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Fulltext Isolation of Acanthamoeba sp. from conjunctival sac of healthy individuals using swab

Anisah N, Amal H, Kamel AG, Yusof S, Noraina AR, Norhayati M

Trop Biomed, 2005 Jun;22(1):11-4.
PMID: 16880749 MyJurnal

Is Acanthamoeba sp. normally found in the eyes? A study was carried out to establish the possibility of Acanthamoeba sp. as a part of the normal conjunctival flora. Conjunctiva swabbing were carried out in 286 healthy Orang Asli school children using sterile cotton swab. The swab was then inoculated onto non-nutrient agar (NN-A). Heat killed Escherichia coli that was used as food source for the growth of the amoebae was pipetted onto and away from the smear. The plates were incubated at 30 degrees C and examined daily using an inverted microscope for 14 days. Morphology of the trophozoites and cysts of the amoebae were used as the taxonomic criteria for identification. Positive-controls and negative-controls were done to check for the consistency of the technique used and monitoring of contamination respectively. None of the conjunctiva swab cultured was positive for Acanthamoeba sp. This finding may indicate that Acanthamoeba sp. is not part of normal conjunctival flora or conjunctiva swab is an insensitive technique to isolate the organism. However, a more extensive research is needed to investigate these possibilities.

Matched MeSH terms: Specimen Handling/instrumentation
Fulltext Kehadiran Acanthamoeba spp. pada bekas penyimpanan kanta sentuh pengguna asimptomatik

Putri Noradyani Megat Hashim, Mohamed Kamel Abdul Ghani, Norhayati Moktar, Anisah Nordin, Yusof Suboh, Mimi Fazah Zainudin, et al.

Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 2007;5(2):53-61.
MyJurnal

Keratitis Acanthamoeba merupakan sejenis inflamasi kornea yang dikaitkan dengan penggunaan kanta sentuh. la disebabkan oleh Acanthamoeba spp., ameba hidup bebas yang tersebar luas di pelbagai persekitaran manusia. Kontaminasi Acanthamoeba spp. pada bekas penyimpanan kanta sentuh merupakan faktor kehadiran ameba pada kanta seterusnya menjangkiti mata. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk melihat kehadiran Acanthamoeba spp. pada bekas penyimpanan kanta sentuh pengguna asimptomatik. Seramai 90 orang pengguna kanta sentuh asimptomatik terlibat dalam kajian ini. Sampel diambil secara swab pada bekas kanta sentuh dan dikulturkan ke atas agar bukan nutrien yang dilapisi Escherichia coli. Plat agar diperiksa setiap hart bagi mengesan kehadiran ameba. Kultur positif seterusnya disahkan di bawah 'Image Analysis with Video TesT 4.0'. Acanthamoeba spp. didapati positif pada lapan daripada 90 sampel (8. 7%) dan kesemua strain adalah kumpulan II (polyphagids). Penemuan ini membuktikan Acanthamoeba spp. boleh Nadir pada bekas penyimpanan kanta sentuh pengguna asimptomatik dan boleh menjadi risiko jangkitan keratitis Acanthamoeba.

Matched MeSH terms: Specimen Handling
Fulltext A new species of Clavicornaltica (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), discovered and described on a field course to Kuala Belalong, Brunei

Schilthuizen M, Berenyi AEA, Limin A, Brahim A, Cicuzza D, Eales AJ, et al.

Biodivers Data J, 2019.
PMID: 30740026 DOI: 10.3897/BDJ.7.e32555

Background: Clavicornaltica is a genus of very small flea beetles living in the leaf litter layer of Asian forests, easily sampled with Winkler extraction. The genus is presumably very rich in species, but their taxonomy is hampered by their small size and morphological uniformity.
New information: On a 'taxon expedition'-style field course at Kuala Belalong Field Studies Centre in Brunei Darussalam (Borneo), a new species, Clavicornaltica belalongensis n. sp., was discovered and taxonomically treated by the course participants. We also present the first DNA barcodes for the genus.

Matched MeSH terms: Specimen Handling
The manual MGIT system for the detection of M. tuberculosis in respiratory specimens: an experience in the University Malaya Medical Centre

Fadzilah MN, Ng KP, Ngeow YF

Malays J Pathol, 2009 Dec;31(2):93-7.
PMID: 20514851

A prospective study was conducted on 510 respiratory specimens for the presence of M. tuberculosis detected by direct acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear examination, culture in the Manual Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube (BBL MGIT, Becton-Dickinson) and culture on Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) medium. From positive BBL MGIT tubes, Ziehl-Neelsen and Gram stains were performed and subcultures were put up on LJ medium. A total of 101 (19.8%) specimens were positive by the BBL MGIT, 60 (11.8%) by primary LJ medium culture, 31 (6.1%) by direct smear examination and 29 (5.7%) by all three methods. Using primary LJ culture as the gold standard, the sensitivity and specificity of the BBL MGIT were 90% and 89.6% respectively but the sensitivity of AFB smear microscopy was only 48.3%. About half (51.1%) of the BBL MGIT false positives were due to contamination by non-AFB bacteria. The remaining false positives comprised specimens that were AFB microscopy positive but LJ culture negative. Of the AFB isolates obtained on LJ primary and sub-cultures, almost all (93.3%) were identified as Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. The mean time-to-detection was significantly shorter (p < 0.0001) for the BBL MGIT than for LJ culture. For the former, positive results were available within 14 days for both AFB smear-positive and AFB smear-negative specimens. On the average, positive results were obtained 1.8 days earlier for direct AFB smear-positive samples than for AFB smear-negative samples. On the other hand, positive growth on LJ medium appeared after at least 33 days of incubation. These findings suggest that the BBL MGIT system will be a suitable alternative to LJ culture for the routine diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis, but a combination of liquid and solid cultures is still required for the highest diagnostic accuracy.

Matched MeSH terms: Specimen Handling
Fulltext An assessment of Stuart's transport medium in the diagnosis of gonorrhoea

Lee CH, Ngeow YF

Med J Malaysia, 1983 Mar;38(1):23-6.
PMID: 6633329

Genital discharge from patients unth. smear positive gonorrhoea was transported from the clinic to the laboratory in. Stuart's transport medium (Oxoid CM 111). Within. six hours of transit time the recovery rate of gonococci was 94%. When compared with "bedside" inoculation onto Modified Thayer Martin medium, there was no significant difference in recovery rates up to 6 hours of transportation in Stuart's transport medium, However, the rate of isolation of gonococci was significantly reduced after 20 to 30 hours of transportation. It is concluded that Stuart's transport medium is an acceptable transport medium for specimens containing gonococci when specimens reach the laboratory within 6 hours of collection.

Matched MeSH terms: Specimen Handling*
Comparison of mini-flotac and Kato-Katz methods for detecting soil-transmitted helminth eggs in 10% formalin preserved stools stored >=12 months

Sarirah M, Wijayanti MA, Murhandarwati EEH

Trop Biomed, 2019 Sep 01;36(3):677-686.
PMID: 33597489

In Soil-Transmitted Helminth (STH) control programs, microscopic examination is applied as a standard method for detecting the presence and the number of STH eggs. The time limitations of fresh specimen processing, especially for an accurate quantitative diagnosis, cause the specimen processing to be delayed or should be performed at a referral laboratory. This deferment requires preservatives to keep the stool integrity without reducing the accuracy. The aims of this study were: 1) to compare the proportion of positive samples and the intensity of A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura, and hookworm infection based on the examination of fresh samples and stool preserved by 10% formalin for >12 months and 2) to determine the most reliably accurate between Kato-Katz and mini-FLOTAC methods in detecting A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura, and hookworm eggs in preserved stools both qualitatively and quantitatively. Seventy-eight (78) stool samples were examined by mini-FLOTAC, and KatoKatz methods. Proportion of positive samples of A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura, and hookworms in fresh and in >=12 months 10% formalin preserved stools had no significant difference. Helminths density (eggs per gram of stool/EPG) in fresh samples was fewer compared to EPG in preserved samples (p <0.05) which leads to a lower proportion of moderate and high level groups in fresh stools samples compared to those in preserved samples (p <0.05). In preserved samples, as qualitative method, mini-FLOTAC detected more A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura eggs than Kato-Katz, while hookworm eggs were detected more by Kato-Katz than the miniFLOTAC. As a quantitative detection, Kato-Katz showed higher calculation of STH EPG than mini-FLOTAC. Using 10% formalin preservation for stool samples, the STH eggs' morphology could still be well identified. Homogenization process and low number of samples tested, were acknowledged as the limitation of this study.

Matched MeSH terms: Specimen Handling
Activities of 210Po and 210Pb in the water column at Kuala Selangor, Malaysia

Theng TL, Mohamed CA

J Environ Radioact, 2005;80(3):273-86.
PMID: 15725503

Natural radionuclides, such as (210)Po and (210)Pb were measured in the water samples collected from six stations at Kuala Selangor, Malaysia. Results for (210)Po and (210)Pb in dissolved and particulate phases have showed the difference in distribution and chemical behavior. The fluctuation activities of (210)Po and (210)Pb depend on wave action, geology and degree of fresh water input occurring at study areas and probably due to different sampling dates. The distribution coefficient, K(d), values of (210)Po and (210)Pb ranged from 2.0 x 10(3)lg(-1) to 265.15 x 10(5)lg(-1), and from 3.0 x 10(3)lg(-1) to 558.16 x 10(5)lg(-1), respectively. High K(d) values of (210)Po and (210)Pb indicated that a strong adsorption of (210)Po and (210)Pb onto suspended particles, and the sinking of both nuclides on the seabed at study locations were controlled by the characteristics of suspended particles.

Matched MeSH terms: Specimen Handling
Self-collection tools for routine cervical cancer screening: a review

Othman NH, Mohamad Zaki FH

Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2014;15(20):8563-9.
PMID: 25374168

Sub-optimal participation is a major problem with cervical cancer screening in developing countries which have no organized national screening program. There are various notable factors such as 'embarrassment', 'discomfort' and 'no time' cited by women as they are often also the bread winners for the family. Implementation of self-sampling methods may increase their participation. The aim of this article was to provide a survey of various types of self-sampling tools which are commonly used in collection of cervical cells. We reviewed currently available self-sampling devices and collated the advantages and disadvantages of each in terms of its acceptance and its accuracy in giving desired results. In general, regardless of which device is used, self-sampling for cervical scrapings is highly acceptable to women in most of the studies cited.

Matched MeSH terms: Specimen Handling/methods
Increasing Reproducibility in Oral Microbiome Research

Gopinath D, Menon RK

Methods Mol Biol, 2021;2327:1-15.
PMID: 34410636 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1518-8_1

Evidence on the role of the oral microbiome in health and disease is changing the way we understand, diagnose, and treat ailments. Numerous studies on diseases affecting the oral cavity have revealed a large amount of data that is invaluable for the advancements in diagnosing and treating these diseases. However, the clinical translation of most of these exploratory data is stalled by variable methodology between studies and non-uniform reporting of the data.Understanding the key areas that are gateways to bias in microbiome studies is imperative to overcome this challenge faced by oral microbiome research. Bias can be multifactorial and may be introduced in a microbiome research study during the formulation of the study design, sample collection and storage, or the sample processing protocols before sequencing. This chapter summarizes the recommendations from literature to eliminate bias in the microbiome research studies and to ensure the reproducibility of the microbiome research data.

Matched MeSH terms: Specimen Handling
A protocol for the management of canine cerebrospinal fluid for the proteomic assessment of putative biomarkers

Shafie IN, Anderson TJ, Penderis J, Eckersall PD, McLaughlin M

Vet J, 2013 Sep;197(3):836-41.
PMID: 23820135 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.05.039

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a potential source for disease-specific biomarkers that may assist in the staging and determining the prognosis of neurodegenerative conditions in animals. However, the validity of such putative biomarkers may be influenced by pre-analytical variables, including the procedures adopted to collect and store the CSF. This study assessed the effect of three handling practices on the stability of a panel of CSF proteins: clusterin (also known as apolipoprotein J), haptoglobin, cystatin C, and transthyretin (TTR). The three handling procedures for canine CSF were mimicked in the laboratory as follows: (1) storage in a refrigerator overnight (4 °C for 18 h); (2) carrying a sample in the pocket of a clinician (37 °C for 4h); and (3) mailing a sample to a remote laboratory for analysis (room temp for 48 h). The impact of these three scenarios on the concentrations of the selected proteins was assessed using Western blotting and compared to an aliquot of CSF that had been kept frozen. The level of clusterin was significantly reduced following 48 h at room temperature (P<0.05), while the concentration of the dimeric form of TTR increased following this handling procedure and also when held at 37 °C for 4h. A reducing agent prevented this increase at 37 °C. In conclusion, exposing CSF samples to various environmental conditions can significantly alter their protein content, a factor that must be considered in studies assessing potential biomarkers in canine CSF.

Matched MeSH terms: Specimen Handling/methods; Specimen Handling/veterinary
Fulltext Expediting the sampling, decalcification, and forensic DNA analysis of large elephant ivory seizures to aid investigations and prosecutions

Ewart KM, Lightson AL, Sitam FT, Rovie-Ryan JJ, Mather N, McEwing R

Forensic Sci Int Genet, 2020 01;44:102187.
PMID: 31670244 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2019.102187

The illegal ivory trade continues to drive elephant poaching. Large ivory seizures in Africa and Asia are still commonplace. Wildlife forensics is recognised as a key enforcement tool to combat this trade. However, the time and resources required to effectively test large ivory seizures is often prohibitive. This limits or delays testing, which may impede investigations and/or prosecutions. Typically, DNA analysis of an ivory seizure involves pairing and sorting the tusks, sampling the tusks, powdering the sample, decalcification, then DNA extraction. Here, we optimize the most time-consuming components of this process: sampling and decalcification. Firstly, using simulations, we demonstrate that tusks do not need to be paired to ensure an adequate number of unique elephants are sampled in a large seizure. Secondly, we determined that directly powdering the ivory using a Dremel drill with a high-speed cutter bit, instead of cutting the ivory with a circular saw and subsequently powdering the sample in liquid nitrogen with a freezer mill, produces comparable results. Finally, we optimized a rapid 2 -h decalcification protocol that produces comparable results to a standard 3-day protocol. We tested/optimised the protocols on 33 raw and worked ivory samples, and demonstrated their utility on a case study, successfully identifying 94% of samples taken from 123 tusks. Using these new rapid protocols, the entire sampling and DNA extraction process takes less than one day and requires less-expensive equipment. We expect that the implementation of these rapid protocols will promote more consistent and timely testing of ivory seizures suitable for enforcement action.

Matched MeSH terms: Specimen Handling*
Species description and distribution of Strombus (Mollusca, Strombidae) in Johor Straits and its surrounding areas

Zaidi Che Cob, Aziz Arshad, Japar Sidik Bujang, Mazlan Abdul Ghaffar

Sains Malaysiana, 2009;38.

A total of 230 individuals of Strombus were sampled at various locations along the Johor Straits, Malaysia. There were four species of Strombus present in the study areas i.e. Strombus canarium Linnaeus, 1758; Strombus urceus Linnaeus, 1758; Strombus marginatus subspecies succinctus Linnaeus, 1767; Strombus marginatus subspecies robustus Sowerby, 1874; and Strombus vittatus subspecies vittatus Linnaeus, 1758. Strombus canarium was the most common, widely distributed and most abundant, followed by S. urceus, while the others were only rarely found. Among the species Strombus marginatus and Strombus vittatus were two new distribution records for the Johor Straits. Since all Strombus were traditionally harvested and consumed by the locals since long ago, further studies are needed particularly regarding the population dynamics and fishery of the harvested species.

Matched MeSH terms: Specimen Handling
Fulltext Intraspecific macroscopic digestive anatomy of ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta), including a comparison of frozen and formalin-stored specimens

Clauss M, Trümpler J, Ackermans NL, Kitchener AC, Hantke G, Stagegaard J, et al.

Primates, 2021 Mar;62(2):431-441.
PMID: 33180215 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-020-00873-8

Digestive tract measurements are often considered species specific, but little information exists on the degree to which they change during ontogeny within a species. Additionally, access to anatomical material from nondomestic species is often limited, with fixed tissues possibly representing the only available source, though the degree to which this material is representative in terms of dimensions and weight is debatable. In the present study, the macroscopic anatomy of the digestive tract (length of intestinal sections, and tissue weights of stomach and intestines) of 58 Lemur catta [ranging in age from 1 month (neonates) to 25 years], which had been stored frozen (n = 27) or fixed in formalin (n = 31), was quantified. Particular attention was paid to the caecum and the possible presence of an appendix. The intraspecific allometric scaling of body mass (BM)0.46[0.40;0.51] for total intestine length and BM0.48[0.41;0.54] for small intestine length was higher than the expected geometric scaling of BM0.33, and similar to that reported in the literature for interspecific scaling. This difference in scaling is usually explained by the hypothesis that, to maintain optimal absorption, the diameter of the intestinal tube cannot increase geometrically. Therefore, geometric volume gain of increasing body mass is accommodated for by more-than-geometric length scaling. According to the literature, not all L. catta have an appendix. No appendix was found in the specimens in the present study. The proportions of length measurements did not change markedly during ontogeny, indicating that the proportions of the foetus are representative of those of the adult animal. By contrast, width and tissue-mass scaling of the caecum indicated disproportionate growth of this organ during ontogeny that was not reflected in its length. Compared to overall intraspecific variation, the method of storage (frozen vs. formalin) had no relevant impact on length or weight measurements.

Matched MeSH terms: Specimen Handling/methods*
Upper respiratory tract sampling in COVID-19

Mawaddah A, Gendeh HS, Lum SG, Marina MB

Malays J Pathol, 2020 Apr;42(1):23-35.
PMID: 32342928

INTRODUCTION: To review the present literature on upper respiratory tract sampling in COVID-19 and provide recommendations to improve healthcare practices and directions in future studies.
METHODS: Twelve relevant manuscripts were sourced from a total of 7288 search results obtained using PubMed, Medline and Google Scholar. The search keywords used were COVID-19, nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal, swabs, SARS and CoV2. Original manuscripts were obtained and analysed by all authors. The review included manuscripts which have not undergone rigorous peer-review process in view of the magnitude of the topic discussed.
RESULTS: The viral load of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the upper respiratory tract was significantly higher during the first week and peaked at 4-6 days after onset of symptoms, during which it can be potentially sampled. Nasopharyngeal swab has demonstrated higher viral load than oropharyngeal swab, where the difference in paired samples is best seen at 0-9 days after the onset of illness. Sensitivity of nasopharyngeal swab was higher than oropharyngeal swabs in COVID-19 patients. Patient self-collected throat washing has been shown to contain higher viral load than nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal swab, with significantly higher sensitivity when compared with paired nasopharyngeal swab.
RECOMMENDATIONS: Routine nasopharyngeal swab of suspected COVID-19 infection should take anatomy of the nasal cavity into consideration to increase patient comfort and diagnostic yield. Routine oropharyngeal swab should be replaced by throat washing which has demonstrated better diagnostic accuracy, and it is safe towards others.

Matched MeSH terms: Specimen Handling*
Guidelines on sample management (version 1/2004)

College of Pathologists, Academy of Medicine of, Malaysia

Malays J Pathol, 2005 Jun;27(1):73-4.
PMID: 16676699
Matched MeSH terms: Specimen Handling/standards*
Guidelines and policies on collection of biological specimens in the Philippines. Philippine Congress, International Convention on Biodiversity

Madulid DA

J Ethnopharmacol, 1996 Apr;51(1-3):205-8.
PMID: 9213618

In October, 1993, 16 months after the United Nations approved the International Convention on Biodiversity held in Rio de Janeiro, June, 1992, the Philippine Congress ratified and adopted the Convention. This is a manifestation of the full support of the Philippines for the principles and policies adopted by the UN body on the conservation of biodiversity, sustainable development of biological resources and equitable sharing of benefits between users and owners of biodiversity resources. The Philippine scientific community has long recognized the need for and importance of a national guideline and policy with regard to the collection of plants and animals in the Philippines for scientific or commercial purposes. A series of consultative meetings were held by representatives of government agencies, non-government organizations, private organizations, academic and private persons concerned with biodiversity conservation to formulate national guidelines that regulate the collection of plant and animal specimens in the country. Guidelines were unanimously adopted by various government agencies and academia and a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) was signed on September 28, 1990. Very recently a new document was drafted, specifically to serve as a guideline for those who desire to undertake sample collecting in the Philippines for biodiversity prospecting. The document is now being reviewed by government departments and agencies and will be presented to the President of the Philippines for signing as an Executive Order (EO). Once signed, this EO will serve as a national policy for bioprospecting in the country. The Philippines is one of the countries in Southeast Asia that has endorsed the adoption of regional guidelines on the collection of plant and animal organisms for drug development. The ASEAN Agreement on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (1985). The Manila Declaration (1992) and lately, the Melaka Accord (1994), all of which were signed by various countries in Asia, are manifestations of this interest.

Matched MeSH terms: Specimen Handling
Some aspects of industrial medicine--dust hazards and sampling

MANOHARAN A

Med J Malaya, 1961 Mar;15:102-12.
PMID: 14469397
Matched MeSH terms: Specimen Handling*
Evaluation of the whole blood lymphocyte transformation assay for scrub typhus exposure: adaptability to field sample collection

Lim TS, LaBarre DD, Lewis GE

Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol., 1988 Apr;41(2):57-68.
PMID: 3149355 DOI: 10.7883/yoken1952.41.57

The optimal conditions for the determination of exposure to scrub typhus by the whole blood lymphocyte transformation assay was 7 days culture of 10% blood in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% human AB-negative serum and L-glutamine with 50-200 micrograms protein/ml of Karp, Kato, or Gilliam strain membrane antigen. A simple exponentially decaying linear model shows the decrease in lymphocyte viability, the ability of sensitized cells to be stimulated with PHA mitogen, and the corresponding decrease in stimulation by scrub typhus antigens with increasing time of preincubation on ice. The lower limit of stimulation index for the detection of scrub typhus by whole blood lymphocyte transformation assay was 4.0 with a type I error of 1%.

Matched MeSH terms: Specimen Handling*
Recovery of forensically important entomological specimens from human cadavers in Malaysia--an update

Lee HL

Malays J Pathol, 1989 Aug;11:33-6.
PMID: 2632998

A total of 101 entomological specimens recovered from human cadavers were processed and studied. Analysis of the data indicated that about 95% of these specimens were maggots of flies. Maggots of the blowfly Chrysomya (Family: Calliphoridae) especially Ch. rufifacis and Ch. megacephala were predominantly found in 77 cases (76.2%) while larvae of several other flies of the genera Sarcophaga, Calliphora, Lucilia and hermetia were also recovered. It was notable that Musca domestica or other related flies were not found in all these specimens. The age of these larvae was useful in the determination of the minimum time lapsed after death. However, more biological studies on animal carcases should be conducted for more accurate determinations. Methods of collection, preservation and despatching of specimens were also discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Specimen Handling*
Revision of the Simulium (Simulium) melanopus species-group (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Sabah, Malaysia

Takaoka H, Sofian-Azirun M, Ya'cob Z, Chen CD, Lau KW, Fernandez K, et al.

Zootaxa, 2015;3985(1):1-30.
PMID: 26250021 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3985.1.1

Species of the Simulium (Simulium) melanopus species-group in Sabah are taxonomically revised by examining type specimens of S. (S.) crassimanum S. (S.) laterale, and S. (S.) nigripilosum, all described from females by Edwards in 1933, and newly collected samples from the vicinity of Mt. Kinabalu. The females of these three species are redescribed, and their males and pupae are described for the first time based on adults reared from pupae. Simulium (S.) liewi Takaoka, 2007 and S. (S.) kinabaluense Smart & Clifford, 1969 are synonymized with S. (S.) crassimanum and S. (S.) laterale, respectively. Simulium (S.) cheedhangi Takaoka, Sofian-Azirun & Ya'cob, 2015 is newly recorded from Sabah. Two new related species, S. (S.) lardizabalae and S. (S.) timpohonense, are described from males reared from pupae. Keys to identify eight species of the S. melanopus species-group in Sabah are provided for females, males, pupae and mature larvae.

Matched MeSH terms: Specimen Handling

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