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Fulltext Gender differences in binaural speech-evoked auditory brainstem response: are they clinically significant?

Jalaei B, Azmi MHAM, Zakaria MN

Braz J Otorhinolaryngol, 2018 05 17;85(4):486-493.
PMID: 29858160 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2018.04.005

INTRODUCTION: Binaurally evoked auditory evoked potentials have good diagnostic values when testing subjects with central auditory deficits. The literature on speech-evoked auditory brainstem response evoked by binaural stimulation is in fact limited. Gender disparities in speech-evoked auditory brainstem response results have been consistently noted but the magnitude of gender difference has not been reported.
OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to compare the magnitude of gender difference in speech-evoked auditory brainstem response results between monaural and binaural stimulations.
METHODS: A total of 34 healthy Asian adults aged 19-30 years participated in this comparative study. Eighteen of them were females (mean age=23.6±2.3 years) and the remaining sixteen were males (mean age=22.0±2.3 years). For each subject, speech-evoked auditory brainstem response was recorded with the synthesized syllable /da/ presented monaurally and binaurally.
RESULTS: While latencies were not affected (p>0.05), the binaural stimulation produced statistically higher speech-evoked auditory brainstem response amplitudes than the monaural stimulation (p<0.05). As revealed by large effect sizes (d>0.80), substantive gender differences were noted in most of speech-evoked auditory brainstem response peaks for both stimulation modes.
CONCLUSION: The magnitude of gender difference between the two stimulation modes revealed some distinct patterns. Based on these clinically significant results, gender-specific normative data are highly recommended when using speech-evoked auditory brainstem response for clinical and future applications. The preliminary normative data provided in the present study can serve as the reference for future studies on this test among Asian adults.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors*
Fulltext Gender differences in responses towards anti-smoking messages and policy implementation among future doctors in Malaysia

Yasin SM, Ismail N, Noor NM, Mohd Azman MS, Taib H, Jusop JM, et al.

Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2013;14(1):303-8.
PMID: 23534742

BACKGROUND: Medical students' views may provide some direction for future policy considerations.

AIM: The aim of this study was to assess gender differences in future doctors' receptiveness to currently implemented anti-smoking messages and the effectiveness of those messages.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: We administered a questionnaire to all students at a medical university in Malaysia, asking how frequently they noted anti- smoking policies, anti-smoking campaigns, and anti-smoking messages in schools. In addition, the questionnaire investigated most effective methods to convey these messages.

RESULTS: A total of 522 (59.7%) students responded. Students were least likely to approve of total bans on cigarettes and increasing the price of cigarettes, and most likely to approve of bans on use of cigarettes in public places and sales to individuals less than 16 years old. Approval of total bans on cigarettes was more common in female students than in males OR=0.39 (95%CI: 0.18- 0.86). Furthermore, compared to the female students, the male students thought that printed media; OR=2.32 (95%CI: 1.31-4.10), radio; OR=1.93 (95%CI: 1.15-3.22) and the internet; OR=1.96 (95%CI: 1.15-3.33) were very effective at delivering anti-smoking messages.

CONCLUSIONS: Gender differences existed in the future doctors' perception of the effectiveness of anti-smoking initiatives. Taking this gender difference into account may increase the receipt of anti-smoking messages in adolescents.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors*
Measuring anterior loop length of the inferior alveolar nerve to estimate safe zone in implant planning: A CBCT study in a Malaysian population

Wong SK, Patil PG

J Prosthet Dent, 2018 Aug;120(2):210-213.
PMID: 29551376 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2017.10.019

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: The inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) frequently loops backward before exiting from the mental foramen and spreads several millimeters medially to the foramen. Implant placement in this area may damage the nerve if the anterior loop area is not carefully identified in a radiographic or computed tomography (CT) evaluation.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this observational study was to measure the prevalence of the presence of the anterior loop and to estimate sex and ethnicity-related variations in anterior loop length in the Malaysian population.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 100 cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) files were selected from a pool of 810 ongoing or completed patients in 3 different ethnic groups: Malay (33), Indian (33), and Chinese (34). The DICOM data were imported into commercial software. The IAN was traced with software along with the anterior loop and part of the incisive nerve. The vertical length of the nerve was estimated from the canal to the opening of the mental foramen from the cross-sectional view and translated to the panoramic view. Measurement was made from this point to the most anterior point of the anterior loop by following the trajectory of the nerve and was repeated on the opposite side. A 2-way mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was carried out to evaluate the sex- and ethnicity-related variations (α=.05).
RESULTS: The anterior loop was present in 94% of the 100 participants. Overall anterior loop length (AnLL) ranged between 0.73 and 7.99 mm with a mean length of 3.69 ±1.75 mm on the left side and 3.85 ±1.73 mm on the right side. Among all participants, no statistically significant differences were found between the left and right sides of the mandible (P=.379). Overall, no significant main effect of ethnicity (P=.869) or sex (P=.576) was found on AnLL measurements. Also, with multiple comparisons, no significant effect was found between each pair of ethnic groups. Men in all 3 ethnic groups had greater AnLL than women.
CONCLUSIONS: The anterior loop was present in 94% of the 100 participants among the 3 major ethnic groups of Malaysia. Overall AnLL ranged between 0.73 and 7.99 mm and mean lengths of 3.69 ±1.75 mm on the left side and 3.85 ±1.73 mm on the right side, with no significant ethnicity- or sex-related variations.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors*
Determinants of dietary supplements use among adolescents in Malaysia

Sien YP, Sahril N, Abdul Mutalip MH, Zaki NA, Abdul Ghaffar S

Asia Pac J Public Health, 2014 Sep;26(5 Suppl):36S-43S.
PMID: 25070694 DOI: 10.1177/1010539514543681

Dietary supplements use is relatively widespread in some countries but knowledge of supplements consumption in Malaysia is limited, more so among adolescents. This study aimed to investigate the determinants of dietary supplements use among Malaysian adolescents using multiple logistic regressions analysis. Data from the Malaysia School-based Nutrition Survey 2012 based on a 2-stage stratified sampling was used. The prevalence of vitamin/mineral supplements and food supplements intake among adolescents was 54.1% and 40.2%, respectively. Usage was significantly higher among younger adolescents and among boys. Dietary supplements were also taken mostly by those who thought they were underweight. The most common vitamin/mineral supplements and food supplements consumed were vitamin C and bee products. The main reason for taking supplements was parents' instruction. These findings can be useful for developing health communications on supplement use targeted to adolescents and their parents.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors
Fulltext Climate change: a review of its health impact and perceived awareness by the young citizens

Rahman MS, Mohamad OB, Zarim Zb

Glob J Health Sci, 2014 Jul;6(4):196-204.
PMID: 24999143 DOI: 10.5539/gjhs.v6n4p196

In recent time climate change and its impact on human health and awareness constitute a set of complex and serious consequences to be tackled by an individual country. Climate change is not merely an environmental issue, but also it is a threat that goes beyond national borders. The purpose of this study is to identify the awareness and the impact of climate change, perceived by the young citizens in Malaysia by focusing on gender differences. Based on a survey of 200 respondents from different public and private University's students in Malaysia, this research used descriptive statistics and T-test to look into the research objective. The results revealed media can play an important role in the awareness of climate change. Meanwhile the male respondents have shown considerable attention on the physical impact of climate change like heat related stress. On the other hand female respondents have shown considerable attention to the psychological impact by the climate change. From a pragmatic perspective, the findings from this research will assists the policy makers to understand more about the perceived awareness on the climate change issues of the young citizens which ultimately assist them to inaugurate new initiatives to confront the challenges of climate changes. This research is among the pioneer study on the issue of the perceived awareness in regards to climate change in Malaysia by focusing on gender differences.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors
Prevalence of intestinal protozoan infections among Orang Asli schoolchildren in Pos Senderut, Pahang, Malaysia

Al-Harazi T, Ghani MK, Othman H

J Egypt Soc Parasitol, 2013 Dec;43(3):561-8.
PMID: 24640856

The current study determined the prevalence of intestinal protozoan infections among the Orang Asli schoolchildren in Pos Senderut, Pahang, Malaysia. The overall intestinal protozoan infection rate was 85% (261 out of 307). The highest prevalence rates were due to Entamoeba coli (24.4%), Giardia lamblia (21.8%), Blastocystis hominis (21.2%) and Entamoeba histolytica (15.0%). The prevalence of Iodamoeba butschlii was only 2.9%. Among the positive samples, mixed infection with B. hominis and E. histolytica was 3.3%, B. hominis and G. lamblia was 2.9%, G. lamblia and E. histolytica was 2.0% and triple infections (B. hominis, G. lamblia and E. histolytica) was 1.0 %. The prevalence of the infection was high in all age groups (6-14 years old). Thus, we can conclude that intestinal protozoan infections are still representing a serious public health problem in aboriginal communities, especially among children.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors
Fulltext Influence of age on patellar tendon reflex response

Chandrasekhar A, Abu Osman NA, Tham LK, Lim KS, Wan Abas WA

PLoS One, 2013;8(11):e80799.
PMID: 24260483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080799

BACKGROUND: A clinical parameter commonly used to assess the neurological status of an individual is the tendon reflex response. However, the clinical method of evaluation often leads to subjective conclusions that may differ between examiners. Moreover, attempts to quantify the reflex response, especially in older age groups, have produced inconsistent results. This study aims to examine the influence of age on the magnitude of the patellar tendon reflex response.
METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: This study was conducted using the motion analysis technique with the reflex responses measured in terms of knee angles. Forty healthy subjects were selected and categorized into three different age groups. Patellar reflexes were elicited from both the left and right patellar tendons of each subject at three different tapping angles and using the Jendrassik maneuver. The findings suggested that age has a significant effect on the magnitude of the reflex response. An angle of 45° may be the ideal tapping angle at which the reflex can be elicited to detect age-related differences in reflex response. The reflex responses were also not influenced by gender and were observed to be fairly symmetrical.
CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Neurologically normal individuals will experience an age-dependent decline in patellar reflex response.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors
Fulltext The correlates of body composition with heart rate recovery after step test: an exploratory study of Malaysian adolescents

Abu Hanifah R, Mohamed MN, Jaafar Z, Mohsein NA, Jalaludin MY, Majid HA, et al.

PLoS One, 2013;8(12):e82893.
PMID: 24349388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082893

BACKGROUND: In adults, heart rate recovery is a predictor of mortality, while in adolescents it is associated with cardio-metabolic risk factors. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between body composition measures and heart rate recovery (HRR) after step test in Malaysian secondary school students.
METHODS: In the Malaysian Health and Adolescents Longitudinal Research Team (MyHEART) study, 1071 healthy secondary school students, aged 13 years old, participated in the step test. Parameters for body composition measures were body mass index z-score, body fat percentage, waist circumference, and waist height ratio. The step test was conducted by using a modified Harvard step test. Heart rate recovery of 1 minute (HRR1min) and heart rate recovery of 2 minutes (HRR2min) were calculated by the difference between the peak pulse rate during exercise and the resting pulse rate at 1 and 2 minutes, respectively. Analysis was done separately based on gender. Pearson correlation analysis was used to determine the association between the HRR parameters with body composition measures, while multiple regression analysis was used to determine which body composition measures was the strongest predictor for HRR.
RESULTS: For both gender groups, all body composition measures were inversely correlated with HRR1min. In girls, all body composition measures were inversely correlated with HRR2min, while in boys all body composition measures, except BMI z-score, were associated with HRR2min. In multiple regression, only waist circumference was inversely associated with HRR2min (p=0.024) in boys, while in girls it was body fat percentage for HRR2min (p=0.008).
CONCLUSION: There was an inverse association between body composition measurements and HRR among apparently healthy adolescents. Therefore, it is important to identify cardio-metabolic risk factors in adolescent as an early prevention of consequent adulthood morbidity. This reiterates the importance of healthy living which should start from young.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors
Biomechanical evaluation of the relationship between postural control and body mass index

Ku PX, Abu Osman NA, Yusof A, Wan Abas WA

J Biomech, 2012 Jun 1;45(9):1638-42.
PMID: 22507349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.03.029

Postural stability is crucial in maintaining body balance during quiet standing, locomotion, and any activities that require a high degree of balance performance, such as participating in sports and dancing. Research has shown that there is a relationship between stability and body mass. The aims of this study were to examine the impact that two variables had on static postural control: body mass index (BMI) and gender. Eighty healthy young adults (age=21.7±1.8 yr; height=1.65±0.09 m; mass=67.5±19.0 kg) participated in the study and the static postural control was assessed using the Biodex Balance System, with a 20 Hz sampling rate in the bipedic stance (BLS) and unipedic stance (ULS) for 30s. Five test evaluations were performed for each balance test. Postural control was found to be negatively correlated with increased adiposity, as the obese BMI group performed significantly poorer than the underweight, normal weight and overweight groups during BLS and ULS tests. The underweight, normal weight and overweight groups exhibited greater anterior-posterior stability in postural control during quiet stance. In addition, female displayed a trend of having a greater postural sway than male young adults, although it was evidenced in only some BMI groups. This study revealed that BMI do have an impact on postural control during both BLS and ULS. As such, BMI and gender-specific effects should be taken into consideration when selecting individuals for different types of sporting activities, especially those that require quiet standing.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors
Gender difference in academic performance of nursing students in a Malaysian university college

Wan Chik WZ, Salamonson Y, Everett B, Ramjan LM, Attwood N, Weaver R, et al.

Int Nurs Rev, 2012 Sep;59(3):387-93.
PMID: 22897191 DOI: 10.1111/j.1466-7657.2012.00989.x

To examine differences in academic performance between male and female nursing students, and to identify whether professional identity and language usage were explanatory factors of academic performance.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors
Prevalence of gender disparities and predictors affecting the occurrence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI)

Lee LK, Shahar S, Chin AV, Mohd Yusoff NA, Rajab N, Aziz SA

Arch Gerontol Geriatr, 2012 Jan-Feb;54(1):185-91.
PMID: 21546098 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2011.03.015

The aims were to investigate the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) within gender disparities in Malaysian older adults, and to determine the predictors of MCI according to gender disparities. A community-based sample of urban, multiethnic dwelling elderly aged 60 years of age and above from Cheras, Kuala Lumpur was recruited. Prevalence of all-type MCI, amnestic-type MCI (am-MCI) and non-amnestic-type MCI (nam-MCI) was assessed using comprehensive neuropsychological batteries. The association between demography, socioeconomic status, lifestyle practices, and nutritional status and health risk factors with MCI were examined. Predictors of MCI occurrence between gender disparities were determined. The prevalence of all-type MCI, am-MCI and nam-MCI was 21.1%, 15.4% and 5.7%, respectively. Binary logistic regression indicated that hypercholesterolemia is the significant predictor for MCI in men after adjustment for age, ethnicity and total years of education. While, in women, MCI was best predicted by married status, without exercise practice, overweight and obesity. These results suggest that approximately one-fifth of the studied elderly people had MCI. Predictors for MCI are totally different between men and women. It is critical to identify those at higher risk for MCI in order to implement preventative measures to delay or reverse this abnormal condition.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors
Knowledge about osteoporosis in a Malaysian population

Yeap SS, Goh EM, Das Gupta E

Asia Pac J Public Health, 2010 Apr;22(2):233-41.
PMID: 20457652 DOI: 10.1177/1010539509343948

To determine the depth and sources of knowledge about osteoporosis (OP) among the public in Malaysia. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to attendees of health-related public forums. A total of 87.1% of the attendees had heard of OP. Of these, 89.5% were concerned about getting OP. Significantly more women than men (P = .015), those with more than 10 years of schooling (P < .001), and those earning more than $US285 per month (P = .022) had heard of OP. Knowledge of OP risk factors was good: 97.1% identified low calcium intake, 87.8% lack of exercise, 80.0% family history of OP, and 75.8% postmenopausal status. A total of 38.7% of the attendees thought that OP was more serious than cancer and 35.1% more serious than heart disease; 55.7% obtained information about OP from newspapers and 46.4% from magazines. In this self-selected population, women, the better educated, and those earning higher incomes were more aware of OP. Knowledge of OP was obtained mainly from printed materials.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors
Trends in overweight and obese adults in Malaysia (1996-2009): a systematic review

Khambalia AZ, Seen LS

Obes Rev, 2010 Jun;11(6):403-12.
PMID: 20233309 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00728.x

Like other nations experiencing rapid industrialization, urbanization and a nutrition transition, there is concern in Malaysia of a possible escalation in the prevalence of overweight and obesity. In 1996, the National Health and Morbidity Survey reported a 16.6% and 4.4% prevalence of overweight and obesity, respectively. In the following decade, there have been several national and community surveys on overweight and obesity in Malaysia. The objective of this systematic review is to describe the trend from 1996 to 2009 in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in adults in Malaysia nationally and by gender, age and race. Results indicate that there has been a small rise in overweight adults in the years 1996, 2003 and 2006 (20.7%, 26.7% and 29.1%) and a much more dramatic increase in obesity in 1996, 2003, 2004 and 2006 (5.5%, 12.2%, 12.3% and 14.0%). Evidence showed a greater risk for overweight and obesity among women compared with men. Based on the highest-quality studies, overweight and obesity levels were highest among adults 40-59 years old. Overweight levels were highest among Indians, followed by Malays, Chinese and Aboriginals, with less consistency across studies on the order of risk or obesity by ethnicity.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors
Fulltext Exploring why girls smoke in Malaysia--a qualitative approach

Al-Sadat N, Binns CW

Asia Pac J Public Health, 2008 Oct;20 Suppl:6-14.
PMID: 19533855

The fast increase in the rate of uptake of smoking amongst adolescent girls in Malaysia is a public health concern. The objective of this study was to investigate factors that influenced the initiation of smoking and the effects of advertisement on consolidating the smoking habit among teenage girls in the urban city of Kuala Lumpur. Qualitative research was conducted using both interviews and focus group discussions with groups of adolescent girls. Data collected was analysed using grounded thematic theory methodology and validated using methodological triangulation. The reasons for initiating smoking elicited from the study can be grouped into 4 general themes; influence by peers, influence of seeing parents smoking, misguided belief that it could alleviate stress and finally that it would impress others. Smoking imageries in media and advertisements were not primary influencing factors in the initiation of smoking but it encouraged them to progress to become regulars. Ways should be sought to empower girls to feel more confident about resisting pressures to initiate smoking. This could be done through activities such as positive peer sports, education on how to alleviate stress and curbing of smoking imageries in the media.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors
Fulltext Impact of malocclusion on oral health related quality of life in young people

Masood Y, Masood M, Zainul NN, Araby NB, Hussain SF, Newton T

Health Qual Life Outcomes, 2013;11:25.
PMID: 23443041 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7525-11-25

The objectives for this study were to assess Oral Health Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) in young people aged 15-25 who sought orthodontic treatment, and to measure the association between orthodontic treatment need (using the IOTN), sex, age and education level, and oral health related quality of life (OHRQoL).

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors
Gender issues in medical and public health education

Wong YL

Asia Pac J Public Health, 2000;12 Suppl:S74-7.
PMID: 11338745

There is no doubt that gender bias has been inherent in medical and public health education, research, and clinical practice. This paper discusses the central question for medical and public health educators viz. whether women's health concerns and needs could be best addressed by the conventional biomedical approach to medical and public health education, research, and practice. Gender inequalities in health and gender bias in medical and public health education are revealed. It is found that in most public health and prevention issues related to women's health, the core issue is male-female power relations, and not merely the lack of public health services, medical technology, or information. There is, thus, an urgent need to gender-sensitize public health and medical education. The paper proposes a gender analysis of health to distinguish between biological causes and social explanations for the health differentials between men and women. It also assessed some of the gender approaches to public health and medical education currently adopted in the Asia-Pacific region. It poses the pressing question of how medical and public health educators integrate the gender perspective into medical and public health education. The paper exhorts all medical and public health practitioners to explore new directions and identify innovative strategies to formulate a gender-sensitive curriculum towards the best practices in medicine and public health that will meet the health needs of women and men in the 21st century.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors
Hip fracture incidence in Malaysia 1981-1989

Lee CM, Sidhu JS, Pan KL

Acta Orthop Scand, 1993 Apr;64(2):178-80.
PMID: 8498181 DOI: 10.3109/17453679308994565

The age-corrected incidence of hip fracture in the city of Kuala Lumpur and the surrounding districts has increased from 1981 to 0.7 per 1,000 population in 1989. Women dominated by a factor of 1.3. The mean age was 73 (50-103) years. The increased rate observed was attributed solely to trochanteric fractures among those 70 years and above. There were differences in the various parameters among the different races. The fracture incidence and woman/man ratio were substantially lower than has been reported from developed countries.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors
Fulltext The prevalence of endemic goitre in Kelantan, Malaysia

Mafauzy M, Wan Mohamad WB, Yasmin Anum MY, Musalmah M, Mustafa BE

Med J Malaysia, 1993 Mar;48(1):64-70.
PMID: 8341174

A large-scale study was undertaken in the state of Kelantan, to determine the prevalence of goitre. A total of 2,450 subjects above the age of 15 years were selected from 31 localities in the state and examination for goitre was done using the technique of Perez. The state was divided into 3 areas--coastal area (area 1), inland area (area 2) and the area in between the coast and the inland area (area 3). The overall prevalence of goitre was 36.8% and the prevalence in areas 1, 2 and 3 were 23.0%, 35.9% and 44.9% respectively and ranged from 6.9% in a locality in area 1 to 59.7% in a locality in area 3. In all areas, the prevalence was higher in females than in males. The prevalence of grades I, II and III goitres were 21.5%, 1.0% and 0.5% respectively in area 1, 33.6%, 1.5% and 0.7% respectively in area 2 and 41.7%, 2.2% and 1.0% respectively in area 3. Amongst age groups, goitre prevalence was highest in the 36 to 45 years age group in area 1 (33.9%), in the 15 to 25 years age group in area 2 (39.6%) and in the 26 to 35 years age group in area 3 (54.3%). In all the areas, goitre prevalence was lowest in the above 56 years age group. We concluded that the prevalence of goitre was high in Kelantan and there were regional differences in the prevalence rate within the state.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors
Brief report. Social self-concept of educated employed and educated unemployed women

Bala M

Int J Soc Psychiatry, 1998;44(1):71-4.
PMID: 9574853
Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors
The effects of stereotyping on impression formation: cross-cultural perspectives on viewing religious persons

Chia EK, Jih CS

J Psychol, 1994 Sep;128(5):559-65.
PMID: 7983612

We examined the effects of stereotyping on impression formation when encountering people dressed to represent a religious faith. We used stimulus photographs of eight male and female models dressed casually and a second photograph of one male and one female model in religious attire that was placed beside the control photos of models dressed causally. From each set of photographs, subjects selected a photo of the person with whom they would associate the various positive personality traits suggested by our stimulus questions. Subjects were students from a U.S. Catholic school, a U.S. public school, and a Malaysian Muslim school. All the subjects attributed more of the positive traits to photos of the models who were religiously attired than to photos of those who were casually dressed, but subjects from U.S. schools attributed more of the positive traits to the photos of religiously dressed models than did the subjects from the Malaysian school.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors

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