Displaying publications 41 - 60 of 150 in total

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  1. Fulltext Anatomy of musculoskeletal system in the light of the Qur’an and Hadith.
    Nurul Asyiqin Yusof, Che Anuar Che Mohamad, Ahmad Nizam Hassan
    International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2018;17(101):97-103.
    MyJurnal
    The integration of human knowledge between the medical and health care sciences with revealed knowledge was established since the era of Al-Razi (Rhazes), Ibn Sina (Avicenna), Ibn Rushd (Averroes), AlZahrawi (Albucasis) and others. However, the glorious period of Islamic medicine gradually declined after the period of 'Abbasiyyah and 'Uthmaniyyah. At present, many scholars tend to separate the modern medicine and the revealed knowledge, resulting in the disconnection between these two fields. There is little to suggest the presence of reference collections that integrate the Qur’an and Hadith with medicine. This review aimed to fill that gap. Relevant Qur’anic verses and authentic Hadith of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him; henceforth PBUH) in relation to a specific field in medicine i.e. the anatomy of human musculoskeletal system was extracted. The musculoskeletal system is unique in which it forms the ‘backbone’ of normal human posture. The system plays a vital role in maintaining human daily activities. From this review, it is noted that many Qur’anic verses and Hadith relate to the musculoskeletal system. A few examples include the number human joints and its relationship with the daily prayers (Salah), the daily charitable act recommended to all Muslim, the coccyx bone that is indestructible and shall be the source for human resurrection during the hereafter, and others. These examples necessitate for a more in-depth analysis to enlighten the revealed knowledge from the medical perspective.
    Matched MeSH terms: Posture
  2. Peak expiratory flow in the standing and sitting positions is equivalent in adults: a cross-over study
    Teng CL, Chia KM, D'Cruz J, Gomez CA, Muthusamy N, Saadon NS, et al.
    Fam Pract, 2020 10 19;37(5):637-640.
    PMID: 32417893 DOI: 10.1093/fampra/cmaa048
    BACKGROUND: It is uncertain whether peak flow measurement is best done in the standing or sitting position.

    METHODS: In this cross-over study, study participants were randomized to perform the initial peak expiratory flow (PEF) measurement in either standing or sitting position. The highest of three readings in each position were compared using paired t-test. A mean difference of

    Matched MeSH terms: Posture
  3. Fulltext A new species of wasp-mimicking clearwing moth from Peninsular Malaysia with DNA barcode and behavioural notes (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae)
    Skowron Volponi MA, Volponi P
    Zookeys, 2017.
    PMID: 29133989 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.692.13587
    A new species of clearwing moth,Pyrophleps ellawiSkowron Volponi,sp. n., is described from Peninsular Malaysia. Information on the habitat, time and conditions of occurrence, flight and mud-puddling behaviour, functional morphology, and DNA barcode are also provided. Photographs and a supplementary video from the wild demonstrate the postures and behaviour of this species ofPyrophleps, whose remaining members were described only on the basis of pinned specimens. This is the first record of this genus in Peninsular Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Posture
  4. Outcome of canalith repositioning manoeuvre in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo in children and adolescents: A systematic review
    Saniasiaya J, Kulasegarah J, Narayanan P
    Clin Otolaryngol, 2023 May;48(3):371-380.
    PMID: 36640123 DOI: 10.1111/coa.14038
    BACKGROUND: Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is a debilitating condition that has been significantly described in adults. Recent data points out that BPPV occurs in children as well. Canalith repositioning manoeuvre (CRM) has shown promising results amongst adult patients with BPPV.

    OBJECTIVE: We reviewed the literature to determine the outcome of CRM in children and adolescents with BPPV.

    METHODS: A literature search was conducted over 1 month (March 2022). The primary outcome was defined as the resolution of positional nystagmus and symptoms, and secondary outcomes were determined by the presence of recurrence and the number of attempts of CRM.

    RESULTS: Ten articles were selected based on our objective and selection criteria. A total of 242 patients were included, with a mean of 10.9 years. BPPV was diagnosed based on history and positional nystagmus in all patients (100%). CRM was performed in 97.9% of patients, whereby 80.5% recovered following a single attempt of CRM. Recurrence of symptoms was identified in 10% of patients with no reported major complications.

    CONCLUSION: CRM has demonstrated promising results in children and adolescents. The quality of evidence is limited until a better-quality study involving randomised controlled studies with a larger sample size is completed.

    Matched MeSH terms: Posture
  5. Spinal cord injury rehabilitation: which way forward?
    Karimi M, Omar AH, Fatoye F
    NeuroRehabilitation, 2014 Jan 1;35(2):325-40.
    PMID: 24990035 DOI: 10.3233/NRE-141124
    Spinal cord injury (SCI), damage to spinal cord, influences the ability of the subjects to stand and walk. Moreover, they have some problems such as osteoporosis, muscle spasm, joint contracture and bowel and bladder function. These subjects use various orthoses and undergo different rehabilitation programmes to restore their ability. It is controversial whether use of aforementioned methods improves the physiological health of SCI individuals and improves their ability to ambulate or not. Therefore, the aim of this review was to investigate the effectiveness of assistive devices to restore their physiological health and their functional ability in patients with SCI.
    Matched MeSH terms: Posture
  6. Fulltext A report on an unusual presentation of autonomic dysreflexia
    Suhaida SS, Engkasan JP
    Med J Malaysia, 2012 Dec;67(6):616-7.
    PMID: 23770957 MyJurnal
    A 48-year-old male with complete tetraplegia C6 presented with sweating and flushing of the right half of the face and neck that recurred when lying in supine and left lateral positions. The symptoms subsided immediately upon sitting upright or lying in a right lateral position. The symptoms were associated with occasional mild head discomfort rather than headache and were accompanied by marked elevation of blood pressure, which was 190-200/120-130 mmHg compared to his previous baseline blood pressure of 80-90/50-70 mmHg, and he had a heart rate of 60-70 beats per minute. We believe that post-traumatic syringomyelia, found upon further investigation, was the cause of the Autonomic dysreflexia (AD) in this patient. He was advised to avoid the positions causing the symptoms and the progression of symptoms was monitored regularly. AD might not have been diagnosed in this patient because of the atypical and unusual presentations. Therefore, knowledge and a heightened level of awareness of this possible complication are important when treating individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI).
    Matched MeSH terms: Posture
  7. Position of document holder and work related risk factors for neck pain among computer users: a narrative review
    Ambusam S, Baharudin O, Roslizawati N, Leonard J
    Clin Ter, 2015 Nov-Dec;166(6):256-61.
    PMID: 26794814 DOI: 10.7417/CT.2015.1898
    Document holder is used as a remedy to address occupational neck pain among computer users. An understanding on the effects of the document holder along with other work related risk factors while working in computer workstation requires attention. A comprehensive knowledge on the optimal location of the document holder in computer use and associated work related factors that may contribute to neck pain reviewed in this article. A literature search has been conducted over the past 14 years based on the published articles from January 1990 to January 2014 in both Science Direct and PubMed databases. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) keywords for search were neck muscle OR head posture OR muscle tension' OR muscle activity OR work related disorders OR neck pain AND/OR document location OR document holder OR source document OR copy screen holder.Document holder placed lateral to the screen was most preferred to reduce neck discomfort among occupational typists. Document without a holder was placed flat on the surface is least preferred. The head posture and muscle activity increases when the document is placed flat on the surface compared to when placed on the document holder. Work related factors such as static posture, repetitive movement, prolong sitting and awkward positions were the risk factors for chronic neck pain. This review highlights the optimal location for document holder for computer users to reduce neck pain. Together, the importance of work related risk factors for to neck pain on occupational typist is emphasized for the clinical management.
    Matched MeSH terms: Posture
  8. Fulltext Muscular pain among dentists- a pilot study
    Faezah Sabirin, Siti Sarah Abdul Ahmad, W. Zahira Akmal W. Kamarudin
    Compendium of Oral Science, 2015;2(1):32-39.
    MyJurnal
    Background: Muscular pain is the most common symptom associated to muscular skeletal disorders (MSDs). Dentists were exposed to ergonomic hazards while treating the patients. Without proper dental ergonomics, they are predisposed to the MSDs. Objective: This present study was designed to analyse the prevalence of muscular pain among practising dentists in Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) and it relatedness to ergonomic factors. Methodology: A total of 25 dentists were participated in this pilot study. The inclusion criteria include working experience of at least six months and those who were readily diagnosed with musculoskeletal disorders were excluded. A self-administered questionaire was employed to gather demogaphic informations and close ended (“yes” or “no”) questions were asked to assess the muscular pain experienced in the last 12 months. The collected data were then analysed statistically. Result: The result showed a 100% response rate. 92% of the respondents were reported to experience muscular pain, particularly on the upper body parts. Only maintenance of same postures without microbreaks and performing torsions or cervical flexions to improve vision of oral cavity correlate significantly (P
    Matched MeSH terms: Posture
  9. Fulltext Plausible impact of forward head posture on upper cervical spine stability
    Chu ECP, Lo FS, Bhaumik A
    J Family Med Prim Care, 2020 May;9(5):2517-2520.
    PMID: 32754534 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_95_20
    The cervical spine is responsible for allowing mobility and stability to the head and neck. Any deviation to the center of gravity of the head results in an increase in cantilever loads, which can be particularly damaging to the upper cervical joints. Excessive neck bending also exaggerates stretching through the cervical spine and all of the spinal structures below. It has been reported that forward head posture (FHP) can cause a multitude of disorders including cervical radiculopathy, cervicogenic headaches and cervicogenic dizziness. Most of these conditions manifest with clusters of painful symptoms and spine dysfunctions. The purpose of this case study is to describe the radiographic imaging considerations and to illustrate the potential impacts in symptomatic adults with FHP. We randomly selected radiographs of three individuals with FHP who had undergone cervical adjustment for cervical pain. The occipito-axial (C0-C2) and atlanto-axial (C1-C2) joints were assessed via the C0-2 distance from the C2 base to the McGregor line (Redlund-Johnell criterion) and the Ranawat C1-2 index, in addition to subjective radiographic parameters. By comparing the radiographs of before-and-after intervention of each patient, a regressive joint spacing was observed from both indices. Such a long-lasting stretching concordant with FHP was assumed to be hazardous to joint stability. A definite conclusion, however, cannot be drawn due to the small sample size and a lack of convincing measurements.
    Matched MeSH terms: Posture
  10. Musculoskeletal complications of hand-arm vibration syndrome among tyre shop workers in Kelantan, Malaysia
    Qamruddin AA, Husain NRN, Sidek MY, Hanafi MH, Ripin ZM, Ali N
    Int J Occup Saf Ergon, 2020 Dec 03.
    PMID: 33148113 DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2020.1846924
    Objectives. Exposure to hand-arm vibration (HAV) is associated with hand-arm vascular syndrome (HAVS), which is characterized by musculoskeletal complications. However, evidence on this matter has been inconclusive. Therefore, this study aimed to determine and compare the prevalence of musculoskeletal complications of HAVS between a high-exposure (≥5 m·s-2) group and a low-moderate-exposure (<5 m·s-2) group and to explore the factors associated with the musculoskeletal complications of HAVS among tyre shop workers in Kelantan, Malaysia. Methods. A cross-sectional study involving 200 tyre shop workers was carried out. HAV was measured by a vibration meter. The workers were divided into two exposure groups - according to their 8-h time-weighted average, A(8), of vibration exposure - and compared. Results. Almost half of the workers reported musculoskeletal complications of the upper limbs and neck. Only the lifetime vibration dose (LVD) was significantly associated with the development of musculoskeletal complications. Conclusion. The high-exposure group had a higher prevalence of musculoskeletal complications. Only the LVD was significantly associated with complications. However, all factors of the work system, such as ergonomics, handgrip force and posture, might contribute to the development of musculoskeletal complications of HAVS and should be included in assessments.
    Matched MeSH terms: Posture
  11. Fulltext Pen and paper based observational method to assess postural problems: a review
    Sukadarin, E.H., Deros, B.M., Nawi, N.S.M., Rambely, A.S., Bakar, S.A., Tamrin, S.B.M.
    Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2016;16(20):78-83.
    MyJurnal
    Posture is one of the most important factor that need to be considered in any postural analysis. Awkward, extreme,
    and repetitive postures can increase the risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). As observational methods are more
    widely used than instrumentation-based methods to assess postural problems, this study reviews and assesses the
    scientific literature of observational methods and focused on pen and paper based specifically. In order to identify the
    published methods, a list of English or Malay articles dating as far back as 1990 was compiled from PubMed, Science
    Direct and Google Scholar. The keywords were ergo*, posture*, method*, observational*, postural problems*, pen and
    paper*, posture analysis*, indirect* and macro-ergo*. In addition, a secondary search was also performed using
    bibliography of retrieved articles so that additional papers for conducting review and evaluations can be collected. A
    total of 121 articles that assessed postural problems in working activities were found. However, after intensive
    screening process only 6 articles were selected to be further analyzed. Posture of upper arms/shoulder, lower arms/
    elbow, wrist, neck, back/trunk and leg were highlighted in this study. The limitations and the strengths of the
    published pen and paper based observational method focusing on those postures were also discussed. The finding of
    this review will benefit researchers in the process of understanding unsafe posture in workplace. It could also provide
    to researcher on how to improve the current pen and paper based observational method for assessing postural
    problems.
    Matched MeSH terms: Posture
  12. Fulltext Anthropometrics evaluation of children between genders
    Hanani Yuhaniz, Asnawi Seraila, Siti Rafedah Abdul Karim, Suhaimi Muhammed, Abdul Hamid Saleh
    Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2016;16(101):22-25.
    MyJurnal
    In developing ergonomically sound furniture, there is a need in evaluating anthropometrics from various aspect such as gender differences. The objectives of this study was to evaluate anthropometrics differences between genders of children in Malaysia in order to determine the need in having specified chairs for each gender. Represented by four states in Malaysia, a total of 2400 children were involved in the study. A custom made measurer and an anthropometer were used to measure the subjects. Six body measurements, which are, sitting shoulder height, sitting subscapular height, shoulder breadth, buttock popliteal length, popliteal height and hip width were documented for evaluation. From this study, there were some significant differences on some body parts while other body parts were similar to male and female. Therefore, chairs are needed to be made according to the suitability of both gender.
    Matched MeSH terms: Posture
  13. Fulltext Motorcycle deliveryman’s perceptions on riding conditions
    Khamis, N.K., Deros, B.M., Ismail, F.R., Tahir, N.H.M.
    Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2016;16(10):1-5.
    MyJurnal
    Motorcyclists are particularly vulnerable when compared to large vehicles on the road. This study was conducted to gather feedbacks from motorcycle deliveryman regarding their riding conditions. A self-rated questionnaire was used to determine prevalence of riding symptom and its association with Whole Body Vibration and other associated factors among motorcycle deliveryman in Malaysia. A set of questionnaire was developed, pilot tested for its reliability and validity and distributed to 100 respondents. An interview was conducted after gathering the data from the respondents through the questionnaire. Survey findings show majority of the respondents preferred to ride according to the standard riding posture. Large majority of them agreed handlebar and foot peg/rest exposed them directly to the vibration. In addition, majority of them felt discomfort at the lower back and felt fatigue after long hours of riding. These findings are in-line with past studies regarding the road users.
    Matched MeSH terms: Posture
  14. Fulltext Rula analysis of work-related musculoskeletal disorder Among polypropylene fibrillated yarn industry worker using Digital human modelling (dhm)
    Kabilmiharbi, N, Selamat, F.E
    Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2016;16(101):53-60.
    MyJurnal
    Manual workers in plastics industry are often exposed to work related discomfort and pain while performing their daily
    task. These exposure leads to common occupational diseases such as Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorder (WMSD) or
    low back pain (LBP) which in turn will affect their working performance. The main objective for this study is to
    analyse the working posture of a manual worker that works in a polypropylene fibrillated yarn industry using RULA
    assessment in CATIA P3 V5R14 software. The subject were selected from the packaging area as the manual handling
    work are only present in that area. Based on the RULA analysis done by constructing the worker posture in the
    software, several awkward postures were identified to be high in risk factors. The postures that is high in risk is
    postures 3 which is due to lifting heavy loads and twisting or turning of the trunk. The postures obtained the final
    RULA analysis score of 7 and this indicates that changes must be done immediately. It is recommended that the
    company should increase the ergonomic awareness among the manual workers especially while performing their work
    and to redesign the working posture for the manual workers.
    Matched MeSH terms: Posture
  15. Fulltext A case study on manual handling at an electronic component manufacturing company
    Deros, B.M., Daruis, D.D.I., Ghani, J.A., Saleh, C., Wazir, R.M., Yasim, M.K., et al.
    Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2016;16(10):0-0.
    MyJurnal
    This An Ergonomic hazard often exists in any industry. However, majority of the employees are not aware of practicing good body posture until the MSDs symptoms become permanent and chronic. The main objective of this study is to determine the manual handling problems among workers at an electronic component manufacturing company. The scope of this study focused on the study entire body disorders among workers on electronic manufacturing company using the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA). A cross sectional study involving observation of the workplace, the work task and the working environment, photographs and videos taken during the observation. Later, a survey questionnaire was given to the respondents to obtain their socio-demography information, work activity and health problems. Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) was conducted on all respondents to determined REBA scores in different work positions. The study was conducted at an electronic component manufacturing company located in Klang Valley, Selangor. A total of 124 workers were surveyed and REBA assessment was performed on 20 workers at Company X production area. It includes 5 categories of position at Company X, such as:loading steel bar into casing; pushing the steel bar, turning movement while adjusting the steel bar, adjusting steel bar into the loading area, unloading steel bar from casing into the machine. The study found that turning section has the highest MSDs problems regarding manual handling because majority of the respondents in the turning department felt the pain while performing their work. This is due to their job demand, which they need to handle with tools weighing from 200 to 400 kg. The REBA scores showed that17 out of 20 respondents performing turning operations, moving and pushing the steel bar recorded the highest score of 11 or more which are categorize in the very high risk group. The position of pushing and turning steel bar while moving the steel bar has higher risk that contributed to the ergonomics risk factor, which in-turn can contribute to Muscular Skeletal Disorders (MSDs). More detailed investigation and remedial measures should be taken immediately, especially for the workers performing the manual handlings activities.
    Matched MeSH terms: Posture
  16. Fulltext Kajian sakit belakang dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya di kalangan pekerja pemasangan industri automotif
    Annuar, I., Nurulakhmar, A.S., Mazruras, S., Azhar, A.H.
    Malaysian Journal of Community Health, 2010;16(2):10-16.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: Back pain associated with sense of pain and less comfort in back part of the body especially at the lower back area. Back pain is an occupational health problem with significant impact to productivity of workers.
    Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted to study the prevalence of back pain towards individual, physical and psychosocial factors associated among body shop’s operators at national Automotive Manufacturers.
    Result: A total of 32 operators were involved in this study. Nordic Musculoskeletal questionnaire has been used in this study and body position assessment was done by using Ovako Working Posture Analyzing System (OWAS) method. Study showed the prevalence of back pain among operators throughout their work and in the last 12 months was 93.8% and 87.5% respectively. There are significant association (p0.05) between prevalence of back pain with another individual, physical and psychosocial factor.
    Conclusion: This study shows that back pain prevalence were influenced by types of activity and body posture during working at assembling division among workers. Attention should be given to ergonomics factors to prevent back pain incident among automotive industry assembly workers.
    Matched MeSH terms: Posture
  17. Call center ergonomics issues: A case study
    Hari Krishnan, T.
    Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, 2012;9(3):17-22.
    MyJurnal
    Introductions: Call center has been defined as a working environment in which uses telephone and computer for the purpose of marketing and manage communication with prospect clients or existing clients (Rocha, Glina, Morinho and Nakasato, 2005; Sprigg, Smith and Jackson, 2003).
    Methodology: The study was conducted via observation of working condition and face to face interview with call center operators. Measurement of anthropometrics was also conducted.
    Results: Ergonomics issues found at call center were inappropriate work condition and workstation which lead to awkward sitting posture (sitting with forward leaning posture, raised shoulder, feet not supported on floor). Besides that organizational policy which required high job demand and subsequently lead to prolonged sitting and static posture (very minimal posture changes). Combination all these factors lead to musculoskeletal symptoms and the operators reported of having neck, shoulder, upper back and lower back pain compared to other body parts.
    Conclusion: The management should embark on organization wide ergonomics management program and should review the current policy and create safe and healthy working environment by providing suitable workstation for the operators in order to prevent musculoskeletal.
    Matched MeSH terms: Posture
  18. Fulltext Parallelogram linkage leg structure for stabilized walking gaits in humanoid robot
    Firdaus Sukarman, Mohd Ghazali Mohd Hamami, Mazleenda Mazni, Muhammad Amir Mat Shah, Ahmad Faidzal Khodori
    Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology, 2017;9(1):22-31.
    MyJurnal
    The utilization of parallelogram structure in a small-sized humanoid robot consists of two parallel platforms that are linked serially in each leg. The thigh and shank of each leg consists of two servomotors as actuator and linked in parallel platform. By using parallel mechanism in leg structure, foot sole surface is always parallel to the walking surface at any point. Even it looks unnatural to human-like walking motion, the expected result is the robot can maintain it posture while walking and at the point foot sole touch the walking surface, unnecessary vibrates can be modulated at the certain level to remain its balance. The effectiveness and the performance of the proposed parallel platforms are experimented by using zero moment point (ZMP) method by taking various scenario data from pressure sensors attached at the footsole. Planned walking gait is introduced to be identical in terms of foot steps length and width of each leg swing. As the results, in terms of load in each actuator, required torque at servomotors can be reduced because two servomotors are used simultaneously in one parallel system. Stable walking gait can be predicted as the quantity of error falls within the error ranges from the published walking gait patterns.
    Matched MeSH terms: Posture
  19. Fulltext Posterior Vitreous Detachment Precipitated by Yoga
    Chong SY, Fhun LC, Tai E, Chong MF, Sonny Teo KS
    Cureus, 2018 Jan 24;10(1):e2109.
    PMID: 29581921 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.2109
    Yoga has recently been touted as a means to improve physical and mental well-being. However, no form of exercise is without its risks. A 32-year-old Chinese female with moderate myopia complained of right eye sudden onset of floaters and mild blurring of vision after the head-down posture. The visual acuity was 6/12 in the right eye and 6/9 in the left eye. A right eye fundus examination showed posterior vitreous detachment, with a small blood clot located at the inferior margin of the optic disc. The patient was diagnosed with right eye vitreous hemorrhage secondary to acute posterior vitreous detachment and was managed conservatively. Acute changes in posture, especially between an upright and a head-down position, may cause acute posterior vitreous detachment. As yoga practitioners may be required to assume this head-down position, myopic patients should be warned of the possible ocular complications of this exercise.
    Matched MeSH terms: Posture
  20. The effectiveness of seated combined extension-compression and transverse load traction in increasing cervical lordosis- challenging the underlying framework
    Tamara Gien Pooke, Rozi Mahmud, Suraini Mohamad Saini, Yap, Poh Sin, Sharifah Roohi Syed Waseem Ahmad, Harwant Singh
    International e-Journal of Science, Medicine & Education, 2016;10(3):24-33.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: The goal of this study was to assess the effectiveness of seated combined extension-compression and transverse load (ECTL) traction as a new method for increasing a reduced lordosis of less than 30 degrees in a Malaysian population between the ages of 18 and 60 years. Possible changes in disc height were measured in accordance with the underlying theoretical framework, that suggests the anterior cervical structures would elongate due to creep over the fulcrum of the traction device.
    Method: This was a single centre, randomised, blinded controlled clinical trial with parallel groups, used to test the superiority of the seated combined ECTL traction together with physiotherapy exercises when compared with the same physiotherapy exercises used as a control. Fifty randomly allocated subjects who completed the forty treatments over the fourteen weeks were analysed using non-parametric tests for changes in outcomes.
    Results: There were no significant changes in outcomes for disc height changes seen in this study. The findings of a greater overall increase in posterior disc height changes compared with anterior disc height changes were in contrast with the proposed underlying theoretical framework for this type of ECTL traction. The greater height changes occurring in the control group were also unexpected.
    Conclusion: The findings in this study of the contrasting changes in disc height of greater posterior than anterior height changes, question the underlying theoretical framework as postulated for this type of traction.
    Matched MeSH terms: Posture
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