Displaying publications 61 - 80 of 225 in total

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  1. Anticariogenic and Mechanical Characteristics of Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Cement Containing Lignin-Decorated Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
    Malik Z, Muhammad N, Kaleem M, Nayyar M, Qazi AS, Butt DQ, et al.
    ACS Appl Bio Mater, 2023 Feb 20;6(2):425-435.
    PMID: 36700919 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00644
    This study aims to synthesize and characterize lignin-decorated zinc oxide nanoparticles before incorporating them into resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) to improve their anticariogenic potential and mechanical properties (shear bond strength and microhardness). Probe sonication was used to synthesize lignin-decorated zinc oxide nanoparticles which were then characterized via scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Following characterization, these were incorporated in RMGIC (Gold label, Fuji II LC). Three major groups, experimental group A (EGA), experimental group B (EGB), and control group (CG), were outlined. EGA and EGB were divided into numbered subgroups based on the ascending concentrations of nanoparticles (5, 10, and 15%) of lignin-coated zinc oxide and zinc-oxide, respectively. CG served as a control and comprised cured RMGIC samples without any incorporation. Anticariogenic analysis was conducted on experimental RMGIC samples via disk-diffusion (n = 3) and direct contact test (n = 3) against Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175). Optical density values for days 1, 3, and 5 were recorded via a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. A shear bond strength test was performed using 35 premolars. The adhesive remnant index was used to estimate the site of bond failure. For the Vickers microhardness test (n = 3), 100 g of load at 10 s dwell time was set. Atomic absorption spectroscopy was performed over 28 days to determine the release of zinc from the samples. All tests were analyzed statistically. The anticariogenic potential of EGA and EGB was significantly greater (p ≤ 0.05) than that of the control. The shear bond strength test reported the highest value for EGA15 with all groups exhibiting failure at the bracket/RMGIC interface. The microhardness of EGA15 yielded the highest value (p ≤ 0.05). Release kinetics displayed a steady release with EGB15 exhibiting the highest value. The EGA and EGB samples displayed good anticariogenic potential, which was sustained for 28 days without any deleterious effect on the shear bond strength and microhardness.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glass Ionomer Cements/chemistry
  2. Fulltext Dental Luting Cements: An Updated Comprehensive Review
    Heboyan A, Vardanyan A, Karobari MI, Marya A, Avagyan T, Tebyaniyan H, et al.
    Molecules, 2023 Feb 08;28(4).
    PMID: 36838607 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041619
    The cementation of indirect restoration is one of the most important steps in prosthetic and restorative dentistry. Cementation aims to bond the prosthetic restoration to the prepared enamel or enamel and dentine. Successful cementation protocols prevent biofilm formation at the margin between tooth and restoration and minimize mechanical and biological complications. With the advancements in dental cements, they have been modified to be versatile in terms of handling, curing, and bond strengths. This review presents updates on dental cements, focusing on the composition, properties, advantages, limitations, and indications of the various cements available. Currently, dental restorations are made from various biomaterials, and depending on each clinical case, an appropriate luting material will be selected. There is no luting material that can be universally used. Therefore, it is important to distinguish the physical, mechanical, and biological properties of luting materials in order to identify the best options for each case. Nowadays, the most commonly used dental cements are glass-ionomer and resin cement. The type, shade, thickness of resin cement and the shade of the ceramic, all together, have a tangible influence on the final restoration color. Surface treatments of the restoration increase the microtensile bond strength. Hence, the proper surface treatment protocol of both the substrate and restoration surfaces is needed before cementation. Additionally, the manufacturer's instructions for the thin cement-layer thickness are important for the long-term success of the restoration.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glass Ionomer Cements/chemistry
  3. Nanostructured SnO2-Ge Multi-layer thin Films with Quantum Confinement Effects for Solar Cell
    Khan AF, Sajjad W, Rahim NA
    Recent Pat Nanotechnol, 2016;10(1):77-82.
    PMID: 27018275
    BACKGROUND: It is well-known that multi-layer films with nanostructure can give novel properties by interfacial phenomenon and quantum confinement effects. Nanostructured multi-layer thin films are presently being analyzed for their vast applications in the area of optoelectronics technology particularly photovoltaics. Hereof, two dimensional thin films with nanostructure are of prime importance due to their structure dependent optical, electrical, and opto-electronic properties. It has been revealed that these films exhibit quantum confinement effects with band gap engineering. The main focus of the research is to evaluate the effect on structural and optical properties with number of layers.

    METHODS: Nanostructured SnO2-Ge multi-layer thin films were fabricated using electron beam evaporation and resistive heating techniques. Alternate layers of SnO2 and Ge were deposited on glass substrate at a substrate temperature of 300 °C in order to obtain uniform and homogeneous deposition. The substrate temperature of 300 °C has been determined to be effective for the deposition of these multi-layer films from our previous studies. The films were characterized by investigating their structural and optical properties. The structural properties of the as-deposited films were characterized by Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy (RBS) and Raman spectroscopy and optical properties by Ultra-Violet-Near infrared (UV-VIS-NIR) spectroscopy.

    RESULTS: RBS studies confirmed that the layer structure has been effectively formed. Raman spectroscopy results show that the peaks of both Ge and SnO2 shifts towards lower wavenumbers (in comparison with bulk Ge and SnO2, suggesting that the films consist of nanostructures and demonstrate quantum confinement effects. UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy showed an increase in the band gap energy of Ge and SnO2 and shifting of transmittance curves toward higher wavelength by increasing the number of layers. The band gap lies in the range of 0.9 to 1.2 eV for Ge, while for SnO2, it lies between 1.7 to 2.1 eV.

    CONCLUSION: Analysis of results suggests that the nanostructured SnO2-Ge multi-layer thin film can work as heterojunction materials with quantum confinement effects. Accordingly, the present SnO2-Ge multi-layer films may be employed for photovoltaic applications. Few relevant patents to the topic have been reviewed and cited.

    Matched MeSH terms: Glass
  4. Adhesion of Pseudomonas fluorescens biofilms to glass, stainless steel and cellulose
    Wan Dagang WR, Bowen J, O'Keeffe J, Robbins PT, Zhang Z
    Biotechnol Lett, 2016 May;38(5):787-92.
    PMID: 26892223 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-016-2047-x
    The adhesion of colloidal probes of stainless steel, glass and cellulose to Pseudomonas fluorescens biofilms was examined using atomic force microscopy (AFM) to allow comparisons between surfaces to which biofilms might adhere.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glass
  5. Latest developments in silica-based thermoluminescence spectrometry and dosimetry
    Bradley DA, Jafari SM, Siti Shafiqah AS, Tamcheck N, Shutt A, Siti Rozaila Z, et al.
    Appl Radiat Isot, 2016 Nov;117:128-134.
    PMID: 26778762 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2015.12.034
    Using irradiated doped-silica preforms from which fibres for thermoluminescence dosimetry applications can be fabricated we have carried out a range of luminescence studies, the TL yield of the fibre systems offering many advantages over conventional passive dosimetry types. In this paper we investigate such media, showing emission spectra for irradiated preforms and the TL response of glass beads following irradiation to an 241Am-Be neutron source located in a tank of water, the glass fibres and beads offering the advantage of being able to be placed directly into liquid. The outcomes from these and other lines of research are intended to inform development of doped silica radiation dosimeters of versatile utility, extending from environmental evaluations through to clinical and industrial applications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glass
  6. Red-green-blue laser emissions from dye-doped poly(vinyl alcohol) films
    Yap SS, Siew WO, Tou TY, Ng SW
    Appl Opt, 2002 Mar 20;41(9):1725-8.
    PMID: 11921803
    A microscope slide acting as a passive waveguide was coated by three separate poly(vinyl alcohol) films that were doped with Coumarin 460, Disodium Fluorescein, and Rhodamine 640 perchlorate. On collinear pumping by a nitrogen laser, these dyes furnished primary red-green-blue laser emissions that were collected and waveguided by the microscope slide but exited from both ends. Frosting the waveguide exit introduced light scattering at the glass-air interface and spatially overlaid the red-green-blue laser emissions that emerged as a uniform white-light beam.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glass
  7. Fulltext Optimizing of the Cementitious Composite Matrix by Addition of Steel Wool Fibers (Chopped) Based on Physical and Mechanical Analysis
    Amer AAR, Abdullah MMAB, Liew YM, A Aziz IH, Wysłocki JJ, Tahir MFM, et al.
    Materials (Basel), 2021 Feb 26;14(5).
    PMID: 33652863 DOI: 10.3390/ma14051094
    The demand for durable, resistant, and high-strength structural material has led to the use of fibers as reinforcing elements. This paper presents an investigation into the inclusion of chopped steel wool fibers (CSWFs) in cement to form a high-flexural strength cementitious composite matrix (CCM). CSWFs were used as the primary reinforcement in CCM at increments of 0.5 wt%, from 0.5-6 wt%, with ratios of cement to sand of 1:1.5 and water to cement of 0.45. The inclusion of CSWFs resulted in an excellent optimization of the physicomechanical properties of the CCM, such as its density (2.302 g/cm3), compressive strength (61.452 MPa), and maximum flexural strength (10.64 MPa), all of which exceeded the performances of other reinforcement elements reported in the literature.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glass Ionomer Cements
  8. Fulltext Parametric study on volume fraction of representative volume element (rve) CFRP and gfrp towards tensile properties
    Ahmad Fuad Ab Ghani, Mohd Irman Ramli, Ridhwan Jumaidin, Dharmalingam, Sivakumar, Fudhail Abdul Munir, Mohd Syukri Yob
    Malaysian Journal of Applied Sciences, 2020;5(2):17-29.
    MyJurnal
    The study of Representative Volume Element (RVE) on Composite Material has been performed in the aim to obtain the relation and effect of fiber volume fraction on its tensile properties which is one of the important mechanical properties for composite designers in automotive and aerospace community.The properties such as fibre content, orientation, dimension of constituent fibres (diameter), level of intermixing of fibres, interface bonding between fibre and matrix, and arrangement of fibres between different types of fibres, influences the mechanical properties of hybrid composite.Representative Volume Element (RVE) for each constituent Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) and Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) assumed isotropic behavior for carbon fibre, glass fibre and epoxy resin matrix and assumed to be perfectly bonded interface between fibre and matrix region i.e. strain compatibility at the interface. The scope of study on the micro mechanical modelling via representative volume element (RVE) is limited only to unidirectional composites.The result of parametric study performed deduces that incremental volume fraction of carbon and glass respectively will increase the E11 (Modulus of Elasticity in Tensile Direction) and enhance the tensile properties of both CFRP and GFRP.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glass
  9. Fulltext Performance of Epoxy Resin Polymer as Self-Healing Cementitious Materials Agent in Mortar
    Huseien GF, Sam ARM, Faridmehr I, Baghban MH
    Materials (Basel), 2021 Mar 06;14(5).
    PMID: 33800835 DOI: 10.3390/ma14051255
    This research investigated the application of epoxy resin polymer as a self-healing strategy for improving the mechanical and durability properties of cement-based mortar. The epoxy resin was added to the concrete mix at various levels (5, 10, 15, and 20% of cement weight), and the effectiveness of healing was evaluated by microstructural analysis, compressive strength, and non-destructive (ultrasonic pulse velocity) tests. Dry and wet-dry conditions were considered for curing, and for generating artificial cracks, specimens at different curing ages (1 and 6 months) were subjected to compressive testing (50 and 80% of specimen's ultimate compressive strength). The results indicated that the mechanical properties in the specimen prepared by 10% epoxy resin and cured under wet-dry conditions was higher compared to other specimens. The degree of damage and healing efficiency index of this particular mix design were significantly affected by the healing duration and cracking age. An optimized artificial neural network (ANN) combined with a firefly algorithm was developed to estimate these indexes over the self-healing process. Overall, it was concluded that the epoxy resin polymer has high potential as a mechanical properties self-healing agent in cement-based mortar.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glass Ionomer Cements
  10. Fulltext Potential of Honeycomb-Filled Composite Structure in Composite Cross-Arm Component: A Review on Recent Progress and Its Mechanical Properties
    Amir AL, Ishak MR, Yidris N, Zuhri MYM, Asyraf MRM
    Polymers (Basel), 2021 Apr 20;13(8).
    PMID: 33923921 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081341
    Nowadays, pultruded glass fiber-reinforced polymer composite (PGFRPC) structures have been used widely for cross-arms in high transmission towers. These composite structures have replaced cross-arms of conventional materials like wood due to several factors, such as better strength, superior resistance to environmental degradation, reduced weight, and comparatively cheaper maintenance. However, lately, several performance failures have been found on existing cross-arm members, caused by moisture, temperature changes in the atmosphere, and other environmental factors, which may lead to a complete failure or reduced service life. As a potential solution for this problem, enhancing PGFRPC with honeycomb-filled composite structures will become a possible alternative that can sustain a longer service life compared to that of existing cross-arms. This is due to the new composite structures' superior performance under mechanical duress in providing better stiffness, excellence in flexural characteristics, good energy absorption, and increased load-carrying capacity. Although there has been a lack of previous research done on the enhancement of existing composite cross-arms in applications for high transmission towers, several studies on the enhancement of hollow beams and tubes have been done. This paper provides a state-of-the-art review study on the mechanical efficiency of both PGFRPC structures and honeycomb-filled composite sandwich structures in experimental and analytical terms.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glass
  11. Carrier-Gas Induced Changes in the Structural, Stoichiometric and Photocatalytic Characteristics of Gallium Oxide Nanostructures
    Jubu PR, Yam FK
    J Nanosci Nanotechnol, 2021 Oct 01;21(10):5266-5274.
    PMID: 33875117 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2021.19456
    Ga₂O₃/ITO/glass photoelectrodes prepared by the CVD method has rarely been tested in the electrochemical cell for water splitting. In this study, we investigate the photoelectrolytic performance of Ga₂O₃/ITO-glass photocatalysts produced by the high-temperature CVD route. The changing of N₂ carrier gas flow rate from 0 to 1800 seem induces change in the materials properties. XRD signal strength of the produced bi-phase Ga₂O₃ is observed to deteriorate, while diffraction line width broadens with increasing N₂ supply. Films show a combination of nanoclumps and nanostrips morphology. Ga/O ratio decreases, while the optical bandgap gradually increases from 4.37 to 4.42 eV with increasing O content and crystallite size. Photoluminescence measurements show UV, blue, green and red emissions, respectively. Linear sweep voltammetry of the electrodes in 0.1 M KOH electrolyte shows improvement in photocurrent density from 160 to 257 μA/cm² versus Ag/AgCl at 1 V bias, and a maximum photon-to-current conversion efficiency 0.06%.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glass
  12. Cutting efficiency of different dental materials utilized in an air abrasion system
    Hassan U, Farooq I, Moheet IA, AlShwaimi E
    Int J Health Sci (Qassim), 2017 Sep-Oct;11(4):23-27.
    PMID: 29085264
    OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to test cutting efficiency of different materials against conventional alumina in an air abrasion system.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: The powder samples were divided into three groups: Group 1 - alumina (control), Group 2 - 45S5 bioactive glass, and Group 3 - hydroxyapatite. 30 microscope glass slides of 0.5 mm thickness were used as an alternative of human enamel and were also divided randomly into these three groups. The time taken by the abrasive particles to cut a hole through the microscope glass slide was recorded with a stop watch. In addition, morphology of the particles was observed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A t-test was used to compare the times taken to cut a hole through the microscope glass slides, and the level of significance was set at P < 0.05.

    RESULTS: The mean time taken to cut a hole through the microscope glass slide was 2.96 s and 23.01s for Groups 1 and 2, respectively, whereas powder of Group 3 did not cut after 120 s. The differences between cutting times of Groups 1 and 2 were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The SEM micrographs revealed coarse angular shape for particles of Groups 1 and 2 but Group 3 particles were with round ends and presence of smaller particles was also observed in Groups 2 and 3.

    CONCLUSION: The alumina particles demonstrated excellent cutting efficiency followed by 45S5 particles. The use of bioactive glass particles should be encouraged for cutting purposes whenever a shortage of time for practitioners is not a concern.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glass
  13. Fulltext Technique to repair iatrogenically-damaged roots during post canal preparation using resin composite and optic fibre posts
    Lui, J.L.
    Ann Dent, 2007;14(1):14-18.
    MyJurnal
    During post crown restoration, the preparation of the post canal can be fraught with difficulties resulting in widening, gouging and transportation of the post canal; sometimes with near root perforation. A technique is described to repair such iatrogenically damaged internal root canal walls using reinforcing resin composite and optic glass fibre posts. The root dentine, resin composite and glass fibres, having similar moduli of elasticity, will result in a repaired root with a ‘monolithic’ structure and possessing numerous desirable characteristics. This repair technique can easily be carried out in one sitting at the chairside thereby allowing the continued serviceability of the iatrogenically compromised root-filled tooth.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glass
  14. Fulltext Amperometric Non-Enzymatic Hydrogen Peroxide Sensor Based on Aligned Zinc Oxide Nanorods
    Al-Hardan NH, Abdul Hamid MA, Shamsudin R, Othman NK, Kar Keng L
    Sensors (Basel), 2016 Jun 29;16(7).
    PMID: 27367693 DOI: 10.3390/s16071004
    Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods (NRs) have been synthesized via the hydrothermal process. The NRs were grown over a conductive glass substrate. A non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor for hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), based on the prepared ZnO NRs, was examined through the use of current-voltage measurements. The measured currents, as a function of H₂O₂ concentrations ranging from 10 μM to 700 μM, revealed two distinct behaviours and good performance, with a lower detection limit (LOD) of 42 μM for the low range of H₂O₂ concentrations (first region), and a LOD of 143.5 μM for the higher range of H₂O₂ concentrations (second region). The prepared ZnO NRs show excellent electrocatalytic activity. This enables a measurable and stable output current. The results were correlated with the oxidation process of the H₂O₂ and revealed a good performance for the ZnO NR non-enzymatic H₂O₂ sensor.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glass
  15. Fulltext Effects of incorporating wollastonite and mine - silica by - product to the hardness of glass ionomer cement (GIC)
    Tengku Yasmin Tengku Azam, Quah, Xin Ying, Ismail Ab Rahman, Sam’an Malik Masudi, Norhayati Luddin, Rashita Abd Rashid
    Archives of Orofacial Sciences, 2013;8(2):54-59.
    MyJurnal
    Glass ionomer cement (GIC) has theunique fluoride release property and able to formionic bond with tooth structure. However, the brittleness of the material results in low hardness. In the present study, a new approach in utilization of local waste materials as fillers for improvement of hardness of GIC is reported.The synthesized wollastonite and mine-silica by-product were individually incorporated into commercial GIC and the Vickers hardness were evaluated. The results shown that the incorporation of 1 % wollastonite into GIC gave ~ 6% increment in hardness compared to the control GIC (66.53H ±7.37 versus 62.66HV±2.98)but not for themine-silica. Thus, wollastonite could be a potential material to be utilized as fillersin dental restorative composite
    Matched MeSH terms: Glass Ionomer Cements
  16. Fulltext Mechanical Properties of Glass Reinforced Hydroxyapatite
    Muslim, Y.S., Knowles, J., Howlett, J.
    Ann Dent, 2005;12(1):-.
    MyJurnal
    Hydroxyapatite (HA) has been increasingly used in biomedical applications due to its biocompatibility with living tissues. However, its use is limited to low load bearing areas due to the poor mechanical properties compared to bone. The aim of this project is to improve the mechanical properties of synthetic HA by optimising the processing method and also by using a phosphate based glass as a sintering aid to develop Glass Reinforced Hydroxyapatite (GR-HA). A phosphate based glass containing CaO, P2O5 and CaF2 was incorporated into HA at 2.5wt% and 5wt% additions during the milling process prior to sintering at 1300°C. The flexural strength mean values for GR-HA ranged from 80MPa to 110MPa. Pure HA exhibited a much lower flexural strength mean value ranging from 66MPa to 79MPa. The improved mechanical properties were associated with the occurrence of residual stress as a result of decomposition of HA to b-Tricalcium Phosphate (TCP) and in 5wt% GRHA to a-Tricalcium Phosphate (TCP).
    Matched MeSH terms: Glass
  17. Fulltext Estimation of double shear strength of timber connections fastened with glass fibre reinforced polymer dowel by national design specification
    Rohana, H.
    ASM Science Journal, 2011;5(1):1-10.
    MyJurnal
    Current National Design Specification (NDS 2005) provides the guideline to design timber joints strengthened with steel fasteners. This study investigates the possibility of using NDS 2005 to estimate the load-carrying capacity of timber joints fastened with Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) dowel. Double shear timber joint fastened with steel dowels were tested to validate the joints fastened with GFRP using 1.27 cm diameter dowels. Tests were also conducted to determine the dowel bearing strength of wood and dowel bending strength of GFRP and steel. The failure modes of all tests were observed and recorded. Results showed that NDS (2005) successfully estimated the failure mode and was capable of predicting the joint load-carrying capacity when fastened with a GFRP dowel and this was well validated by the load carrying capacity of a steel dowel.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glass
  18. Fulltext Improvement of engineering properties of peat with Palm Oil Clinker
    Rahman, M. E., Leblouba, M., Pakrashi, V.
    Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2014;22(2):627-636.
    MyJurnal
    The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of Palm Oil Clinker (POC) added as a stabilizer for improving the strength of peat. Cement and POC are added into peat up to 50% of the maximum dry unit weight. Treated peat achieved higher dry unit weight, almost 2.5 times as compared to untreated peat. Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of treated peat is also investigated for soaked and unsoaked conditions. The results show that curing time improved the unconfined compressive strength of treated sample and increased by a factor of 20 and 11 for unsoaked and soaked conditions after 28 days of curing, respectively. The treated samples added with POC can be related to an increase in unconfined compressive strength for long time curing.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glass Ionomer Cements
  19. Fulltext Improving bond strength and thermal behaviour of new sodalite infiltrate ceramic core materials
    Naji, Ghassan Abdul-Hamid, Ros Anita Omar, Rosiyah Yahya
    International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2017;16(21):2-2.
    MyJurnal
    The mismatch in coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) between the veneered
    porcelain and the ceramic core has been primarily identified as the cause of core/veneer chipping
    in all-ceramic restorations. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of sodalite infiltration on the
    CTE behaviour and bond strength of different all-ceramic prostheses. Materials and Methods: The
    experimental groups were synthesised sodalite-infiltrated alumina (IA-SOD) and synthesised
    sodalite-infiltrated zirconia-toughened alumina (ZTA) (IZ-SOD), while the control groups were glassinfiltrated alumina (IA-glass) and glass-infiltrated ZTA (IZ-glass). (Copied from article).
    Matched MeSH terms: Glass
  20. Fulltext Effect of surface roughness on accumulation of Streptococcus mutans in nanofilled tooth coloured restorative materials
    Abd Rahman, R., Mohamad, D., Ab Ghani, Z., Hasan, H., Abdullah, N.A.
    Malaysian Journal of Microscopy, 2015;11(1):16-21.
    MyJurnal
    The objective of the study was to asses the adhesion of Streptococcus mutans on nanofilled and microfilled composite resin and glass ionomer cement restorative materials. Glass ionomer cements; KetacTM N100 (nanofilled) and Fuji IITM LC (microfilled) and composite resins; FiltekTM Z350 (nanofilled) and FiltekTM Z250 (microhybrid) were packed in acrylic mould of 2 mm thickness and 5 mm diameter. All samples were light-cured and polished with Sof-Lex discs. All materials were cultured with the exponential phase of S. mutans cultivation. Surface roughness values were assessed using Atomic Force Microscope (AFM, Ambios, USA) at time intervals (7hrs, 24 hrs, 7 days, 14 days and 21 days). The morphology of S. mutans on materials was observed after 24 hour incubation of S. mutan on materials under Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM, Quanta FEG 450). Within groups, results showed that both nanofilled materials had lower surface roughness and less adhesion of S. mutans compared to microfilled materials. This study would enhance the clinical knowledge especially in aesthetic area and improve the longevity of the dental restoration.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glass Ionomer Cements
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