Displaying publications 61 - 80 of 997 in total

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  1. Abd Aziz M, Hamzaid NA, Hasnan N
    J Vis Exp, 2022 Nov 11.
    PMID: 36440840 DOI: 10.3791/63149
    Execution of Sit-to-Stand (SitTS) in incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI) patients involves motor function in both upper and lower extremities. The use of arm support, in particular, is a significant assistive factor while executing SitTS movement in SCI population. In addition, the application of functional electrical stimulation (FES) onto quadriceps and gluteus maximus muscles is one of the prescribed management for incomplete SCI to improve muscle action for simple lower limb movements. However, the relative contribution of upper and lower extremities during SitTS has not been thoroughly investigated. Two motor incomplete SCI paraplegics performed repetitive SitTS to fatigue exercise challenge. Their performance was investigated as a mixed-method case-control study comparing SitTS with and without the assistance of FES. Three sets of SitTS tests were completed with 5-min resting period allocated in between sets, with mechanomyography (MMG) sensors attached over the rectus femoris muscles bilaterally. The exercise was separated into 2 sessions; Day 1 for voluntary SitTS and Day 2 for FES-assisted SitTS. Questionnaires were conducted after every session to gather the participants' input about their repetitive SitTS experience. The analysis confirmed that a SitTS cycle could be divided into three phases; Phase 1 (Preparation to stand), Phase 2 (Seat-off), and Phase 3 (Initiation of hip extension), which contributed to 23% ± 7%, 16% ± 4% and 61% ± 6% of the SitTS cycle, respectively. The contribution of arms and legs during SitTS movement varied in different participants based on their legs' Medical Research Council (MRC) muscle grade. In particular, the applied arm forces start to increase clearly when the leg forces start to decline during standing. This finding is supported by the significantly reduced MMG signal indicating leg muscle fatigue and their reported feeling of tiredness.
    Matched MeSH terms: Case-Control Studies
  2. Tan SC, Low TY, Hussain HMJ, Sharzehan MAK, Sito H, Kord-Varkaneh H, et al.
    PLoS One, 2022;17(10):e0276313.
    PMID: 36264998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276313
    BACKGROUND: The XRCC3 p.Thr241Met (rs861539) polymorphism has been extensively studied for its association with glioma risk, but results remain conflicting. Therefore, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to resolve this inconsistency.

    METHODS: Studies published up to June 10, 2022, were searched in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, VIP, Wanfang, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases and screened for eligibility. Then, the combined odds ratio (OR) of the included studies was estimated based on five genetic models, i.e., homozygous (Met/Met vs. Thr/Thr), heterozygous (Thr/Met vs. Thr/Thr), dominant (Thr/Met + Met/Met vs. Thr/Thr), recessive (Met/Met vs. Thr/Thr + Thr/Met) and allele (Met vs. Thr). The study protocol was preregistered at PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42021235704).

    RESULTS: Overall, our meta-analysis of 14 eligible studies involving 12,905 subjects showed that the p.Thr241Met polymorphism was significantly associated with increased glioma risk in both homozygous and recessive models (homozygous, OR = 1.381, 95% CI = 1.081-1.764, P = 0.010; recessive, OR = 1.305, 95% CI = 1.140-1.493, P<0.001). Subgroup analyses by ethnicity also revealed a statistically significant association under the two aforementioned genetic models, but only in the Asian population and not in Caucasians (P>0.05).

    CONCLUSION: We demonstrated that the XRCC3 p.Thr241Met polymorphism is associated with an increased risk of glioma only in the homozygous and recessive models.

    Matched MeSH terms: Case-Control Studies
  3. Zainudin MF, Ahmad Fauzi A
    J Spinal Cord Med, 2023 Jan;46(1):91-98.
    PMID: 34292138 DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2021.1950454
    OBJECTIVE: To identify factors that are associated with sports participation following spinal cord injury (SCI).

    STUDY DESIGN: Case-control study.

    SETTING: Spinal Rehabilitation outpatient clinic in a tertiary hospital in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

    PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-one sports participants (SP) and thirty-four non-sports participants (NSP) (N = 65) met the following inclusion criteria; chronic SCI more than one year, age between 18 and 50 years, both traumatic and non-traumatic SCI at C5 level and below, complete or incomplete SCI (AIS A-D) and mobilizing with either manual or motorized wheelchair independently.

    METHODS: Face-to-face interviews were performed with a 22-item self-constructed questionnaire which contained four domains of variables; socio-demographic, SCI-related, environmental and sports-related factors. Data collection was done between June 2017 and May 2018.

    RESULTS: Traumatic SCI, pre-injury interest in sports, pre-injury sports participation, ability to drive own vehicles, and being employed were significantly associated with sports participation post-SCI (p 

    Matched MeSH terms: Case-Control Studies
  4. Mathew G, Agha R, Albrecht J, Goel P, Mukherjee I, Pai P, et al.
    Int J Surg, 2021 Dec;96:106165.
    PMID: 34774726 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2021.106165
    INTRODUCTION: Strengthening The Reporting Of Cohort Studies in Surgery (STROCSS) guidelines were developed in 2017 in order to improve the reporting quality of observational studies in surgery and updated in 2019. In order to maintain relevance and continue upholding good reporting quality among observational studies in surgery, we aimed to update STROCSS 2019 guidelines.

    METHODS: A STROCSS 2021 steering group was formed to come up with proposals to update STROCSS 2019 guidelines. An expert panel of researchers assessed these proposals and judged whether they should become part of STROCSS 2021 guidelines or not, through a Delphi consensus exercise.

    RESULTS: 42 people (89%) completed the DELPHI survey and hence participated in the development of STROCSS 2021 guidelines. All items received a score between 7 and 9 by greater than 70% of the participants, indicating a high level of agreement among the DELPHI group members with the proposed changes to all the items.

    CONCLUSION: We present updated STROCSS 2021 guidelines to ensure ongoing good reporting quality among observational studies in surgery.

    Matched MeSH terms: Case-Control Studies
  5. Arafat HM, Omar J, Shafii N, Naser IA, Al Laham NA, Muhamad R, et al.
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2023 Feb 01;24(2):717-723.
    PMID: 36853324 DOI: 10.31557/APJCP.2023.24.2.717
    OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this research was to look at the relationship between insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) levels and the risk for breast cancer (BC) among women in the Gaza Strip.

    METHODS: This case-control study, which included 334 participants (112 women with BC as cases, and 222 women without BC as control), was conducted between January 2021 and August 2022. Research data for the cases were gathered at the Oncology Departments of the Gaza Strip's two hospitals, "Al- Shifa Hospital and Turkish Palestinian Friendship Hospital," as well as from the electronic records of the Screening Mammogram Unit at Al- Remal Clinic for controls. The information about the participants was gathered using a standardized questionnaire. The key variables related to BC were identified using multivariate logistic regression.

    RESULTS: According to multivariate logistic regression, participants' age was associated with an increase in the risk of BC (OR= 1.03; 95%CI, 1.007-1.060). There was an association between serum concentrations of fasting blood glucose (FBG) (OR= 1.027; 95% CI, 1.013-1.042), IGF-1 (OR= 1.010; 95% CI, 1.006-1.015), and the risk of BC, while there was no link between IGFBP-3 and the risk of BC. In an analysis of the risk according to menopausal status, premenopausal women were associated with an approximate 0.5 time decrease in risk of BC compared to women in post-menopause (OR= 0.428, 95% CI, 0.258, 0.710). Dairy product was also related to a decreased risk of BC.

    CONCLUSION: The results suggest that age, lower physical activity, increased levels of FBG, and IGF- 1 increase the BC risk among females in the Gaza Strip. Meanwhile, premenopausal women and dairy products are linked to a reduction in the risk of BC. Furthermore, no link was found between IGFBP-3 and BC risk. Improving early BC detection rates in the Gaza Strip necessitates preventative interventions and screening for BC in the public and healthcare sectors.

    Matched MeSH terms: Case-Control Studies
  6. Chee Din MA, Mohd Fahmi Teng NI, Abdul Manaf Z
    Womens Health (Lond), 2023;19:17455057221147800.
    PMID: 36633122 DOI: 10.1177/17455057221147800
    BACKGROUND: Maternal depression may affect child feeding practices and growth.

    OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to determine the relationship between child feeding practices and current maternal depression with malnutrition among young children in a rural community.

    METHODS: This is a case-control study consisting of 52 Malay mothers of malnourished children (case) and 50 Malay mothers of well-nourished children (control) in Kuala Langat, Selangor, Malaysia. Structured questionnaires on child feeding practices and Beck Depression Inventory: Second Edition questionnaire were distributed to mothers.

    RESULTS: Depressed mothers stopped exclusive breastfeeding (2.8 ± 2.1 months) earlier than non-depressed mothers (3.7 ± 2.0 months; p = 0.045). Binary logistic regression analysis showed current maternal depression was a primary contributor associated with risk of malnutrition in children (adjusted odds ratio: 2.5, 95% confidence interval: 1.08-6.09), and followed by the number of children (adjusted odds ratio: 1.3, 95% confidence interval: 1.02-1.77).

    CONCLUSION: Mothers who experienced depression were twice as likely to have malnourished children. Each additional child in the family will increase the risk of malnutrition by 1.3 times. Maternal depression is associated with child feeding practices and malnutrition among young children in the studied population. Preliminary screening to identify depression symptoms should be conducted to all mothers as early as the first trimester to prevent the incidence of malnutrition in children.

    Matched MeSH terms: Case-Control Studies
  7. Tengku Khalid TNF, Wan Mohammad WMZ, Ab Samat R, Nik Husain NR
    PeerJ, 2022;10:e13984.
    PMID: 36093335 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13984
    OBJECTIVE: Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading infectious disease. However, many TB cases remain undetected and only present symptoms at a late stage of the infection. Therefore, targeted TB screening in high-risk populations, including smokers, is crucial. This study aimed to determine the predictors of TB disease among the smoker population in northeast Malaysia from 2019 to 2020.

    METHODS: A case-control study was conducted involving smokers aged 18 years and older from health clinics in Bachok Kelantan, Malaysia. Data were collected via face-to-face interviews or telephone calls from 159 participants, randomly selected from outpatient TB records. Simple and multiple logistic regression, using R software, were used to identify the determinants of TB.

    RESULTS: Most participants were male (59.1%) and had a secondary education (56.0%). Active smokers constituted 35.2% of the group, and the mean (SD) duration of exposure to smoking was 23.9 (16.47) and 18.4 (12.84) years for the case and control groups, respectively. Being an ex-smoker (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 6.17; 95% CI [1.55-28.32]; p = 0.013), weight loss (AOR 13.45; 95% CI [4.58-44.46]; p 

    Matched MeSH terms: Case-Control Studies
  8. Qyi YZ, Aung HH, Aye SN, Tung WS, Naing C
    BMC Cancer, 2023 Oct 24;23(1):1027.
    PMID: 37875868 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11509-7
    BACKGROUND: Gastric cancer has a complex aetiology including genetic factors. Individual case-control studies of toll like receptor (TLR) 9 (-1237 T/C, -1486 T/C) polymorphisms in the gastric cancer risk were available, and they showed variation in the findings. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to synthesize the evidence on the association between polymorphisms of TLR 9 (-1237 T/C, -1486 T/C) and the risk of gastric cancer using data from eligible studies.

    METHODS: This study followed the PRISMA 2020 Checklist. Studies were searched in health-related databases. The methodological quality of studies was evaluated with the use of Newcastle-Ottawa Scale criteria. The summary odds ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to determine the strength of association between each polymorphism and the risk of gastric cancer using five genetic models. Stratification was done by ethnic groups. For the robustness of the analysis, a leave-one-out meta-analysis was performed.

    RESULTS: Eight case-control studies with 3,644 participants (1914 cases, 1730 controls) were conducted across six countries. Half of the studies were conducted in China. In the NOS methodological quality assessment, only three studies received a high-quality rating (i.e., a score of ≥ 7). TLR 9 (-1486 T/C) polymorphism and the risk of gastric cancer were assessed in six studies, four of Asian ethnicity and two of non-Asian. Under the dominant model, only in the Asian ethnic group showed a marginally and significantly increased risk of gastric cancer (overall: OR = 1.22, 95%CI = 0.90-1.67, I2 = 56%; Asian: OR = 1.24, 95%CI = 1.00-1.54, I2 = 0%, non-Asian: OR = 1.25, 95%CI = 0.38-4.09, I2 = 89%). Under the recessive model in the absence of heterogeneity, only the Asian group had a significantly higher risk of developing gastric cancer (overall: OR = 1.4, 95% CI = 0.74-2.64, I2 = 85%; Asian: OR: 1.41, 95% CI = 1.07-1.86, I2 = 0%, non-Asian: OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 0.12-11.76, I2 = 97%). Under the heterozygous model, there was no significant association with the risk of gastric cancer overall or among any ethnic subgroup. Under the homozygous model in the absence of heterogeneity, only the Asian group had a significantly higher risk of gastric cancer (overall, OR = 1.47, 95% CI = 0.76-2.86, I2 = 82%; Asian: OR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.13-2.1, I2 = 0%; non-Asian: OR = 1.19, 95% CI = 0.1-14.33, I2 = 96%). Under the allele model, a significantly increased risk of gastric cancer was observed only in the Asian group (overall: OR = 1.23, 95% CI = 0.89-1.71, I2 = 84%; Asian: OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.05-1.41, I2 = 0%; non-Asian: OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 0.34-4.59, I2 = 97%). Four studies investigated the association between TLR 9 (-1237 T/C) polymorphism and the risk of developing gastric cancer. Under any of the five genetic models, there was no association between TLR 9 (-1237 T/C) and the development of gastric cancer in overall or in any ethnic subgroup. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the effect was unstable. With a small number of studies with a small number of participants, we addressed the issue of insufficient power for drawing conclusions.

    CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggested that TLR9 (-1486 T/C) may play a role in the risk of gastric cancer specific to the Asian ethnic group. To substantiate the findings on the association between these two polymorphisms (TLR9 -1237 T/C, -1486 T/C) and the risk of gastric cancer, future well-designed case-control studies with a sufficient number of participants in multi-ethnic groups are recommended.

    Matched MeSH terms: Case-Control Studies
  9. Soh GT, Mohammad AH, Syed Isa SNL, Chin KY, Mohamed N
    PMID: 36380416 DOI: 10.2174/1871530323666221114111029
    BACKGROUND: Chronic low-grade inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of postmenopausal osteoporosis, but the cytokines implicated remain elusive.

    OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the difference in cytokine profile between postmenopausal women with and without osteoporosis in Klang Valley, Malaysia.

    METHODS: Postmenopausal women with (n = 20) and without osteoporosis (n = 20) were recruited for this study. Their bone health status was determined using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Their fasting blood was collected for proteomic analysis. A protein array was performed for four subjects randomly selected from each group to screen the potential cytokines. Three cytokines at least 20% different between groups and consistently expressed by each subject were selected for validation using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA).

    RESULTS: The protein array screening demonstrated that platelet-derived growth factor-BB, interleukin- 6 receptor (IL-6R), and tissue inhibitor of metallopeptidase-2 were higher in women with osteoporosis than women without osteoporosis (n = 4 per group), and consistently expressed by all women. Only body mass index (BMI)-adjusted logarithmically transformed IL-6R levels were lower among postmenopausal women with osteoporosis compared to women with normal bone health (p = 0.026) (n = 16 per group) in the ELISA test.

    CONCLUSION: IL-6R was lower among postmenopausal women with osteoporosis compared to women with normal bone health after adjusting for BMI. However, a large-scale epidemiological study with proteomic analysis needs to confirm the findings.

    Matched MeSH terms: Case-Control Studies
  10. Yang B, Tan ML, Zhang R, Singh D, Leong Bin Abdullah MFI
    PLoS One, 2023;18(6):e0287466.
    PMID: 37352311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287466
    BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) is widely use worldwide despite its addictive potential. Although psychostimulant use has been linked to occurrence of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, data is lacking on how regular kratom use affects ER stress. This case-control study first determined differences in ER stress sensor protein expression (BiP, sXBP1, ATF4, CHOP, JNK, and p-JNK) between regular kratom users and healthy controls. Second, it evaluated the association between kratom use characteristics, targeted ER stress sensor protein expression, and "kratom use disorder" diagnosed with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders 5th Edition (DSM-5) among regular kratom users.

    METHODS: In total, 60 regular kratom users and 50 healthy control-group participants were recruited and administered a sociodemographic and clinical characteristics questionnaire. While participants who used kratom were also administered a kratom use characteristics questionnaire. Blood samples were collected from all participants, and targeted ER stress sensor protein expression was determined via Western blot analysis.

    RESULTS: The study's findings revealed first that kratom users registered significantly higher protein expression in all targeted ER stress sensors compared to the control group. Second, higher protein expression of CHOP (B = 5.061, standard error [SE] = 2.547, Wald = 3.948, adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 5.382, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.071 to 9.656, p = 0.047) and p-JNK (B = 5.795, SE = 2.635, Wald = 4.544, AOR = 17.025, 95% CI = 1.395 to 24.123, p = 0.017) increased the odds of kratom use disorder occurrence. Kratom use characteristics and other ER stress sensor protein expression were not associated with kratom use disorder.

    CONCLUSION: Regular kratom use may induce protracted ER stress, leading to the decompensation of the unfolded protein response to maintain ER homeostasis. This effect may be linked to kratom use disorder occurrence.

    Matched MeSH terms: Case-Control Studies
  11. Abd Wahil MS, Ja'afar MH, Md Isa Z
    PeerJ, 2023;11:e15132.
    PMID: 37197586 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15132
    BACKGROUND: The presence of aluminium (Al) in the human body may impact brain neurodevelopment and function, and it is thought to contribute to autism spectrum disease (ASD). The main objective of this study was to assess the association between urinary Al and the development of ASD among Malaysian preschool children in the urban city of Kuala Lumpur.

    METHOD: This was an unmatched case-control study in which children with ASD were recruited from an autism early intervention center and typically developed (TD) children were recruited from government-run nurseries and preschools. Urine samples were collected at home, assembled temporarily at study locations, and transported to the laboratory within 24 h. The Al concentration in the children's urine samples was determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).

    RESULT: A total of 155 preschool children; 81 ASD children and 74 TD children, aged 3 to 6 years, were enlisted in the study. This study demonstrated that ASD children had significantly higher urinary Al levels than TD children (median (interquartile range (IQR): 2.89 (6.77) µg/dL versus 0.96 (2.95) µg/dL) (p 1, p 

    Matched MeSH terms: Case-Control Studies
  12. Mamikutty R, Aly AS, Marhazlinda J
    Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2021 Aug 15;18(16).
    PMID: 34444374 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168623
    In conducting a systematic review, assessing the risk of bias of the included studies is a vital step; thus, choosing the most pertinent risk of bias (ROB) tools is crucial. This paper determined the most appropriate ROB tools for assessing observational studies in a systematic review assessing the association between anthropometric measurements and dental caries among children. First, we determined the ROB tools used in previous reviews on a similar topic. Subsequently, we reviewed articles on ROB tools to identify the most recommended ROB tools for observational studies. Of the twelve ROB tools identified from the previous steps, three ROB tools that best fit the eight criteria of a good ROB tool were the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for cohort and case-control studies, and Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) and the Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP) for a cross-sectional study. We further assessed the inter-rater reliability for all three tools by analysing the percentage agreement, inter-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and kappa score. The overall percentage agreements and reliability scores of these tools ranged from good to excellent. Two ROB tools for the cross-sectional study were further evaluated qualitatively against nine of a tool's advantages and disadvantages. Finally, the AHRQ and NOS were selected as the most appropriate ROB tool to assess cross-sectional and cohort studies in the present review.
    Matched MeSH terms: Case-Control Studies
  13. Avoi R, Liaw YC
    Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2021 Sep 16;18(18).
    PMID: 34574665 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189740
    Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading killer from a single infectious agent globally. In 2019, Malaysia's TB incidence rate was 92 per 100,000 population, and the TB mortality rate was estimated at 4 cases per 100,000 population per year. However, the state of Sabah had a higher burden of TB with a notification rate of 128 per 100,000 population and a TB case fatality rate of 8% compared to the national figure. This study aims to provide a comprehensive report on TB deaths epidemiology and its associated factors at a sub-national level. This nested case-control study used Sabah State Health Department TB surveillance data from the Malaysia national case-based TB registry (MyTB) between 2014 and 2018. Cases were defined as all-cause TB deaths that occurred before anti-TB treatment completion from the time of TB diagnosis. Controls were randomly selected from TB patients who completed anti-TB treatment. The TB mortality rate had increased significantly from 9.0/100,000 population in 2014 to 11.4/100,000 population in 2018. The majority of TB deaths occurred in the first two months of treatment. TB-related deaths were primarily due to advanced disease or disseminated TB, whereas non-TB-related deaths were primarily due to existing comorbidities. Many important independent risk factors for TB deaths were identified which are useful to address the increasing TB mortality rate.
    Matched MeSH terms: Case-Control Studies
  14. Hamsah E, Robinson F, Hayati F, Arsat N, Kaur N, Sriram RK, et al.
    Med J Malaysia, 2023 Dec;78(7):876-882.
    PMID: 38159921
    INTRODUCTION: The fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality and morbidity worldwide is colorectal cancer (CRC). Numerous reasons have contributed to the massive rise in CRC cases, for which Asian nations differ significantly in terms of risk incidence rates. The objectives of this study were to, first, identify the socio-demographic characteristics of those of North Borneo ethnicity and body mass index (BMI) and, second, determine the association of these factors with CRC. This research will contribute to preventing this form of cancer.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study is an analysis of a matched case-control study with a ratio of 1:2. The case group contained 206 respondents, and the control group contained 412. All CRC cases were confirmed with the histological results. The control group was matched for links between age, sex and ethnicity with CRC. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences Statistics (SPSS) IBM version 28.0 was used to conduct descriptive analysis using chi-squared testing and simple logistic regression. The statistical significance was P < 0.05.

    RESULT: Overall, 618 respondents took part in this survey, of which 256 (41.4%) were female and 362 (58.6%) were male. The maximum age was 76, with a mean age ± SD of 53.17 ± 11.4. Those of Bajau ethnicity comprised 24.6% (152) of the population, followed by Dusun with 22.8% (141), Kadazan with 17.6% (109%), other North Borneo ethnic groups with 15.5% (96), Bugis with 9.7% (60), Brunei with 4.4% (27) and other predominant races with 5.3% (33). Regression analyses revealed that the incidence of CRC in North Borneo, Malaysia, was substantially correlated with income, occupation, other linked diseases and BMI.

    CONCLUSION: Various risk factors are linked to CRC, based on the findings related to socio-demographic characteristics and BMI. Therefore, to lower the nationwide prevalence of CRC, national public health campaigns should include collaboration with the regional authorities to highlight the incidence and risk factors of CRC based on ethnicity.

    Matched MeSH terms: Case-Control Studies
  15. Chung FF, Maldonado SG, Nemc A, Bouaoun L, Cahais V, Cuenin C, et al.
    Clin Epigenetics, 2023 Jun 12;15(1):102.
    PMID: 37309009 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-023-01509-6
    BACKGROUND: Epigenetic alterations are a near-universal feature of human malignancy and have been detected in malignant cells as well as in easily accessible specimens such as blood and urine. These findings offer promising applications in cancer detection, subtyping, and treatment monitoring. However, much of the current evidence is based on findings in retrospective studies and may reflect epigenetic patterns that have already been influenced by the onset of the disease.

    METHODS: Studying breast cancer, we established genome-scale DNA methylation profiles of prospectively collected buffy coat samples (n = 702) from a case-control study nested within the EPIC-Heidelberg cohort using reduced representation bisulphite sequencing (RRBS).

    RESULTS: We observed cancer-specific DNA methylation events in buffy coat samples. Increased DNA methylation in genomic regions associated with SURF6 and REXO1/CTB31O20.3 was linked to the length of time to diagnosis in the prospectively collected buffy coat DNA from individuals who subsequently developed breast cancer. Using machine learning methods, we piloted a DNA methylation-based classifier that predicted case-control status in a held-out validation set with 76.5% accuracy, in some cases up to 15 years before clinical diagnosis of the disease.

    CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our findings suggest a model of gradual accumulation of cancer-associated DNA methylation patterns in peripheral blood, which may be detected long before clinical manifestation of cancer. Such changes may provide useful markers for risk stratification and, ultimately, personalized cancer prevention.

    Matched MeSH terms: Case-Control Studies
  16. Yap JF, Moy FM, Wan Ahmad WA, Lim YC
    PeerJ, 2024;12:e16906.
    PMID: 38361766 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16906
    BACKGROUND: School teachers may have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), potentially affecting their work productivity. However, limited data exists on the impact of CVD on teachers' productivity in Malaysia. Our objectives were to assess work productivity loss (absenteeism and presenteeism) as well as to determine the associated annual monetary loss among school teachers who experienced incident CVD in Peninsular Malaysia.

    METHODS: We adopted a nested case-control design within a cohort of school teachers. Working teachers from six states of Peninsular Malaysia, and had experienced incident CVD before a right-censored date (31st December 2021) were defined as cases. Incident CVD was operationally defined as the development of non-fatal acute coronary syndrome (ACS), stroke, congestive cardiac failure, deep vein thrombosis or peripheral arterial disease before the censored date. Controls were working teachers who did not acquire an incident CVD before the similar right-censored date. All controls were randomly selected, with a ratio of one case to four controls, from among the working teachers in one of the states in Peninsular Malaysia. We used a shortened version of the Malay-validated World Health Organization-Health and Work Performance Questionnaire (WHO-HPQ) to estimate the workplace productivity effect among teachers with incident CVD (cases). The same questionnaire was distributed to teachers in a single state of Peninsular Malaysia who did not experience incident CVD (controls). Absenteeism, presenteeism and annual monetary loss were computed based on the scoring rules in the WHO-HPQ. Analysis of covariance was performed with covariate adjustment using propensity scores. The bootstrapping method was applied to obtain better estimates of marginal mean differences, along with standard errors (SE) and appropriate effect sizes.

    RESULTS: We recruited 48 cases (baseline mean age = 42.4 years old, 54.2% females) and 192 randomly selected controls (baseline mean age = 36.2 years old, 99.0% females). The majority of the cases had ACS (73.9%). No significant difference was observed in absenteeism between cases and controls. The mean self-rated job performance score was lower for cases (7.63, SE = 0.21) compared to controls (8.60, SE = 0.10). Marginal mean scores of absolute presenteeism among cases (76.30) were lower (p controls (85.97). The marginal mean annual cost of presenteeism was higher in cases (MYR 21,237.52) compared to controls (MYR 12,089.74) (p 

    Matched MeSH terms: Case-Control Studies
  17. Nawi AM, Chin SF, Azhar Shah S, Jamal R
    Iran J Public Health, 2019 Apr;48(4):632-643.
    PMID: 31110973
    Background: Trace elements play a pivotal role in Colorectal Cancer (CRC) inhibition and development process. This systematic review provides the basic comparison of case-control studies focusing on concentration of trace elements between those with CRC and controls.

    Methods: The systematic review searched through two databases of Medline and Cochrane up to 24th June 2017. The search strategy focused on Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcomes (PICO). We searched the role of trace elements in cancer and focusing on case-control studies in CRC to obtain an insight into the differences in trace element concentrations between those with and without cancer.

    Results: The serum concentrations of Ca, Cu, Mg, Mn, Se, Si, and Zn were lower in CRC patients but for Co and S the levels were higher in CRC patients. The concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Mg, Mn, Pb, and Zn were increased in patients with metastasis, but not in Se. As for colon tissue specimens, inconsistent levels were reported between studies, notably in Cu, Se, and Zn. No changes were reported for B and Ca levels. Most of the trace elements in the tissue specimens showed higher concentrations of Cr, Fe, K, Mg, P, Rb, S, and Si compared to Br.

    Conclusion: With the growing interest to understand the link between trace elements in carcinogenesis and the possible interactions, multi assessment analysis of a larger cohort of samples is necessary.

    Matched MeSH terms: Case-Control Studies
  18. Rezazadeh F, Moshaverinia M, Handjani F, Khoshkholgh F, Saki N, Heiran A
    Malays J Med Sci, 2020 Mar;27(2):57-63.
    PMID: 32788842 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2020.27.2.7
    Background: Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a chronic autoimmune disease. Dyslipidemia, increased risk of atherosclerosis and higher cardiovascular morbidity, and mortality have been reported in several autoimmune conditions. It has been hypothesised that there might be an association between dyslipidemia and PV. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the serum lipid profile of patients with PV with healthy controls.

    Methods: This case-control study was carried out on 113 patients with PV and 100 healthy controls. Total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglycerides (TG) levels were measured and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), non-HDL cholesterol (non-HDL-C) and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) were calculated. Chi-squared test and independent Student t-test (or their alternatives) were used for group comparison.

    Results: The mean age and BMI of patients and controls were 47.7 ± 14.5 and 28 ± 6.2 and, 44.5 ± 18.5 and 25.5 ± 5.1, respectively. Total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, non-HDL-C and TG were statistically different between the two groups (P values < 0.001; < 0.001; < 0.001; < 0.001 and 0.021, respectively). However, AIP was not significantly different (P-value = 0.752).

    Conclusion: The serum lipid profile was significantly higher in PV patients compared to healthy controls. Therefore, PV patients may be more prone to develop atherosclerosis and this finding can be important in the overall management of these patients.

    Matched MeSH terms: Case-Control Studies
  19. Nemati R, Lu J, Ramachandran V, Etemad A, Heidari M, Yahya MJ, et al.
    Genet. Mol. Res., 2016 Jun 20;15(2).
    PMID: 27323204 DOI: 10.4238/gmr.15026241
    The aim of this study was to determine whether C34T, a common polymorphism of the adenosine monophosphate deaminase 1 gene (AMPD1), is associated with essential hypertension (EH). We hypothesize that C34T is associated with the development of EH. A case-control design was used for this study. The DNA was extracted using a commercial kit from the whole blood of 200 patients with hypertension and 200 subjects without hypertension from selected Malaysian ethnicities (Malays, Chinese, and Indians). Polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and agarose gel electrophoresis were used for genotyping. The C34T gene polymorphism of AMPD1 was significantly associated with EH in the Malaysian subjects (P < 0.0001). The genotype frequencies of CC, CT, and TT were 6%, 79%, and 15%, respectively, among hypertensive subjects, while no TT genotypes were observed in the normotensive subjects. Further, the frequency of hypertension was higher among T allele carriers than C carriers (OD = 9.94; 95%CI = 6.851-14.434). There were significant differences in the systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and pulse pressure (P ˂ 0.05) between the normotensive and hypertensive Malaysian subjects; we believe those difference were caused by the C34T polymorphism. For the first time in Malaysia, the current study provides evidence that a common polymorphism of the AMPD1 gene (C34T) is strongly associated with EH.
    Matched MeSH terms: Case-Control Studies
  20. Thevi T, Sahoo S
    Med J Malaysia, 2016 Apr;71(2):45-6.
    PMID: 27326939
    PURPOSE: To analyse the visual outcomes of cases with posterior capsule rupture (PCR) compared to those without PCR following phacoemulsification. The occurrence of posterior capsule rupture during phacoemulsification surgery for cataract can have serious implications in the visual recovery. However, recognition of PCR and proper management can yield a successful visual outcome. This study analysed the visual outcomes of cases with PCR compared to those without PCR.

    METHODS: This is a case-control study. All patients who underwent cataract surgery from 2011 to 2012 in Hospital Melaka were traced from the National Eye Database (NED) of Malaysia. The visual outcomes were classified as good, borderline and poor as per WHO guidelines. The data was analysed with SPSS version 12 IBM.

    RESULTS: Out of 80.4% (2519) of eyes that had undergone phacoemulsification (PHACO) type of surgery, 3.06% (77 cases) had posterior capsule rupture complication. There was no significant difference in the visual outcome of borderline between cases with PCR and cases without PCR (Odds Ratio (OR) 0.989; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.382- 2.560). However, cases with PCR were significantly less likely to have good vision compared to those without PCR (OR 0.335; 95% CI 0.157-0.714).

    CONCLUSION: The study reveals that a significant number of patients without PCR had good vision, whereas those with PCR did not get good vision. We would like to suggest meticulous care during phacoemulsification surgery to avoid PCR in order to obtain good visual outcomes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Case-Control Studies
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