of the plants as raw materials could affect the antioxidant capacities in herbal tea. Hence, this paper reports the antioxidant activity of herbal tea prepared from Cosmos caudatus at different maturity namely young, mature and old leaves. The analyses carried out were total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and DPPH (2-2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assays. Based on the results obtained, herbal tea prepared from young leaves had significantly strong (p

Matched MeSH terms: Flavonoids
Inducing antioxidant and antimicrobial activities in endophytic and endolichenic fungi by the use of light spectra treatments

Gan PT, Lim YY, Ting ASY

Arch Microbiol, 2023 Aug 11;205(9):304.
PMID: 37566125 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03649-y

The influence of light exposure on antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of nine fungal isolates [Pseudopestalotiopsis theae (EF13), Fusarium solani (EF5), Xylaria venustula (PH22), Fusarium proliferatum (CCH), Colletotrichum boninese (PL9), Colletotrichum boninese (PL1), Colletotrichum boninese (OL2), Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (OL3) and Colletotrichum siamense (PL3)] were determined. The isolates were incubated in blue, red, green, yellow and white fluorescent light (12 h photoperiod of alternating light/dark). It was observed that green light induced higher total phenolic content (TPC) (2.96 ± 0.16 mg-30.71 ± 1.03 mg GAE/g) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) in most isolates (4.82 ± 0.04-53.55 ± 4.33 mg GAE/g), whereas red light induced higher total flavonoid content (TFC) levels (1.14 ± 0.08-18.40 ± 1.12 mg QE/g). The crude extracts from most fungal cultures exposed to green and red lights were also notably more potent against the tested pathogens, as larger zones of inhibition (ZOI) (9.00 ± 1.00-38.30 ± 2.90 mm) and lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (0.0196-1.25 mg/mL) were achieved for antimicrobial effect. This study showed that light treatments are effective strategies in enhancing production of more potent antimicrobial compounds and valuable antioxidants from fungal isolates.

Matched MeSH terms: Flavonoids
Callus cell and explants regeneration, glucose, mineral, antioxidant and flavonoid content development using broccoli root tip and leaf cutting in vitro

Hossain AS, Alrudayni HA, Haouala F, Aleissa MS, Kahrizi D, Ahmed AS

Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand), 2023 Nov 15;69(11):45-50.
PMID: 38015542 DOI: 10.14715/cmb/2023.69.11.8

The study was conducted to evaluate the root, shoot and leaf callus cell regeneration and its biochemical properties like antioxidant, carbohydrate, pigment and mineral content from broccoli root, shoot and leaf cutting in vitro. An in vitro factorial experiment was carried out based on a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 replicates in tissue culture applying different IBA (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5 mg/l) and BAP (1 mg/l) concentrations using broccoli root tip and leaf cutting. The results showed that a higher callus weight was found in the cultured leaf cutting than in root tip cutting in the concentration of 1.0, 1.5 & 2.0 mg/l IBA + 1.0 mg/l BAP combination. The highest callus weight was found in the cultured leaf cutting than root tips cutting at the concentration of 1.5mg/l IBA+1.0 mg/l BAP. Furthermore, the highest inverted sugar and glucose, chlorophyll and nutrient content (K+, NO3- & Ca++), total phenol, flavonoid and total antioxidant were found in the concentration of 1.5mg/l IBA+1.0 mg/l BAP combination in both broccoli leaf and root cutting. The results seemed that it was best to use the combination of the IBA and BAP in the concentration of 1.0-2.0 mg/l and 1mg/l to regenerate root, leaf and callus cell proliferation of broccoli from the root tip and leaf cutting.

Matched MeSH terms: Flavonoids

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