Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional review was conducted on medical records of all cataract surgeries carried out in Hospital Keningau, Sabah. This study used all patients' medical records who had been assessed using immersion biometry pre-operatively, underwent phacoemulsification cataract surgery besides attending a post-operative refraction session within 90 days from the operation date. Clinical details were recorded in the form of standard proformas and analysed. The refractive outcome was evaluated using spherical equivalence (SE) and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA). The percentage of cases with post-operative SE within ±1.00 diopter (D) and BCVA of '6/12 or better' were determined. The association between demographic factors and surgical-related factors with post-operative SE was evaluated using Fisher's exact test.
Results: Of 140 cataract surgeries, 113 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The average patient age was 66.3 (SD = 10.9) years old. The technique was proven to replicate a good outcome of 84.1% of cases with post-operative SE within ±1.00 D while 90.3% of the cases achieved BCVA of '6/12 or better'. Age and ethnicity were found to be associated with post-operative SE.
Conclusion: The study proves the reproducibility of good refractive outcome in a rural facility using immersion biometry. The findings provide a benchmark for performance surveillance in rural facilities.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 500 people who donated blood at hospitals located in Sana'a between August and October 2016. The volunteers were aged 18-65 years old and were recruited using convenience sampling. A set of questionnaires was administered through face-to-face interviews. Blood samples from each donor were tested for hepatitis B surface antigens using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Results: The overall seroprevalence of HBV infection in the blood donors was 2.6%. Participants with a history of dental treatment had 7.80 higher odds (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.26, 26.71; P = 0.002) for HBV infection. Respectively, blood donors who had history of malaria infection or cupping therapy had 7.48 (95% CI: 1.75, 31.82; P = 0.010) and 7.32 (95% CI: 1.72, 30.83; P = 0.010) greater odds of HBV infection.
Conclusion: The seroprevalence of HBV infection in Sana'a is lower than in other governorates in Yemen. Stakeholders could focus on a history of dental procedure, malaria infection and cupping treatment when strategising about HBV infection prevention and control among blood donors.
Methods: This study is a retrospective study reviewing the medical records of DFI patients admitted to the Dr Hi Abdul Moeloek Regional General Hospital in 2017-2019. DFI patients with complete medical record data were included in this study. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, wound culture and antibiotic susceptibility data were collected from the medical records using a short structural chart. The data obtained then reviewed.
Results: In this study, 131 DFI patients met the study criteria and were included. Based on the wound culture results, Gram-negative bacteria were obtained in 112 (85.5%) subjects with Enterobacter spp. as the predominant bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria were found in 19 (14.5%) subjects with Staphylococcus spp. as the predominant bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria found in this study showed high susceptibility to amikacin, meropenem and sulbactam/cefoperazone. Meanwhile, the Gram-positive bacteria showed high susceptibility to meropenem, sulbactam/cefoperazone and amikacin.
Conclusion: The findings of the study revealed Enterobacter spp. as the most predominant bacteria causing DFI in the studied population. The highest antibiotic susceptibility was seen for amikacin, meropenem and sulbactam/cefoperazone.
Methods: This study was a randomised, double-blind clinical trial conducted on 162 children undergoing adenotonsillectomy surgery. The participants were randomly divided into three groups of receiving ketamine (0.5 mg/kg) (N = 54), ketamine (0.5 mg/kg) + propofol (1 mg/kg) (N = 54) and ketamine (0.5 mg/kg) + midazolam (0.01 mg/kg) (N = 54) 10 min before the end of the operation. At the time of the patients' entry into the post-anaesthesia care unit (PACU) and at intervals of 5 min, 10 min and 20 min after that, consciousness, mobility, breathing, circulation and SpO2 were recorded. Modified Aldrete recovery score (MARS), the objective pain score (OPS) and Richmond agitation-sedation scale (RASS) were also evaluated.
Results: At the time of entrance to the PACU and 5 min later, the ketamine-midazolam and ketamine-propofol groups had lower RASS scores than the ketamine group (P < 0.001); after 10 min and 20 min, the ketamine-propofol group showed the lowest RASS score (P < 0.001). Ketamine-propofol group had a significantly lower MARS score at all-time points (P < 0.001). Recovery time was the longest for the ketamine-propofol group (P = 0.008).
Conclusion: The ketamine-midazolam group had lower RASS, greater haemodynamic stability and MARS values without delayed awakening.
METHODS: The algorithm utilises the weighted support vector machine method for efficient classification of heart disease based on a binary response that indicates the presence or absence of heart disease as the result of an angiographic test. The optimal values of the support vector machine and the Radial Basis Function kernel parameters for the heart disease classification were determined via a 10-fold cross-validation method. The heart disease data was partitioned into training and testing sets using different percentages of the splitting ratio. Each of the training sets was used in training the classification method while the predictive power of the method was evaluated on each of the test sets using the Monte-Carlo cross-validation resampling technique. The effect of different percentages of the splitting ratio on the method was also observed.
RESULTS: The misclassification error rate was used to compare the performance of the method with three selected machine learning methods and was observed that the proposed method performs best over others in all cases considered.
CONCLUSION: Finally, the results illustrate that the classification algorithm presented can effectively predict the heart disease status of an individual based on the results of an angiographic test.
METHODS: The theory of planned behaviour (TPB) was employed to explore the factors that influence the management of adults with AB, namely health beliefs and intentions. An interview guide was developed by adapting the TPB and the findings of prior studies concerning the factors associated with AB management. All eligible participants took part in in-depth interviews.
RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 32.5 years old (standard deviation [SD] = 14.19 years old) and the majority of participants were female (58.3%). The themes and sub-themes that emerged following the application of the TPB framework represented the qualitative results of this study, which indicated that the health beliefs, intentions and health-promoting behaviours observed among people with AB were closely related.
CONCLUSION: The findings of this study suggest that the adoption of a healthy lifestyle could be an effective means of improving AB. Thus, it is vital to implement a health education programme that promotes health-related beliefs and intentions in order to trigger health-promoting behaviour among people with AB.
METHODS: A software-assisted method using E-Prime 2.0 was used to create an experiment. The participants were Malay adolescents aged 13 years old-15 years old. The conventional method was compared with the software-assisted method to assess the participants' comprehension and production performance. Data on reaction time (RT), scoring and no response (NR) were obtained from the adolescents.
RESULTS: Based on the two methods, the findings on the selection of participants for the SLI and TD groups was different. The two methods produced similar results in terms of the selection of TD group and most participants in the syntactic SLI group except for two participants who failed in the conventional method but passed the test in the software-assisted method.
CONCLUSION: The descriptive evaluation of the findings suggested selecting software-assisted method as the alternative source because the provided information was detailed and this information enabled the researcher to identify the SLI group.
METHODS: Eighteen male collegiate athletes with CAI participated in either a 6-week nine-square exercise or a control group (n = 9 per group). At baseline and post-intervention, the participants undertook clinical tests to measures dynamic and static postural control, and self-reported outcomes regarding ankle stability and function.
RESULTS: Within-group differences, the nine-square exercise group experienced improved dynamic postural control (P = 0.004), static postural control (P = 0.001) and self-reported outcomes (P < 0.05). For the control group, only static postural control improved (P = 0.018). Post-intervention, the nine-square exercise group experienced significant improvements in dynamic postural control (P < 0.001), ankle stability (P = 0.002) and functional ability (P < 0.05) relative to the control group.
CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the nine-square exercise can offer an alternative rehabilitation programme for improving postural control, self-perceived ankle stability and functional ability in CAI.
METHODS: This pre-/post-test quasi-experimental study involved parents by providing them with structured education based on the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)' screen time recommendations. In total, 259 children with ASD aged 3 years old-12 years old were eligible. Of those children, 26 were excluded due to comorbidities or taking medications. Additionally, 28 parents participated. Children's screen time were recorded, and social behaviour was scored using the Social Responsiveness Scale pre- and post-intervention.
RESULTS: There were significant reductions in the average daily screen time of children with ASD after their parents attended the training programme (-51.25 min; 95% CI: -78.40, -24.10). In subgroups with reduced screen time, the treatment effect of the intervention was significant in improving the social responsiveness total score (-3.09; 95% CI: -5.96, -0.22), the social communication scale (-3.64; 95% CI: -5.91, -1.36) and the restricted interest and repetitive behaviour (RRB) scale (-5.27; 95% CI: -10.29, -0.25).
CONCLUSION: Parental training is effective in reducing screen time and improving social functioning in children with ASD.
METHODS: The methodology of this study begins by applying the classical Cox proportional hazard (Cox-PH) model and three parametric survival models (exponential, Weibull and lognormal) to the published dataset. The study further applied the supervised learning methods of Tuning Random Survival Forest (TRSF) parameters and the conditional inference Forest (Cforest) to optimally predict patient survival probabilities.
RESULTS: The efficiency of these models was compared using the Akaike information criteria (AIC) and integrated Brier score (IBS). The results revealed that the Cox-PH model (AIC = 185.7233) outperforms the three classical models. We further analysed these data to observe the functional relationships that exist between the patient survival function and the covariates using TRSF.
CONCLUSION: The IBS result of the TRFS demonstrated satisfactory performance over other methods. Ultimately, it was observed from the TRSF results that some of the covariates contributed positively and negatively to patient survival prognostics.
METHODS: A double-blinded, randomised, placebo-controlled study was carried out among adults with non-traumatic ICH. Eligible study subjects were randomly assigned to receive placebo, 2-g TXA treatment or 3-g TXA treatment. Haematoma volumes before and after intervention were measured using the planimetric method.
RESULTS: A total of 60 subjects with 20 subjects in each treatment group were recruited for this study. Among the 60 subjects, the majority were male (n = 36, 60%), had known cases of hypertension (n = 43, 71.7%) and presented with full Glasgow coma scale (GCS) (n = 41, 68.3%). The results showed that there was no statistically significant difference (P = 0.315) in the mean changes of haematoma volume when compared with three study groups using ANCOVA, although the 3-g TXA group was the only group that showed haematoma volume reduction (mean reduction of 0.2 cm3) instead of expansion as in placebo (mean expansion 1.8 cm3) and 2-g TXA (mean expansion 0.3 cm3) groups. Good recovery was observed in all study groups, with only three subjects being moderately disabled. No adverse effects were reported in any of the study groups.
CONCLUSION: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first clinical study using 3 g of TXA in the management of non-traumatic ICH. From our study, 3 g of TXA may potentially be helpful in reducing haematoma volume. Nonetheless, a larger-scale randomised controlled trial should be carried out to further establish the role of 3 g of TXA in non-traumatic ICH.
OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to describe the epidemiology and factors associated with TB mortality in Manjung district, Perak, Malaysia.
METHODS: All confirmed TB cases from 2015 to 2020 registered in Manjung district under Sistem Maklumat Tibi (MyTB) were included. Factors associated with TB mortality were analysed by using simple and multiple logistic regression analysis.
RESULTS: A total of 742 TB cases were included in the analysis, from which 121 cases (16.3%) died before completing their treatment. The highest death was reported in 2020 (25.7%) and the lowest in 2019 (12.9%). From multiple logistic regression analysis, age 45 years old-64 years old (adjusted OR = 3.62; 95% CI: 1.38, 9.54), > 65 years old (adjusted OR = 8.67; 95% CI: 3.17, 23.74), non-Malaysian (adjusted OR = 5.18; 95% CI: 2.04, 13.14), cases notified by government hospitals (adjusted OR = 6.78; 95% CI: 3.04, 15.09), HIV-positive status (adjusted OR = 8.60; 95% CI: 3.58, 20.67) and HIV testing not offered/unknown (adjusted OR = 2.58; 95% CI: 1.18, 5.62) were significantly associated with TB mortality.
CONCLUSION: This study found that TB patients who were 45 years old and above, positive HIV, late diagnosis and are foreigners had a higher risk for TB mortality. Early diagnosis, optimised screening and close monitoring should be practised to reduce TB mortality.
METHODS: A randomised controlled trial in a parallel, single-blinded study involving 60 OAG patients was conducted. The patients were randomised into FCDT or NFDT based on a block randomisation technique. A pre-study run-in with Gutt timolol was administered for two weeks. IOP was assessed at baseline, month 1 and month 3, with a bottle weight measurement at month 3.
RESULTS: Only 55 OAG patients were analysed, with 8.4% dropping out. A statistically significant mean IOP reduction was observed in each group from baseline to month 1 (FCDT: mean difference [MD] = 4.93, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.00, 5.86); NFDT: MD = 4.92, 95% CI = 4.024, 5.82) and from baseline to month 3 (FCDT: MD 5.17, 95% CI = 4.19, 6.15; NFDT: MD = 4.85, 95% CI = 3.874, 5.82). The overall FCDT mean IOP was significantly lower by 1.02 mmHg (95% CI = -2.01, -0.02) than NFDT (F(1, 53) = 4.19; P = 0.046). A significant interaction was observed between time and treatment at month 3, with the mean IOP for FCDT being lower by 1.22 mg than for NFDT (P = 0.037). The mean adherence score was significantly higher in the FCDT group than in the NFDT group (t stat (df) = 3.88 (53); P < 0.001). The reduction in IOP between the groups became non-significant after adherence was adjusted (F(1, 52) = 2.45; P = 0.124).
CONCLUSION: Both drugs showed a decrease in IOP but more so in FCDT. However, no difference was found in terms of medication adherence. An emphasis on treatment compliance is needed.