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  1. Sharani ZZ, Ismail N, Yasin SM, Isa MR, Razali A, Sherzkawee MA, et al.
    PLoS One, 2023;18(6):e0287374.
    PMID: 37319310 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287374
    INTRODUCTION: Loss to follow-up (LTFU) and smoking during TB treatment are major challenges for TB control programs. Smoking increases the severity and prolongs TB treatment duration, which lead to a higher rate of LTFU. We aim to develop a prognostic scoring tool to predict LTFU among TB patients who smoke to improve successful TB treatment outcomes.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: The development of the prognostic model utilized prospectively collected longitudinal data of adult TB patients who smoked in the state of Selangor between 2013 until 2017, which were obtained from the Malaysian Tuberculosis Information System (MyTB) database. Data were randomly split into development and internal validation cohorts. A simple prognostic score (T-BACCO SCORE) was constructed based on the regression coefficients of predictors in the final logistic model of the development cohort. Estimated missing data was 2.8% from the development cohort and was completely at random. Model discrimination was determined using c-statistics (AUCs), and calibration was based on the Hosmer and Lemeshow goodness of fit test and calibration plot.

    RESULTS: The model highlights several variables with different T-BACCO SCORE values as predictors for LTFU among TB patients who smoke (e.g., age group, ethnicity, locality, nationality, educational level, monthly income level, employment status, TB case category, TB detection methods, X-ray categories, HIV status, and sputum status). The prognostic scores were categorized into three groups that predict the risk for LTFU: low-risk (<15 points), medium-risk (15 to 25 points) and high-risk (> 25 points). The model exhibited fair discrimination with a c-statistic of 0.681 (95% CI 0.627-0.710) and good calibration with a nonsignificant chi-square Hosmer‒Lemeshow's goodness of fit test χ2 = 4.893 and accompanying p value of 0.769.

    CONCLUSION: Predicting LTFU among TB patients who smoke in the early phase of TB treatment is achievable using this simple T-BACCO SCORE. The applicability of the tool in clinical settings helps health care professionals manage TB smokers based on their risk scores. Further external validation should be carried out prior to use.

    Matched MeSH terms: Treatment Outcome
  2. Maslub MG, Radwan MA, Daud NAA, Sha'aban A
    Eur J Med Res, 2023 Sep 27;28(1):381.
    PMID: 37759317 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01038-1
    INTRODUCTION: Atorvastatin is regarded as the most frequently prescribed statin worldwide for dyslipidemia. However, clinical response and risk of adverse effects to statin therapy are associated with genetic variations. Numerous research linked statins pharmacokinetics (PK) variations to genetic polymorphisms in cytochromes P450 (CYPs) metabolic enzymes.

    OBJECTIVE: This article reviews the association between CYP3A4/5 genetic variations and response to atorvastatin therapy globally, which includes atorvastatin PK, and the risk for adverse reactions, with a hint to the Egyptians.

    METHODS: Up to March 30, 2022, electronic medical databases like PubMed, Web of Science, MEDLINE, and Egyptian Knowledge Bank (EKB) were searched. All articles that highlighted the relationship between CYP3A4/5 genetic polymorphisms and atorvastatin efficacy/safety profile were included in this review.

    RESULTS: Initially, 492 articles were retrieved after an exhaustive search. There were 24 articles included according to the inclusion criteria. Findings of association studies of CYP3A4/5 genetic polymorphisms with response to atorvastatin varied among different ethnicities. CYP3A4*1B was associated with better therapeutic outcomes after atorvastatin therapy in Chileans and vice versa in Americans. Caucasians with myalgia while using atorvastatin were at significant risk of suffering severe muscle damage if they were carriers of CYP3A5*3/*3. As far as we can report for the Egyptian population, the impact of CYP3A4/5 genetic variations on the response to atorvastatin therapy was understudied.

    CONCLUSION: More pharmacogenetic studies amongst diverse populations worldwide, like the Egyptian population, are necessary to detect further atorvastatin-gene interactions.

    Matched MeSH terms: Treatment Outcome
  3. Ang SP, Chia JE, Jaiswal V, Bandyopadhyay D, Iglesias J, Mohan GVK, et al.
    Curr Probl Cardiol, 2023 Aug;48(8):101719.
    PMID: 36967069 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.101719
    While subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) was reportedly associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality, the relationship between SCH and clinical outcomes of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is uncertain. The aim of this study was to assess the association of SCH and cardiovascular outcomes in patients undergoing PCI. We searched PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and CENTRAL databases from its inception until April 1, 2022 for studies comparing the outcomes between SCH and euthyroid patients undergoing PCI. Outcomes of interest include cardiovascular mortality, all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction (MI), major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE), repeat revascularization and heart failure. Outcomes were pooled using the DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model and reported as risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). A total of 7 studies involving 1132 patients with SCH and 11,753 euthyroid patients were included in the analysis. Compared with euthyroid patients, patients with SCH had significantly higher risk of cardiovascular mortality (RR 2.16, 95% CI: 1.38-3.38, P < 0.001), all-cause mortality (RR 1.68, 95% CI: 1.23-2.29, P = 0.001) and repeat revascularization (RR 1.96, 95% CI: 1.08-3.58, P = 0.03). However, there were no differences between both groups in terms of incidence of MI (RR 1.81, 95% CI: 0.97-3.37, P = 0.06), MACCE (RR 2.24, 95% CI: 0.55-9.08, P = 0.26) and heart failure (RR 5.38, 95% CI: 0.28-102.35, P = 0.26). Our analysis suggests among patients undergoing PCI, SCH was associated with increased risk of cardiovascular mortality, all-cause mortality and repeat revascularization compared to euthyroid patients.
    Matched MeSH terms: Treatment Outcome
  4. Bernhardt J, Churilov L, Dewey H, Donnan G, Ellery F, English C, et al.
    Int J Stroke, 2023 Jul;18(6):745-750.
    PMID: 36398582 DOI: 10.1177/17474930221142207
    RATIONALE: The evidence base for acute post-stroke rehabilitation is inadequate and global guideline recommendations vary.

    AIM: To define optimal early mobility intervention regimens for ischemic stroke patients of mild and moderate severity.

    HYPOTHESES: Compared with a prespecified reference arm, the optimal dose regimen(s) will result in more participants experiencing little or no disability (mRS 0-2) at 3 months post-stroke (primary), fewer deaths at 3 months, fewer and less severe complications during the intervention period, faster recovery of unassisted walking, and better quality of life at 3 months (secondary). We also hypothesize that these regimens will be more cost-effective.

    SAMPLE SIZE ESTIMATES: For the primary outcome, recruitment of 1300 mild and 1400 moderate participants will yield 80% power to detect a 10% risk difference.

    METHODS AND DESIGN: Multi-arm multi-stage covariate-adjusted response-adaptive randomized trial of mobility training commenced within 48 h of stroke in mild (NIHSS  2) and hemorrhagic stroke. With four arms per stratum (reference arm retained throughout), only the single treatment arm demonstrating the highest proportion of favorable outcomes at the first stage will proceed to the second stage in each stratum, resulting in a final comparison with the reference arm. Three prognostic covariates of age, geographic region and reperfusion interventions, as well as previously observed mRS 0-2 responses inform the adaptive randomization procedure. Participants randomized receive prespecified mobility training regimens (functional task-specific), provided by physiotherapists/nurses until discharge or 14 days. Interventions replace usual mobility training. Fifty hospitals in seven countries (Australia, Malaysia, United Kingdom, Ireland, India, Brazil, Singapore) are expected to participate.

    SUMMARY: Our novel adaptive trial design will evaluate a wider variety of mobility regimes than a traditional two-arm design. The data-driven adaptions during the trial will enable a more efficient evaluation to determine the optimal early mobility intervention for patients with mild and moderate ischemic stroke.

    Matched MeSH terms: Treatment Outcome
  5. Giulioni C, Castellani D, Somani BK, Chew BH, Tailly T, Keat WOL, et al.
    World J Urol, 2023 May;41(5):1407-1413.
    PMID: 36930255 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-023-04363-6
    PURPOSE: To evaluate the perioperative outcomes of retrograde intra-renal surgery (RIRS) for lower pole stones (LPS) and factors affecting stone-free rate (SFR).

    METHODS: Data from 20 centers were retrospectively reviewed. Inclusion criteria were adult patients, normal renal anatomy, and LPS. Exclusion criteria were bilateral surgery, concomitant surgery for ureteral stones. SFR was defined as a single residual fragment (RF) ≤ 2 mm and evaluated 3-months after surgery. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to assess factors associated with RF. Statistical significance was set at p value 

    Matched MeSH terms: Treatment Outcome
  6. Mikhael EM, Ong SC, Sheikh Ghadzi SM
    J Pharm Pract, 2023 Aug;36(4):980-987.
    PMID: 35581701 DOI: 10.1177/08971900221102119
    Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with a high risk of mortality especially among diabetes mellitus (DM) patients. Effective treatments against COVID-19 can complement the vaccination effort worldwide. Many review articles studied the effects of the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors among COVID-19 patients and found conflicting results. This heterogeneity may be due to different systemic pleiotropic effects of different DPP-4 inhibitors. Sitagliptin appears to be one of the good DPP-4 inhibitors that have antiinflammatory and antithrombotic effect. Therefore, this review assessed the benefits and safety of sitagliptin in the treatment of COVID-19. Methods: A detailed literature review using the electronic databases of Pubmed and Google Scholar was conducted during July and August 2021 to find out studies that published in English language and discussed the role of sitagliptin for COVID-19 patients. Results: 14 articles were eligible and thus included in this narrative review. Nine of these articles agreed to the benefit of sitagliptin in the treatment of COVID-19, while 3 studies considered sitagliptin as non useful or even risky, and one study was neutral in its conclusion towards the usage of sitagliptin in COVID-19. Only one study focused on the safety of sitagliptin and found that it is safe. Conclusion: Sitagliptin has anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic and antiapoptotic properties; such effects may be beneficial in reducing risks of COVID-19. Sitagliptin has good safety and fair benefits to reduce mortality among DM patients with COVID-19. Further randomized clinical trials are needed to confirm these benefits especially among patients without DM.
    Matched MeSH terms: Treatment Outcome
  7. Candelo E, Borsetto D, Obholzer R, Clarke P, MatBaki M, Birchall M
    J Voice, 2023 Jul;37(4):610-615.
    PMID: 33994255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2021.03.021
    PURPOSE: We present a prospective case series that aimed to report the functional (voice and swallowing) outcomes of delayed laryngeal reinnervation following vagal interruption by resection of vagal paraganglioma and schwannoma.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: A dedicated, anonymized database was established in 2012 with a minimum eighteen-month follow up set for this report. Internationally validated self- and observer-reported measures were recorded preoperatively and at six, 12 and, 18 months together with demographics, diagnoses, and operative details.

    RESULTS: A total of eight patients with a median age of 46 (37-54) underwent excision of vagal paraganglioma (five) and schwannoma (three) with few mild complications. Three underwent selective and five non selective reinnervation. Seven out of eight patients underwent synchronous injection medialization. The voice handicap index (VHI-30) improved from a baseline median 83 (range 52-102) to 7.5 (5-58) at 18 months; maximum phonation time improved from median 8 (range 5-15) to 10.5 (8.5-11); voice grade ("G" in grade, roughness, breathiness, asthenia, and strain [GRBAS] scoring) improved from median three (severe impairment, range 0-3) to one (mild impairment, 0-2); Eating Assessment Tool (EAT-10) score improved from median 12 (range 3.5-27) preoperatively to one (0-16); and reflux symptom index (RSI) improved from median 25 (range 17-36) to 7 (0-36). One patient exhibited no discernible reinnervation, while the remainder exhibited good cord bulk and tone, though without purposive abduction.

    CONCLUSION: Delayed laryngeal reinnervation for high vagal paralysis is a safe technique associated with good voice and swallowing outcomes by 12-18 months. Potential confounders in this small series and the absence of a control arm both limit conclusions, but this study suggests that further prospective, controlled studies, and/or case registration are merited.

    Matched MeSH terms: Treatment Outcome
  8. Chua YA, Nazli SA, Rosman A, Kasim SS, Ibrahim KS, Md Radzi AB, et al.
    J Atheroscler Thromb, 2023 Oct 01;30(10):1317-1326.
    PMID: 36567112 DOI: 10.5551/jat.63389
    AIMS: Patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) are known to have higher exposure to coronary risk than those without FH with similar low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level. Lipid-lowering medications (LLMs) are the mainstay treatments to lower the risk of premature coronary artery disease in patients with hypercholesterolemia. However, the LLM prescription pattern and its effectiveness among Malaysian patients with FH are not yet reported. The aim of this study was to report the LLM prescribing pattern and its effectiveness in lowering LDL-C level among Malaysian patients with FH treated in specialist hospitals.

    METHODS: Subjects were recruited from lipid and cardiac specialist hospitals. FH was clinically diagnosed using the Dutch Lipid Clinic Network Criteria. Patients' medical history was recorded using a standardized questionnaire. LLM prescription history and baseline LDL-C were acquired from the hospitals' database. Blood samples were acquired for the latest lipid profile assay.

    RESULTS: A total of 206 patients with FH were recruited. Almost all of them were on LLMs (97.6%). Only 2.9% and 7.8% of the patients achieved the target LDL-C of <1.4 and <1.8 mmol/L, respectively. The majority of patients who achieved the target LDL-C were prescribed with statin-ezetimibe combination medications and high-intensity or moderate-intensity statins. All patients who were prescribed with ezetimibe monotherapy did not achieve the target LDL-C.

    CONCLUSION: The majority of Malaysian patients with FH received LLMs, but only a small fraction achieved the therapeutic target LDL-C level. Further investigation has to be conducted to identify the cause of the suboptimal treatment target attainment, be it the factors of patients or the prescription practice.

    Matched MeSH terms: Treatment Outcome
  9. Caiazzo G, Oliva A, Testa L, Heang TM, Lee CY, Milazzo D, et al.
    Cardiovasc Diabetol, 2024 Feb 03;23(1):52.
    PMID: 38310281 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-024-02139-9
    BACKGROUND: The outcomes of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in diabetic patients are still suboptimal, and it is unclear if diabetic patients might derive a benefit from the use of drug-coated balloons.

    AIMS: To evaluate the impact of diabetes mellitus on the outcomes of patients undergoing PCI with sirolimus-coated balloon (SCB) MagicTouch (Concept Medical, India).

    METHODS: We conducted a subgroup analysis of the prospective, multicenter, investigator-initiated EASTBOURNE registry, evaluating the performance of MagicTouch SCB in patients with and without diabetes. The study primary endpoint was target lesion revascularization (TLR) at 12-month follow-up. Secondary clinical endpoints were major adverse clinical events (MACE), death, myocardial infarction (MI), and BARC 2-5 bleedings.

    RESULTS: Among 2,083 enrolled patients, a total of 864 suffered from diabetes (41.5%). Patients with diabetes had a numerically higher occurrence of TLR (6.5% vs. 4.7% HR 1.38, 95%CI 0.91-2.08), all-cause death (3.8% vs. 2.6%, HR 1.81, 95%CI 0.95-3.46), and MACE (12.2% vs. 8.9%; HR 1.26 95%CI 0.92-1.74). The incidence of spontaneous MI was significantly higher among diabetic patients (3.4% vs. 1.5%, HR 2.15 95%CI 1.09-4.25); bleeding events did not significantly differ. The overall incidence of TLR was higher among in-stent restenosis (ISR) as compared to de-novo coronary lesions, irrespectively from diabetes status.

    CONCLUSIONS: In the EASTBOURNE DIABETES registry, diabetic patients treated with the MagicTouch SCB did not have a significant increase in TLR when compared to non-diabetic patients; moreover, diabetic status did not affect the study device performance in terms of TLR, in both de-novo lesions and ISR.

    Matched MeSH terms: Treatment Outcome
  10. Tweed CD, Wills GH, Crook AM, Amukoye E, Balanag V, Ban AYL, et al.
    Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 2021 Apr 01;25(4):305-314.
    PMID: 33762075 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.20.0513
    BACKGROUND: Treatment for TB is lengthy and toxic, and new regimens are needed.METHODS: Participants with pulmonary drug-susceptible TB (DS-TB) were randomised to receive: 200 mg pretomanid (Pa, PMD) daily, 400 mg moxifloxacin (M) and 1500 mg pyrazinamide (Z) for 6 months (6Pa200MZ) or 4 months (4Pa200MZ); 100 mg pretomanid daily for 4 months in the same combination (4Pa100MZ); or standard DS-TB treatment for 6 months. The primary outcome was treatment failure or relapse at 12 months post-randomisation. The non-inferiority margin for between-group differences was 12.0%. Recruitment was paused following three deaths and not resumed.RESULTS: Respectively 4/47 (8.5%), 11/57 (19.3%), 14/52 (26.9%) and 1/53 (1.9%) DS-TB outcomes were unfavourable in patients on 6Pa200MZ, 4Pa200MZ, 4Pa100MZ and controls. There was a 6.6% (95% CI -2.2% to 15.4%) difference per protocol and 9.9% (95%CI -4.1% to 23.9%) modified intention-to-treat difference in unfavourable responses between the control and 6Pa200MZ arms. Grade 3+ adverse events affected 68/203 (33.5%) receiving experimental regimens, and 19/68 (27.9%) on control. Ten of 203 (4.9%) participants on experimental arms and 2/68 (2.9%) controls died.CONCLUSION: PaMZ regimens did not achieve non-inferiority in this under-powered trial. An ongoing evaluation of PMD remains a priority.
    Matched MeSH terms: Treatment Outcome
  11. Pan W, Zhou D, Hijazi ZM, Qureshi SA, Promphan W, Feng Y, et al.
    Catheter Cardiovasc Interv, 2024 Mar;103(4):660-669.
    PMID: 38419402 DOI: 10.1002/ccd.30978
    Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement (TPVR), also known as percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation, refers to a minimally invasive technique that replaces the pulmonary valve by delivering an artificial pulmonary prosthesis through a catheter into the diseased pulmonary valve under the guidance of X-ray and/or echocardiogram while the heart is still beating not arrested. In recent years, TPVR has achieved remarkable progress in device development, evidence-based medicine proof and clinical experience. To update the knowledge of TPVR in a timely fashion, and according to the latest research and further facilitate the standardized and healthy development of TPVR in Asia, we have updated this consensus statement. After systematical review of the relevant literature with an in-depth analysis of eight main issues, we finally established eight core viewpoints, including indication recommendation, device selection, perioperative evaluation, procedure precautions, and prevention and treatment of complications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Treatment Outcome
  12. Arumugam A, A Rahman NA, Theophilus SC, Shariffudin A, Abdullah JM
    Malays J Med Sci, 2015 Dec;22(Spec Issue):62-71.
    PMID: 27006639 MyJurnal
    Mortality and morbidity associated with intracerebral hemorrhage is still high. Up to now, there are no evidence-based effective treatments for acute ICH. This study is to assess the effect of tranexamic acid (TXA) on hematoma growth of patients with spontaneous ICH compared to a placebo.
    Matched MeSH terms: Treatment Outcome
  13. Muthu R, Foead AI, Ali A, Devadasan B
    Med J Malaysia, 2013 Aug;68(4):353-5.
    PMID: 24145266 MyJurnal
    In patients with an elbow fracture dislocation the incidence of radial head fracture is 36%, where as coronoid process fractures occur in 13%, and olecranon fractures in 4% of patients. Combination of all these fractures with a 'terrible triad' is rarely reported in the literature. We describe a 40 year old lady involved in a polytrauma who had head injury, pnuemothorax and an open fracture dislocation of the left elbow. The Injury Severity Score initially on admission was 44. She presented with chronic elbow instability with pain 1 year later. A semi constrained total elbow arthroplasty (TEA) with a Coonrad-Morrey prosthesis was performed in this complex injury involving fractures of the coronoid, olecranon, proximal third of the ulna and radial head malunion with heterotrophic ossification around the elbow joint. Although the survivorship of total elbow replacements has improved, it is still a procedure reserved to older patients with low functional demand. At 1-year follow-up, the patient had full range in flexion and extension. The Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS) was 100. TEA is a procedure which gains function and stability in a terrible triad elbow.
    Matched MeSH terms: Treatment Outcome
  14. Syed A, Zainal AA, Hanif H, Naresh G
    Med J Malaysia, 2012 Dec;67(6):610-2.
    PMID: 23770955 MyJurnal
    This is our initial report on the first 4 cases of infra-renal abdominal aortic aneurysm undergoing Endovascular Aneurysm Repair (EVAR) with local anaesthesia, controlled sedation and monitoring by an anaesthetist. All four patients were males with a mean age of 66.7 years. Only one required ICU stay of two days for cardiac monitoring due to bradycardia and transient hypotension post procedure. No mortality or major post operative morbidity was recorded and the mean hospital stay post procedure was 3.5 days (range 2-5 days).
    Matched MeSH terms: Treatment Outcome
  15. Syed Alwi SA, Zainal Ariffin A, Hanif H, Naresh G
    Med J Malaysia, 2012 Oct;67(5):503-5.
    PMID: 23770868
    This is our initial report on the first 4 cases of infra-renal abdominal aortic aneurysms undergoing Endovascular Aneurysm Repair (EVAR) with local anaesthesia, controlled sedation and monitoring by an anaesthetist. All 4 patients were males with a mean age of 66.7 years. Only one (1) required ICU stay of 2 days for cardiac monitoring due to bradycardia and transient hypotension post procedure. No mortality or major post operative morbidity was recorded and the mean hospital stay post procedure was 3.5 days (range 2-5 days).
    Matched MeSH terms: Treatment Outcome
  16. Nabil S, Ramli R
    Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2012 Nov;41(11):1422-6.
    PMID: 22560870 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2012.04.001
    The use of buccal fat pad in the management of osteoradionecrosis has not been described previously. A series of 10 consecutive cases of osteoradionecrosis treated with a combination of sequestrectomy and buccal fat pad is presented. The data were obtained by reviewing operative and medical records. The combination of sequestrectomy and buccal fat pad flap was successful in 86% of cases of stage II osteoradionecrosis and in 0% of cases of stage III. The overall success rate was 60%. Based on the result of this series, this treatment regime appeared to be beneficial in stage II osteoradionecrosis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Treatment Outcome
  17. Abdullah B, Subramaniam R, Omar S, Wragg P, Ramli N, Wui A, et al.
    Biomed Imaging Interv J, 2010 Apr-Jun;6(2):e15.
    PMID: 21611036 MyJurnal DOI: 10.2349/biij.6.2.e15
    Magnetic Resonance-guided focused Ultrasound Surgery (MRgFUS) is gaining popularity as an alternative to medical and surgical interventions in the management of symptomatic uterine fibroids. Studies have shown that it is an effective non-invasive treatment with minimal associated risks as compared to myomectomy and hysterectomy. MRgFUS can be offered to a majority of patients suffering from symptomatic uterine fibroids. It has been suggested that the use of broader inclusion criteria as well as the mitigation techniques makes it possible to offer MRgFUS to a much larger subset of patients than previously believed. This paper will describe how MRgFUS treatment for uterine fibroids is performed at the University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Treatment Outcome
  18. Kandasamy R, Abdullah JM
    World Neurosurg, 2016 07;91:640-1.
    PMID: 27157281 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2016.04.109
    Matched MeSH terms: Treatment Outcome
  19. Abdullah B, Singh S
    PMID: 33810309 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073441
    Surgical treatment of the inferior turbinates is required for hypertrophic inferior turbinates refractory to medical treatments. The main goal of surgical reduction of the inferior turbinate is to relieve the obstruction while preserving the function of the turbinate. There have been a variety of surgical techniques described and performed over the years. Irrespective of the techniques and technologies employed, the surgical techniques are classified into two types, the mucosal-sparing and non-mucosal-sparing, based on the preservation of the medial mucosa of the inferior turbinates. Although effective in relieving nasal block, the non-mucosal-sparing techniques have been associated with postoperative complications such as excessive bleeding, crusting, pain, and prolonged recovery period. These complications are avoided in the mucosal-sparing approach, rendering it the preferred option. Although widely performed, there is significant confusion and detachment between current practices and their basic objectives. This conflict may be explained by misperception over the myriad of available surgical techniques and misconception of the rationale in performing the turbinate reduction. A comprehensive review of each surgical intervention is crucial to better define each procedure and improve understanding of the principle and mechanism involved.
    Matched MeSH terms: Treatment Outcome
  20. Raylu N, Loo J, Oei TPS
    J Cogn Psychother, 2013;27(3):297-322.
    PMID: 32759146 DOI: 10.1891/0889-8391.27.3.297
    Much research has been conducted in the treatment of gambling problems. However, very little is reported specifically on treating Asian problem gamblers. Thus, this article reviewed the general problem gambling treatment literature as well as the limited Asian problem gambling treatment literature to provide a discussion of interventions that can be used with Asian problem gamblers. The general literature showed that behavioral, cognitive, and combined cognitive behavioral treatments (CBT) have the most treatment outcome literature and appear to be the most effective in treating gambling problems. Although, pharmacotherapy also looks promising, it may be more suitable for problem gamblers with comorbid mood problems or impulsivity. Research on other forms of treatments also exists (e.g., 12-step and psychodynamic treatment approaches) but are not as robust. Only three studies have reported on the effectiveness of treatment with Asian problem gamblers. The first study is case study. The second study presents data from a treatment program for Asian problem gambling and the last one presents preliminary findings of a telephone delivered treatment program with eight Asian American gamblers. These studies support the general treatment literature in showing that CBT and pharmacotherapy have a role to play in treating Asian problem gamblers. Based on the general and Asian problem gambling treatment literature, a discussion of treatment of Asian problem gamblers is provided including the use of CBT and other forms of treatment, issues to address in treatment, and variables that can assist treatment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Treatment Outcome
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