Displaying publications 61 - 80 of 178 in total

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  1. Zablotska IB, Whittaker B, de Wit J, Kamarulzaman A, Ananworanich J, Wright E, et al.
    Sex Health, 2014 Jul;11(2):97-100.
    PMID: 25017549 DOI: 10.1071/SH14071
    This editorial to the special issue of Sexual Health on antiretroviral-based prevention of HIV infection is dedicated to showcasing research and practice in this area. It aims to promote debate regarding the potential of new antiretroviral-based prevention approaches and the challenges encountered in moving prevention innovations into the community. This special issue covers the breadth of innovative HIV prevention research, including that undertaken in the fields of epidemiology, clinical research, social and behavioural science, public health and policy analysis, and with special emphasis on Asia and the Pacific region. Most importantly, it provides an indication of how the region is progressing towards embracing new prevention approaches to combat HIV epidemics across the region.
    Matched MeSH terms: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
  2. Ahmed SI, Hassali MA, Aziz NA
    Am J Pharm Educ, 2009 Feb 19;73(1):15.
    PMID: 19513153
    OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the level of knowledge, attitudes, and risk perceptions of University Sains Malaysia final-year pharmacy students regarding human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunity deficiency syndrome (AIDS).

    METHOD: A cross-sectional study among pharmacy students. Data were analyzed with Chi-square to find difference at p value < 0.05.

    RESULTS: The majority of students (83.07%) responded showing a difference in gender and race. Students showed low willingness (9.2%) to assist patients and low confidence (36.1%) in their education about HIV/AIDS patients. Students recommended HIV testing for health care professionals (69.4%) and patients (75.9%) before surgical procedures. Students knew little about Post Exposure Prophylaxis (18.5%) or about the time for HIV to develop into AIDS (57.4%). About 40% of students were unaware of the inability of antivirals to treat HIV/AIDS. Students had low awareness for opportunistic infections (18.5%), and low agreement on competency to treat and counsel HIV patients (12.9%).

    CONCLUSION: The study highlighted students' misconceptions, negative attitudes, and risk perceptions towards HIV/AIDS.

    Matched MeSH terms: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/physiopathology; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/transmission
  3. HIV-CAUSAL Collaboration, Cain LE, Logan R, Robins JM, Sterne JA, Sabin C, et al.
    Ann Intern Med, 2011 Apr 19;154(8):509-15.
    PMID: 21502648 DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-154-8-201104190-00001
    BACKGROUND: Most clinical guidelines recommend that AIDS-free, HIV-infected persons with CD4 cell counts below 0.350 × 10(9) cells/L initiate combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), but the optimal CD4 cell count at which cART should be initiated remains a matter of debate.

    OBJECTIVE: To identify the optimal CD4 cell count at which cART should be initiated.

    DESIGN: Prospective observational data from the HIV-CAUSAL Collaboration and dynamic marginal structural models were used to compare cART initiation strategies for CD4 thresholds between 0.200 and 0.500 × 10(9) cells/L.

    SETTING: HIV clinics in Europe and the Veterans Health Administration system in the United States.

    PATIENTS: 20, 971 HIV-infected, therapy-naive persons with baseline CD4 cell counts at or above 0.500 × 10(9) cells/L and no previous AIDS-defining illnesses, of whom 8392 had a CD4 cell count that decreased into the range of 0.200 to 0.499 × 10(9) cells/L and were included in the analysis.

    MEASUREMENTS: Hazard ratios and survival proportions for all-cause mortality and a combined end point of AIDS-defining illness or death.

    RESULTS: Compared with initiating cART at the CD4 cell count threshold of 0.500 × 10(9) cells/L, the mortality hazard ratio was 1.01 (95% CI, 0.84 to 1.22) for the 0.350 threshold and 1.20 (CI, 0.97 to 1.48) for the 0.200 threshold. The corresponding hazard ratios were 1.38 (CI, 1.23 to 1.56) and 1.90 (CI, 1.67 to 2.15), respectively, for the combined end point of AIDS-defining illness or death.

    LIMITATIONS: CD4 cell count at cART initiation was not randomized. Residual confounding may exist.

    CONCLUSION: Initiation of cART at a threshold CD4 count of 0.500 × 10(9) cells/L increases AIDS-free survival. However, mortality did not vary substantially with the use of CD4 thresholds between 0.300 and 0.500 × 10(9) cells/L.

    Matched MeSH terms: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/drug therapy; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/mortality
  4. Keat GY, Ahmad SS, Subramaniam S, Ghani SA, Samsudin A
    Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS, 2020 06 18;41(1):119-122.
    PMID: 33062999 DOI: 10.4103/ijstd.IJSTD_90_15
    The most frequent ocular manifestation of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVR). This infection is reportedly inversely proportional to the CD4 counts. Usually CMVR develops once the CD4 counts fall below 50/mm3. Our case report documents an AIDS patient who developed CMVR despite CD4 counts being persistently >200/mm3. The patient was self-administering dehydroepiandrosterone, high dose Vitamin C, testosterone and hydrocortisone. This case report describes a unique case of pharmacologically induced elevated CD4 counts, which however, did not prevent the development of CMVR in the patient.
    Matched MeSH terms: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
  5. Hadi AM, Lee PY, Adibah HI
    Malays Fam Physician, 2020;15(2):43-45.
    PMID: 32843944
    Despite the advancements made in the knowledge and treatment of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) since it was first discovered, people living with HIV (PLWH) continue to be stigmatized. This paper presents the case of an HIV-infected patient who delayed the necessary treatment due to stigma and ultimately presented with AIDS. Through social support, however, he was able to overcome his internalized stigma; he was finally willing to start on antiretroviral treatment (ART). This case report addresses the effect of stigma on and the role of social support in the management of an individual with HIV.
    Matched MeSH terms: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
  6. Narayanan S, Vicknasingam B, Robson NM
    Int J Drug Policy, 2011 Jul;22(4):311-7.
    PMID: 21300533 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2011.01.002
    The transition of drug policy from prohibition to harm reduction has never been easy. The deeply entrenched belief in prohibition shared by policy makers and religious leaders provided little room for alternatives, and change came only slowly. The non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in Malaysia played a pivotal role in effecting such a change. Understanding how they did so may be instructive for other similarly placed countries.
    Matched MeSH terms: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control
  7. Lubis R, Bulgiba AM
    JUMMEC, 2014;17(1):18-22.
    MyJurnal
    Initiation of Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART) depends on clinical or immunological criteria. Clinical criteria include the presence of opportunistic infections, categorized by the WHO as stage 3 and 4. Immunological criteria are based on CD4 cell count. The WHO guidelines have changed frequently. All patients with CD4 cell count less than 200 cells/µl and symptomatic HIV or late disease or severe recurrent HIV illnesses or patients with AIDS or tumor at any CD4 count, should start therapy. WHO guidelines in 2013 recommended initiating HAART at CD4 counts less than 500 cells/µl. HAART is usually initiated when CD4 is less than 200 cell/µl because HIV infected patients present at a late stage. Research on factors responsible for this is sorely needed so that interventions can be targeted at this group.
    Matched MeSH terms: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
  8. Awi NJ, Teow SY
    J Pathog, 2018;2018:8724549.
    PMID: 29973995 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8724549
    Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) cases are on the rise globally. To date, there is still no effective measure to eradicate the causative agent, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is being used in HIV/AIDS management, but it results in long-term medication and has major drawbacks such as multiple side effects, high cost, and increasing the generation rate of escape mutants. In addition, HAART does not control HIV-related complications, and hence more medications and further management are required. With this, other alternatives are urgently needed. In the past, small-molecule inhibitors have shown potent antiviral effects, and some of them are now being evaluated in clinical trials. The challenges in developing these small molecules for clinical use include the off-target effect, poor stability, and low bioavailability. On the other hand, antibody-mediated therapy has emerged as an important therapeutic modality for anti-HIV therapeutics development. Many antiviral antibodies, namely, broad neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against multiple strains of HIV, have shown promising effects in vitro and in animal studies; further studies are ongoing in clinical trials to evaluate their uses in clinical applications. This short review aims to discuss the current development of therapeutic antibodies against HIV and the challenges in adopting them for clinical use.
    Matched MeSH terms: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
  9. Abdulrahman SA, Ganasegeran K, Rampal L, Martins OF
    AIDS Rev, 2019;21(1):28-39.
    PMID: 30899114 DOI: 10.24875/AIDSRev.19000037
    Successful HIV treatment is contingent on sustained high levels of treatment adherence. Several barriers to optimal adherence have been documented. In this article, we first review the global burden of non-adherence among HIV/AIDS positive individuals on a public health scale. Second, we synthesized available evidence from different study designs and stratified across the European, African, and Asian literature to determine the factors influencing adherence to scheduled clinic appointments and medication non-adherence. Third, we discuss common measurement techniques that quantify the magnitude of non-adherence, their relative advantages and limitations in current practice. From January to May 2018, we reviewed guidelines, standard operating procedures, journal articles, and book chapters on treatment adherence among HIV patients receiving adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) globally. We searched PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews with the search terms "adherence," "adherence behavior," "medication adherence," and "HIV patients," or "HIV/AIDS," and "Antiretroviral Therapy" or "ART" or "ARVs" or "highly active ART " from 2000 to 2017. We also identified articles through searches of authors' files and previous research on HIV. We included only papers published in English in this review. We then generated a final list of reference on the basis of originality and the broad scope of this review. We found rich literature evidence of research findings and best practice recommendations on the importance of adherence in HIV/AIDS management, a general understanding of factors associated with non-adherence and approaches to investigating non-adherence behavior among different populations. We observed significant contextual differences exist with regard to barriers and burden of non-adherence among these populations.
    Matched MeSH terms: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
  10. Nurul Shazalina Zainudin, Siti Nur Su’aidah Nasarudin, Norhayati Moktar, Aishah Hani Azil, Emelia Osman
    The purpose of this study is to review the literature on microsporidiosis in various high-risk groups among the Malaysian population, i.e., HIV/AIDS, cancer, hospitalised patients and Orang Asli, and to update information with regards to microsporidia prevalence, diagnosis and association of the disease with gastrointestinal symptoms in Malaysia. Hospitalised patients showed the highest prevalence (28.3%) of microsporidiosis compared to other risk groups. This review did not find any direct correlations between gastrointestinal symptoms and microsporidiosis. Since microsporidiosis is an emerging threat to the high-risk groups, greater awareness should be instilled among clinicians to consider microsporidiosis in their differential diagnosis if no other causes can be defined.
    Matched MeSH terms: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
  11. Han WH, Yong JY, Yong SS, Faheem NAA, Toh YF, Chew MF, et al.
    Australas J Dermatol, 2021 Aug;62(3):286-291.
    PMID: 33729571 DOI: 10.1111/ajd.13580
    INTRODUCTION: The majority of patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) will have cutaneous manifestation during their disease course. We report the spectrum of cutaneous manifestations and clinicopathological concordance in the diagnosis of skin diseases in patients with HIV.

    METHODS: A retrospective review of all cutaneous manifestations of HIV-infected patients with skin biopsy-proven histopathological confirmation, treated in the University of Malaya Medical Centre, from 2016 till 2018, was performed. Clinical characteristics and histopathological correlation of these patients were reviewed.

    RESULTS: A total of 38 cases were included where the median age was 40.5 (interquartile range (IQR) 13.3). The median duration of HIV diagnosis to the development of skin disease was 3 years (IQR 7.8). Majority of our patients were male (89.5%, n = 34), and the commonest mode of transmission is men who have sex with men (36.8%, n = 14). Most patients (92.1%, n = 35) had Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome when they presented with skin diseases, predominantly non-infectious types (51.4%, n = 19). Commonest skin diseases include eczema (n = 7) and pruritic papular eruption of HIV (n = 6). Papules and plaques were the commonest morphology for both infectious and non-infectious skin diseases. Duration of HIV diagnosis (P = 0.018) and non-compliance to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) (P = 0.014) were significantly associated with the development of non-infectious skin diseases. Overall, clinicopathological concordance was 84.2% in our centre.

    CONCLUSION: A wide spectrum of cutaneous diseases can occur in HIV patients depending on the degree of immunosuppression. skin biopsy along with appropriate stains, and microbiological cultures are important in helping clinicians clinch the right diagnosis.

    Matched MeSH terms: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications*; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/drug therapy; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology
  12. Naing CM, Hakim M, Yee DA, Mun KR, Yung TC, Jian KK, et al.
    PMID: 21073071
    This study aimed to assess knowledge of and attitudes toward HIV/AIDS among a community in a semi-urban setting in Malaysia, to determine factors affecting perceptions toward people living with HIV in the community, and to provide baseline information for planning preventive measures against HIV/AIDS. This cross-sectional study was conducted in August 2009. Two hundred sixty-two household members were interviewed with a semi-structured questionnaire. Most respondents (232; 88.5%) had heard of HIV/AIDS. Only a few respondents (6; 2.6%) could correctly answer all the questionnaire items. Misconceptions about disease transmission were seen among surveyed participants, such as the belief HIV/AIDS can be contracted from saliva (104; 44.8%), mosquito bites (95; 40.9%) or casual touch (86; 37.1%). A multivariate linear regression model showed better perceptions towards people living with HIV depend on an improved knowledge of HIV/AIDS transmission. Current data emphasize the need to scale up HIV/AIDS education incorporating the mode of disease transmission.
    Matched MeSH terms: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/psychology
  13. Jahanfar S, Lim AW, Loh MA, Yeoh AG, Charles A
    Med J Malaysia, 2008 Oct;63(4):288-92.
    PMID: 19385486 MyJurnal
    Malaysia is confronted with an increasing incidence of HIV and AIDS among adolescents and young adults. The effectiveness of various programs offered to school going teenagers is unknown. The objective of this study is to measure the effectiveness of two hours talk on sex education offered by a non governmental organization (NGO) in improving youngsters' knowledge and perception towards HIV and AIDS. A cross sectional study was conducted among the adolescent students from a secondary school in Ipoh, Perak, a province of Malaysia. A total of 182 students participated in the study. A standard questionnaire consisting of demographic data, knowledge and perception towards HIV/ADIS were distributed before (pre-test) and after the intervention (post-test). Performance of participants was compared to establish the effectiveness of the intervention. Our findings suggests that there was a significant increase in participants' knowledge and perception after the intervention (p = 0.000). Knowledge improvement was found in both genders however, improvement in perception was higher among female students. Interestingly, 80% of participants disagree that sexual education will encourage sex among youngsters. NGOs are playing a supplementary role in providing sex education programs in schools. This program although of short duration but it is effective in enhancing adolescence awareness about HIV/AIDS.
    Matched MeSH terms: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control*
  14. Ong HC, Soo KL
    Med J Malaysia, 2006 Dec;61(5):616-20.
    PMID: 17623964 MyJurnal
    It has been almost two decades ago since the first AIDS case was reported in Malaysia. It has also been approximately eight years ago when the method of backcalculation was used to estimate the past HIV infection rate from the AIDS incidence data and an estimate of the incubation period distribution. This method is used because it makes use of the Malaysian AIDS incidence which is fairly reliable and reflects the trend of the epidemic as compared to the HIV infection rate recorded. The latest results generated show a slowdown in the increase of the number of estimated infected HIV+ cases in the late 1990s and this trend is supported by a slowdown in the increase of the number of AIDS cases recorded.
    Matched MeSH terms: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology
  15. Oorjitham S
    Asiaweek, 1999 Nov 5.
    PMID: 12295478
    Matched MeSH terms: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome*
  16. Abrams S
    PMID: 12294443
    Matched MeSH terms: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome*
  17. Mahathir M
    PMID: 12293677
    Matched MeSH terms: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome*
  18. AIDS Wkly Plus, 1997 Jun 2.
    PMID: 12347936
    Matched MeSH terms: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome*
  19. Bagasao TM
    PMID: 12347180
    Matched MeSH terms: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome*
  20. Asiaweek, 1994 Jan 19.
    PMID: 12288297
    Matched MeSH terms: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome*
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