Displaying publications 61 - 80 of 358 in total

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  1. Hui Yan T, Lim SJ, Babji AS, Rawi MH, Sarbini SR
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2021 Apr 01;175:422-431.
    PMID: 33561458 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.007
    Bioactive edible swiftlet's nest (ESN) sialylated-mucin (SiaMuc) hydrolysate is produced by alcalase hydrolysis. Enzymatic hydrolysis of ESN breakdown high-valued ESN SiaMuc-glycoprotein into bioactive SiaMuc-glycopeptide. This is a breakthrough for the issue of insolubility and low extraction rate in ESN, and even increases the bioavailability of ESN nutritional functionality and health benefits. Hydrolysis of ESN SiaMuc-glycoprotein was performed for 1 to 4 h and its effect on physicochemical properties, molecular weight (MW) distribution, SiaMuc-glycoprotein and glycopeptide integrity were determined. Other than improvement in solubility and bioavailability as SiaMuc-glycopeptide, results from SDS-PAGE revealed that MW of SiaMuc-glycoprotein decreased from 42.0-148.8 kDa to 17.7-142.7 kDa with increasing hydrolysis period. Further hydrolysis from maximized DH (90 min) showed an insignificant effect on the MW of ESN SiaMuc-glycopeptide and remained constant at 15.2 kDa. This highlights that enzymatic hydrolysis only influences macro SiaMuc-glycoprotein fractions (142.7, 115.3 and 102.7 kDa), while the majority of SiaMuc-glycopeptide fractions from 36.6-98.6 kDa remained intact. Conclusively, alcalase hydrolysis of ESN showed high recovery in the form of bioactive ESN SiaMuc-glycopeptide. Therefore, enzymatic biotechnology is an economic alternative applicable on ESN that broaden industrial utilization by reducing the MW without destroying the quality of bioactive SiaMuc-glycoprotein.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hydrolysis
  2. Yusof Nurhayati, Abdul Manaf Ali
    MyJurnal
    Many researchers have focused chitosan as a source of potential bioactive material during the past few decades. However, chitosan has several drawbacks to be utilised in biological applications, including poor solubility under physiological conditions. Therefore, a new interest has recently emerged on partially hydrolysed chitosan, chitosan oligosaccharides (COS). In this study, degradation of chitosan was performed by Cellulase from Trichoderma reesei® 1.5L and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) were employed to optimize the hydrolysis temperature, pH, enzyme concentration and substrate concentration. Optimization of cellulase T. reesei® using central composite design (CCD) was to obtain optimum parameters and all the factors showed significant effects (p˂0.05). The maximum response, Celluclast® activity (1.268 U) was obtained by assaying the process at 49.79oC, pH 4.5, 3% (v/w) of enzyme concentration and 25% (w/v) concentration of chitosan for 24 hours.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hydrolysis
  3. Alkarkhi AFM, Alqaraghuli WAA, Yusup Y, Abu Amr SS, Mahmud MN, Dewayantoa N
    Data Brief, 2019 Jun;24:103894.
    PMID: 31011604 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2019.103894
    This article presents data relating to the changes in absorbance of glucose during the acid hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse using sulphuric acid. This dataset also contains the moisture content, volatile matter, and fixed carbon of the sugarcane bagasse. The results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the interaction plots between reaction time, temperature, and ratio are also presented. The data revealed that absorbance of glucose is increasing by increasing the temperature and time. Moreover, the best ratio for the highest absorbance of glucose was achieved at 1:20.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hydrolysis
  4. Chen H, Zeng X, Zhou Y, Yang X, Lam SS, Wang D
    J Hazard Mater, 2020 07 15;394:122570.
    PMID: 32244145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122570
    The removal of antibiotics and resistance genes in wastewater treatment plants has attracted widespread attention, but the potential role of residual antibiotics in the disposal of waste activated sludge (WAS) has not been clearly understood. In this study, the effect of roxithromycin (ROX) on volatile fatty acid (VFA) recovery from WAS anaerobic fermentation was investigated. The experimental results showed that ROX made a positive contribution to the production of VFAs. With the increase of ROX dosages from 0 to 100 mg/kg TSS, the maximum accumulation of VFAs increased from 295 to 610 mg COD/L. Mechanism studies revealed that ROX promoted the solubilization of WAS by facilitating the disruption of extracellular polymeric substances. In addition, ROX enhanced the activity of acetate kinase and inhibited the activities of α-glucosidase and coenzyme F420, and showed a stronger inhibitory effect on methane production than the hydrolysis process, thus resulting in an increase in VFA accumulation. These findings provide a new insight for the role of antibiotics in anaerobic fermentation of WAS.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hydrolysis
  5. Chuo SC, Nasir HM, Mohd-Setapar SH, Mohamed SF, Ahmad A, Wani WA, et al.
    Crit Rev Anal Chem, 2020 Sep 20.
    PMID: 32954795 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1820851
    Naturally active compounds are usually contained inside plants and materials thereof. Thus, the extraction of the active compounds from plants needs appropriate extraction methods. The commonly employed extraction methods are mostly based on solid-liquid extraction. Frequently used conventional extraction methods such as maceration, heat-assisted extraction, Soxhlet extraction, and hydrodistillation are often criticized for large solvent consumption and long extraction times. Therefore, many advanced extraction methods incorporating various technologies such as ultrasound, microwaves, high pressure, high voltage, enzyme hydrolysis, innovative solvent systems, adsorption, and mechanical forces have been studied. These advanced extraction methods are often better than conventional methods in terms of higher yields, higher selectivity, lower solvent consumption, shorter processing time, better energy efficiency, and potential to avoid organic solvents. They are usually designed to be greener, more sustainable, and environment friendly. In this review, we have critically described recently developed extraction methods pertaining to obtaining active compounds from plants and materials thereof. Main factors that affect the extraction performances are tuned, and extraction methods are chosen in line with the properties of targeted active compounds or the objectives of extraction. The review also highlights the advancements in extraction procedures by using combinations of extraction methods to obtain high overall yields or high purity extracts.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hydrolysis
  6. Mohd Ishak NA, Khalil I, Abdullah FZ, Muhd Julkapli N
    Carbohydr Polym, 2020 Oct 15;246:116553.
    PMID: 32747237 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116553
    Catalytic ionic liquid hydrolysis of cellulosic material have been considered as a green and highly efficient dissolution process. However, application of a pre-treatment process, i.e; ultrasonication enhances the hydrolysis of cellulose in ionic liquid by providing mechanical force. In this paper, we describe the impact of both chemical and mechanical approaches to produce nanocrytalline cellulose (NCC) with anticipated particle size, and crystallinity with improved yields. The ultrasonication treatment was evaluated in terms of treatment time and vibration amplitude. It was found that the lowest ultrasonication time (5 min) produced the NCC of highest crystallinity (73 %), but the lowest yield (84 %). In contrary, the highest ultrasonication vibration amplitude at 90 % produced NCC with highest crystallinity value (67 %) as well as yields (90 %). It concludes that ultrasonic pre-treatment improves the hydrolysis process of cellulose in ionic liquid with increasing yield and crystallinity of NCC.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hydrolysis
  7. Ho YK, Doshi P, Yeoh HK, Ngoh GC
    Biotechnol Bioeng, 2015 Oct;112(10):2084-105.
    PMID: 25899009 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25616
    Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) is a process where microbes have to first excrete extracellular enzymes to break polymeric substrates such as starch or cellulose into edible nutrients, followed by in situ conversion of those nutrients into more valuable metabolites via fermentation. As such, SSF is very attractive as a one-pot synthesis method of biological products. However, due to the co-existence of multiple biochemical steps, modeling SSF faces two major challenges. The first is to capture the successive chain-end and/or random scission of the polymeric substrates over time, which determines the rate of generation of various fermentable substrates. The second is to incorporate the response of microbes, including their preferential substrate utilization, to such a complex broth. Each of the above-mentioned challenges has manifested itself in many related areas, and has been competently but separately attacked with two diametrically different tools, i.e., the Population Balance Modeling (PBM) and the Cybernetic Modeling (CM), respectively. To date, they have yet to be applied in unison on SSF resulting in a general inadequacy or haphazard approaches to examine the dynamics and interactions of depolymerization and fermentation. To overcome this unsatisfactory state of affairs, here, the general linkage between PBM and CM is established to model SSF. A notable feature is the flexible linkage, which allows the individual PBM and CM models to be independently modified to the desired levels of detail. A more general treatment of the secretion of extracellular enzyme is also proposed in the CM model. Through a case study on the growth of a recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae capable of excreting a chain-end scission enzyme (glucoamylase) on starch, the interlinked model calibrated using data from the literature (Nakamura et al., Biotechnol. Bioeng. 53:21-25, 1997), captured features not attainable by existing approaches. In particular, the effect of various enzymatic actions on the temporal evolution of the polymer distribution and how the microbes respond to the diverse polymeric environment can be studied through this framework.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hydrolysis
  8. Mohd Azhar SH, Abdulla R, Jambo SA, Marbawi H, Gansau JA, Mohd Faik AA, et al.
    Biochem Biophys Rep, 2017 Jul;10:52-61.
    PMID: 29114570 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2017.03.003
    Bioethanol has been identified as the mostly used biofuel worldwide since it significantly contributes to the reduction of crude oil consumption and environmental pollution. It can be produced from various types of feedstocks such as sucrose, starch, lignocellulosic and algal biomass through fermentation process by microorganisms. Compared to other types of microoganisms, yeasts especially Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the common microbes employed in ethanol production due to its high ethanol productivity, high ethanol tolerance and ability of fermenting wide range of sugars. However, there are some challenges in yeast fermentation which inhibit ethanol production such as high temperature, high ethanol concentration and the ability to ferment pentose sugars. Various types of yeast strains have been used in fermentation for ethanol production including hybrid, recombinant and wild-type yeasts. Yeasts can directly ferment simple sugars into ethanol while other type of feedstocks must be converted to fermentable sugars before it can be fermented to ethanol. The common processes involves in ethanol production are pretreatment, hydrolysis and fermentation. Production of bioethanol during fermentation depends on several factors such as temperature, sugar concentration, pH, fermentation time, agitation rate, and inoculum size. The efficiency and productivity of ethanol can be enhanced by immobilizing the yeast cells. This review highlights the different types of yeast strains, fermentation process, factors affecting bioethanol production and immobilization of yeasts for better bioethanol production.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hydrolysis
  9. Mudgil P, Baba WN, Kamal H, FitzGerald RJ, Hassan HM, Ayoub MA, et al.
    Food Chem, 2022 Jan 15;367:130661.
    PMID: 34348197 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130661
    Cow (CwC) and camel casein (CaC) hydrolysates were generated using Alcalase™ (CwCA and CaCA) and Pronase-E (CwCP and CaCP) each for 3 and 6 h, and investigated for their potential to inhibit key lipid digesting enzymes i.e., pancreatic lipase (PL) and cholesteryl esterase (CE). Results revealed stronger PL and CE inhibition by CaC hydrolysates compared to CwC. Potent hydrolysates (CwCP-3 h and CaCA-6 h) upon simulated gastrointestinal digestion (SGID) showed significant improvement in inhibition of both PL and CE. However, both the SGID hydrolysates showed similar extent of PL and CE inhibition and were further sequenced for peptide identification. Peptides MMML, FDML, HLPGRG from CwC and AAGF, MSNYF, FLWPEYGAL from CaC hydrolysates were predicted to be most active PL inhibitory peptides. Peptide LP found in both CwC and CaC hydrolysates was predicted as active CE inhibitor. Thus, CwC and CaC could be potential source of peptides with promising CE and PL inhibitory properties.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hydrolysis
  10. Amiza, M.A., Nurul Ashikin, S., Faazaz, A.L.
    MyJurnal
    This study aims to determine the combined effects of hydrolysis time, temperature, pH and ratio of enzyme to substrate on the degree of hydrolysis (DH) of silver catfish frame using Response Surface Methodology. The proximate compositions of silver catfish frame and silver catfish hydrolysate powder were determined as well. The effects of independent factors were described using a three-level factors Face Centered Central Composite design. The suggested hydrolysis conditions for obtaining the optimum DH using Alcalase® were – temperature of 55oC, hydrolysis time of 163 min, pH of substrate at 9.45 and an enzyme concentration of 2.0%. The generated model showed a quadratic fit with experimental data. Proximate analyses revealed that silver catfish frame contained 25.02% protein, 68.21% fat and 7.08% ash. While silver catfish frame hydrolysate powder contained 65.05% protein, 32.92% fat and 0.86% ash. The protein recovery in silver catfish frame hydrolysate was as high as 71.6%.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hydrolysis
  11. Saifullah, R., Abbas, F.M.A., Yeoh, S.Y., Azhar, M.E.
    MyJurnal
    Banana pulp (BP) noodles prepared by partial substitution of wheat flour with green Cavendish banana pulp flour were assessed pH, color, tensile strength and elasticity, and in-vitro hydrolysis index (HI) and estimated glycemic index (GI). BP noodles had lower L* (darker) and b* values (less yellow) but higher tensile strength and elasticity modulus than control noodles. Following an in-vitro starch hydrolysis studies, it was found that GI of BP noodles was lower than control noodles. Partial substitution of green banana pulp into noodles may be useful for controlling starch hydrolysis of yellow noodles.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hydrolysis
  12. Haslaniza, H., Maskat, M. Y, Wan Aida, W. M., Mamot, S., Saadiah, I.
    MyJurnal
    Cockle (Anadara granosa) meat wash water precipitate was hydrolyzed using bromelain. Experiments were carried out to determine optimum conditions for temperature, enzyme concentration and hydrolysis time using response surface methodology (RSM) based on a central composite rotatable design (CCRD) to obtain the highest value of nitrogen content (NC) and degree of hydrolysis (DH). Results revealed that the optimum conditions for temperature, enzyme concentration and hydrolysis time were 33.7°C, 1.45% (E/S) and 28.42 hrs, respectively. At the optimum condition, hydrolysis of cockle meat wash water precipitate using bromelain resulted in a NC of 0.6% and DH of 48%. The NC and DH were significantly influenced by temperature, enzyme concentration and hydrolysis time. When the bromelain concentration, hydrolysis time and temperature were increased, the values of NC and DH also increased. The hydrolysate produced contained flavor compounds found in clam and oyster which were 3-methylbutanol and 1-pentanol. The compound 3-MCPD was not found in the hydrolysate.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hydrolysis
  13. Ng, K.L., Mohd Khan, A.
    MyJurnal
    Utilization of palm kernel expeller (PKE), a palm oil milling by-product, may be diversified through the exploitation of its protein component. The PKE protein could be effectively extracted using an alkaline
    solution and followed by enzymatic hydrolysis to produce PKE protein hydrolysates or crude PKE peptide. The extraction of PKE protein was successfully carried out using an alkaline solution at pH11, at ratio of 1:10 (g/ml), PKE powder to alkaline solution with continuous shaking, 150 rpm, in a water bath operating at 50°C for 30 min. The extracted protein powder (PKEP) had 68.50±3.08% crude protein, 0.54±0.03% fat and 0.73±0.02% ash. The freeze-dried PKEP was re-suspend in particular buffer and hydrolyzed with proteolytic enzymes (Alcalase® 2.4L, Flavourzyme® 500MG, pepsin or trypsin) to obtain PKEP hydrolysate (PKEPH). The effect of enzyme concentration (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 & 10%) and time of hydrolysis (0, 6, 12, 24, 48 h) was studied to determine the most efficient hydrolytic conditions. Results showed that all enzymes tested were capable of hydrolyzing the PKEP and producing hydrolysates with different degree of hydrolysis (DH%). At 8.0% concentration, Alcalase®2.4L hydrolyzed PKEP into the highest DH (75.96%) hydrolysate (PKEPH) after 1h hydrolysis. Although only with 2.0% Alcalase 2.4 L concentration, it was sufficient to produce PKEP hydrolysate of 81.35% DH %, but it required 12 h to hydrolyze the protein. Pepsin was relatively the least efficient protease to hydrolyze the PKEP.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hydrolysis
  14. Herpandi, Huda, N., Rosma, A., Wan Nadiah W. A.
    MyJurnal
    Protein-rich by-products from the canning industry, especially dark flesh of skipjack, have limited uses due to several factors such as darken color, susceptibility to oxidation and off flavour. Protein hydrolysates from skipjack dark flesh was produced with different type of industrial proteases (Alcalase®2.4L FG, Protamex®, Neutrase®1.5MG and Flavourzyme®500MG) for 60, 120, 180 and 240 min with level of proteases used of 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2% per weight of raw material. The degree of hydrolysis and free tryptophan content of hydrolysate were investigated. The results shows longer time with higher concentration of enzyme has increased the degree of hydrolysis. Alcalase®2.4L FG had the highest degree of hydrolysis among all proteases followed by Protamex®, Flavourzyme®500MG and Neutrase® 1.5MG. All enzymes increase free tryptophan content linearly with the increament of protease enzyme level. The longer the hydrolysis time, the higher the content of free tryptophan produced.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hydrolysis
  15. Yetti, M., Nazamid, B.S., Roselina, K., Abdulkarim, S.M.
    MyJurnal
    The native sago starch exists as a compact crystalline structure and is not efficiently hydrolyzed by Raw Starch Degrading Enzyme (RSDE). In order to enhance its hydrolysability, the starch was treated with acid and heated below its gelatinization temperature, thus increasing the accessibility of the sago starch granule to enzymatic attack. Results showed that treatment of sago starch with acid at pH 2.0 and temperature 65oC for 2 hours greatly enhanced its conversion rate to glucose from 53.3% to 71.9%. It is clearly shown that high yield of glucose is produced during hydrolysis of acid-treated sago starch using the Raw Starch Degrading Enzyme from Acremonium sp. The difference between the acid-treated and untreated sago starch in this study could be due to the differences on the surface of the sago starch granule which may influence the accessibility and diffusion of enzyme into the starch during hydrolysis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hydrolysis
  16. Ethaib, S., Omar, R., Mazlina, M., Radiah, A., Syafiie, S., Harun, M. Y.
    MyJurnal
    Agriculture residues are a promising feedstock for value-added products from lignocellulosic waste. However, pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials is essential to facilitate enzymatic
    hydrolysis and improve sugar yield. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of acid or alkali during microwave-assisted pretreatment of dragon fruit foliage (DFF) that
    would make hydrolysis process more efficient. In the present study, distilled water and three chemicals were examined for their effects on releasing monomeric sugar during microwave
    treatment. Microwave-assisted pretreatment namely microwave-distilled water (M-H2O) (control); microwave-sulfuric acid (M-H2SO4); microwave-sodium hydroxide (M-NaOH); and
    microwave-sodium bicarbonate (M-NaHCO3) pretreatment were performed using 5% (w/v) of DFF as substrate at 800 watt microwave power for 5 minutes exposure time. Highest yield
    of monomeric sugar was found at 15.56 mg/g using M-NaOH pretreatment at 0.1N NaOH. For M-H2SO4 pretreatment, 0.1N H2SO4 produced 8.2 mg/g of monomeric sugar. Application
    of M-NaHCO3 pretreatment using 0.05N NaHCO3 solution released 6.45 mg/g of monomeric sugar. While, soaking DFF in distilled water and subjecting to microwave irradiation released
    6.6 mg/g of monomeric sugar. Treatments with the lowest concentration (0.01 N) of the three chemicals released only small quantities of total monomeric sugars and less than that with distilled water. The changes in the physical structure of DFF prior to and after the microwaveassisted pretreatment are also reported.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hydrolysis
  17. Normah Ismail, Juliana Mahmod, Awatif Khairul Fatihin Mustafa Kamal
    MyJurnal
    In this study, Hydrolysate from angelwing clam (Pholas orientalis) was produced at 0, 1, 2 and 3 hrs and E/S ratio of 0.5 and 3% using alcalase where the pH and temperature were kept constant at pH 8.5 and 60°C, respectively. The hydrolysates were analysed for antioxidant and functional properties such as solubility, emulsifying properties and water and oil holding capacity. Degree of hydrolysis (DH), yield, functional and antioxidant properties were influenced by the hydrolysis time and E/S ratio. Higher enzyme concentration (E/S 3%) and longer hydrolysis time increased the DH. Yield was higher at E/S 3% but reduced with hydrolysis time. Longer hydrolysis time produced more soluble hydrolysate and higher metal chelating activity but lower in emulsifying properties and DPPH activity. Higher enzyme concentration resulted in increase only in solubility and metal chelating activity. This study revealed that enzymatic hydrolysis using alcalase should be performed at shorter hydrolysis time using intermediate concentration of enzyme (E/S between 0.5 to 3%) in order to produce angelwing clam hydrolysate with collectively good functional and antioxidant properties
    Matched MeSH terms: Hydrolysis
  18. Mohamad Ikubar MR, Abdul Manan M, Md Salleh M, Yahya A
    3 Biotech, 2018 May;8(5):259.
    PMID: 29765817 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1268-1
    In current practice, oil palm frond leaflets and stems are re-used for soil nutrient recycling, while the petioles are typically burned. Frond petioles have high commercialization value, attributed to high lignocellulose fiber content and abundant of juice containing free reducing sugars. Pressed petiole fiber is the subject of interest in this study for the production of lignocellulolytic enzyme. The initial characterization showed the combination of 0.125 mm frond particle size and 60% moisture content provided a surface area of 42.3 m2/g, porosity of 12.8%, and density of 1.2 g/cm3, which facilitated fungal solid-state fermentation. Among the several species of Aspergillus and Trichoderma tested, Aspergillus awamori MMS4 yielded the highest xylanase (109 IU/g) and cellulase (12 IU/g), while Trichoderma virens UKM1 yielded the highest lignin peroxidase (222 IU/g). Crude enzyme cocktail also contained various sugar residues, mainly glucose and xylose (0.1-0.4 g/L), from the hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose. FT-IR analysis of the fermented petioles observed reduction in cellulose crystallinity (I900/1098), cellulose-lignin (I900/1511), and lignin-hemicellulose (I1511/1738) linkages. The study demonstrated successful bioconversion of chemically untreated frond petioles into lignin peroxidase and xylanase-rich enzyme cocktail under SSF condition.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hydrolysis
  19. Hafid HS, Nor 'Aini AR, Mokhtar MN, Talib AT, Baharuddin AS, Umi Kalsom MS
    Waste Manag, 2017 Sep;67:95-105.
    PMID: 28527863 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.05.017
    In Malaysia, the amount of food waste produced is estimated at approximately 70% of total municipal solid waste generated and characterised by high amount of carbohydrate polymers such as starch, cellulose, and sugars. Considering the beneficial organic fraction contained, its utilization as an alternative substrate specifically for bioethanol production has receiving more attention. However, the sustainable production of bioethanol from food waste is linked to the efficient pretreatment needed for higher production of fermentable sugar prior to fermentation. In this work, a modified sequential acid-enzymatic hydrolysis process has been developed to produce high concentration of fermentable sugars; glucose, sucrose, fructose and maltose. The process started with hydrothermal and dilute acid pretreatment by hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sulphuric acid (H2SO4) which aim to degrade larger molecules of polysaccharide before accessible for further steps of enzymatic hydrolysis by glucoamylase. A kinetic model is proposed to perform an optimal hydrolysis for obtaining high fermentable sugars. The results suggested that a significant increase in fermentable sugar production (2.04-folds) with conversion efficiency of 86.8% was observed via sequential acid-enzymatic pretreatment as compared to dilute acid pretreatment (∼42.4% conversion efficiency). The bioethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae utilizing fermentable sugar obtained shows ethanol yield of 0.42g/g with conversion efficiency of 85.38% based on the theoretical yield was achieved. The finding indicates that food waste can be considered as a promising substrate for bioethanol production.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hydrolysis
  20. Cheong, Chooi Wei, Siti Aqlima Ahmad, Ooi, Peck Toung, Phang, Lai Yee
    MyJurnal
    Feather waste is a potential renewable source to recover valuable products because it is being a rich source of keratin proteins and amino acids. It can be used to make feather meal, fertilizer and yarn sizing agent. Various treatments have been used to recover the protein from chicken feathers as the keratinous feathers cannot be easily degraded due to its tough structure. This paper reviews the existing treatment methods used to hydrolyze chicken feathers. The treatment methods for feather hydrolysis such as physical, chemical, biological and combined treatments as well as their advantages and challenges are highlighted. The effects of these treatments on feather hydrolysis are complex and vary in regards to the performance of feather hydrolysis and product yielded. Hence, it is important to choose an appropriate treatment method since the type of treatment applied affects the product yielded qualitatively and quantitatively. In addition, the economic assessment and environmental impact of the choice of treatment should be considered also.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hydrolysis
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