Displaying publications 61 - 80 of 1373 in total

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  1. Abdulhameed AS, Jawad AH, Mohammad AT
    Bioresour Technol, 2019 Dec;293:122071.
    PMID: 31491651 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122071
    Chitosan-ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether/TiO2 nanoparticles (CS-EGDE/TNP) composite was synthesized to be biosorbent for the removal of reactive orange 16 (RO16) dye from aqueous solution. The CS-EGDE/TNP composite was characterized via BET, XRD, FTIR, and SEM-EDX techniques. Response surface methodology (RSM) with Box-Behnken design (BBD) was applied to optimize the adsorption key parameters such as adsorbent dose (A: 0.02-0.08 g/L), RO16 dye concentration (B: 20-80 mg/L), solution pH (C: 4-10), temperature (D: 30-50 °C), and contact time (E: 30-90 min). The adsorption isotherm followed Freundlich model and pseudo-second order (PSO) kinetic model. The adsorption capacity of CS-EGDE/TNP for RO16 dye was 1407.4 mg/g at 40 °C. The adsorption mechanism of RO16 dye on the surface of CS-EGDE/TNP can be attributed to various interactions such as electrostatic attraction, n-π interaction, Yoshida H-bonding, and H-bonding. Results supported the potential use of CS-EGDE/TNP as effective adsorbent for the treatment of acid reactive dye.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanoparticles*
  2. Ng PQ, Ling LSC, Chellian J, Madheswaran T, Panneerselvam J, Kunnath AP, et al.
    Curr Pharm Des, 2020;26(36):4580-4590.
    PMID: 32520681 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200610111013
    Many plant-based bioactive compounds have been serving as the origin of drugs since long ago and many of them have been proven to have medicinal value against various chronic diseases, including, cancer, arthritis, hepatic diseases, type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. However, their clinical applications have been limited due to their poor water solubility, stability, low bioavailability and extensive transformation due to the first-pass metabolism. The applications of nanocarriers have been proven to be able to improve the delivery of bioactive phytoconstituents, resulting in the enhancement of various pharmacokinetic properties and thereby increasing the therapeutic value of phytoconstituents. These biocompatible nanocarriers also exert low toxicity to healthy cells. This review focuses on the uses and applications of different types of nanocarriers to enhance the delivery of phytoconstituents for the treatment of various chronic diseases, along with comparisons related to bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of nano phytoconstituents with native phytoconstituents.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanoparticles*
  3. Khalid K, Tan X, Mohd Zaid HF, Tao Y, Lye Chew C, Chu DT, et al.
    Bioengineered, 2020 12;11(1):328-355.
    PMID: 32138595 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2020.1736240
    With the unique properties such as high surface area to volume ratio, stability, inertness, ease of functionalization, as well as novel optical, electrical, and magnetic behaviors, nanomaterials have a wide range of applications in various fields with the common types including nanotubes, dendrimers, quantum dots, and fullerenes. With the aim of providing useful insights to help future development of efficient and commercially viable technology for large-scale production, this review focused on the science and applications of inorganic and organic nanomaterials, emphasizing on their synthesis, processing, characterization, and applications on different fields. The applications of nanomaterials on imaging, cell and gene delivery, biosensor, cancer treatment, therapy, and others were discussed in depth. Last but not least, the future prospects and challenges in nanoscience and nanotechnology were also explored.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanoparticles/chemistry
  4. Sharma C, Ansari S, Ansari MS, Satsangee SP, Srivastava MM
    Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2020 Nov;116:111153.
    PMID: 32806256 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111153
    In present work, we demonstrate a single step environmentally benign approach to synthesize Au/Ag bimetallic nanoparticles (BMNPs) using aqueous extract of Clove buds for the first time. Clove bud's (CB) extract has proficiency to act as a reducing and stabilizing agent for the formation of Au/Ag BMNPs. In presence of extract, AuIII and AgI are reduced competitively within same solution and produce Au/Ag alloy NPs. The kinetics besides the formation of NPs was studied using UV-visible spectroscopy and efficiency of the extract was monitored by varying contact time, temperature, pH and extract concentration. The electron microscopic studies revealed the presence of NPs with peculiar morphology at alkaline pH. Further, the existence of Au and Ag atoms was investigated using energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) techniques. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed that Eugenol in the extract is mainly responsible for the production of NPs which are also surrounded by various phytochemicals. Zeta potential of all the NPs is found to be negative which prevents their agglomeration due to inter-repulsion and the biosynthesized Au/Ag BMNPs revealed greater catalytic efficiency for the degradation of methyl orange (MO), methylene blue (MB) and reduction of p-nitrophenol (p-NP). Significant enhancement induced by BMNPs compared to individual monometallic nanoparticles (MMNPs) was assigned to the synergistic effect of MMNPs and coating of phytochemicals present in the CB extract.
    Matched MeSH terms: Metal Nanoparticles*
  5. Tan Sian Hui Abdullah HS, Aqlili Riana Mohd Asseri SN, Khursyiah Wan Mohamad WN, Kan SY, Azmi AA, Yong Julius FS, et al.
    Environ Pollut, 2021 Feb 15;271:116295.
    PMID: 33383429 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116295
    This manuscript describes the reuse of biowaste for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and their applications. In particular, we hypothesized that the phytochemicals in the onion peels could act as reductant for silver nanoparticles syntheses. AgNO3 solution (1 mmol) was added dropwise to an aqueous solution of onion peel extract in 3:7 ratio. The reaction mixture was subjected to heating at 90 °C for about 30 min. During the synthesis of the AgNPs, the change of the colour of solution was observed. The AgNPs solution was centrifuged to obtain the two layers, which consists of clear solution and solid layers at 12000 rpm for 30 min. The precipitate was filtered and was re-dispersed in deionised water (25 mL). The solution was centrifuged again to obtain the purified AgNPs. Subsequently, this solution was freeze dried for 48 h to afford the powdered AgNPs. In this work, the structure of the AgNPs were synthesized in spherical shape, with an average size of 12.5 nm observed in the Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. For catalytic application, the synthesized AgNPs could be applied as green catalyst to promote Knoevenagel and Hantzsch reactions. In most cases, the desired products were obtained in satisfactory yields. In addition, the AgNPs were found to be recyclable for the subsequent reactions. After five successive runs, the average isolated yields for both transformations were recorded to be 91% (Knoevenagel condensation) and 94% (Hantzsch reaction), which indicated that the existing AgNPs could apply as green catalyst in the field of organic synthesis. Furthermore, the AgNPs also showed satisfactory result in antioxidant activity. The current results indicate that the AgNPs can act as alternative antioxidant agent and green catalyst in mediating organic transformations.
    Matched MeSH terms: Metal Nanoparticles*
  6. Kian LK, Saba N, Jawaid M, Alothman OY, Fouad H
    Carbohydr Polym, 2020 Aug 01;241:116423.
    PMID: 32507177 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116423
    Olive fiber is a sustainable material as well as alternative biomass for extraction of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC), which has been widely applied in various industries. In the present study, ONC-I, ONC-II, and ONC-III were extracted from olive stem fiber at different hydrolysis reaction times of 30 min, 45 min, and 60 min, respectively. The nanoparticle size was found gradually reducing from ONC-I (11.35 nm width, 168.28 nm length) to ONC-III (6.92 nm width, 124.16 nm length) due to the disintegration of cellulose fibrils. ONC-II and ONC-III possessed highly pure cellulose compartments and enhanced crystals structure. This study also showed that rigidity increased from ONC-I to ONC-II. ONC-III showed the highest crystallinity of 83.1 %, endowing it as a potentially reliable load-bearing agent. Moreover, ONC-III exhibited highest stable heat resistance among the chemically-isolated nanocellulose. We concluded that olive NCC could be promising materials for a variety of industrial applications in various fields.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanoparticles/chemistry*
  7. Hussain Z, Rahim MA, Jan N, Shah H, Rawas-Qalaji M, Khan S, et al.
    J Control Release, 2021 07 10;335:130-157.
    PMID: 34015400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.05.018
    Despite enormous advancements in the field of oncology, the innocuous and effectual treatment of various types of malignancies remained a colossal challenge. The conventional modalities such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery have been remained the most viable options for cancer treatment, but lacking of target-specificity, optimum safety and efficacy, and pharmacokinetic disparities are their impliable shortcomings. Though, in recent decades, numerous encroachments in the field of onco-targeted drug delivery have been adapted but several limitations (i.e., short plasma half-life, early clearance by reticuloendothelial system, immunogenicity, inadequate internalization and localization into the onco-tissues, chemoresistance, and deficient therapeutic efficacy) associated with these onco-targeted delivery systems limits their clinical viability. To abolish the aforementioned inadequacies, a promising approach has been emerged in which stealthing of synthetic nanocarriers has been attained by cloaking them into the natural cell membranes. These biomimetic nanomedicines not only retain characteristics features of the synthetic nanocarriers but also inherit the cell-membrane intrinsic functionalities. In this review, we have summarized preparation methods, mechanism of cloaking, and pharmaceutical and therapeutic superiority of cell-membrane camouflaged nanomedicines in improving the bio-imaging and immunotherapy against various types of malignancies. These pliable adaptations have revolutionized the current drug delivery strategies by optimizing the plasma circulation time, improving the permeation into the cancerous microenvironment, escaping the immune evasion and rapid clearance from the systemic circulation, minimizing the immunogenicity, and enabling the cell-cell communication via cell membrane markers of biomimetic nanomedicines. Moreover, the preeminence of cell-membrane cloaked nanomedicines in improving the bio-imaging and theranostic applications, alone or in combination with phototherapy or radiotherapy, have also been pondered.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanoparticles*
  8. Sharma A, Hawthorne S, Jha SK, Jha NK, Kumar D, Girgis S, et al.
    Nanomedicine (Lond), 2021 08;16(20):1763-1773.
    PMID: 34296625 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0066
    Aim: This study was aimed at evaluating the anticancer potential of curcumin-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) based nanoparticles (NPs) in MDA-MB231 human breast cancer cells. Methods: Curcumin-loaded PLGA NPs were developed using a modified solvent evaporation technique. Physical characterization was performed on the formulated NPs. Furthermore, in vitro experiments were conducted to study the biological activity of the curcumin-loaded NPs. Results: Curcumin-loaded PLGA NPs demonstrated high encapsulation efficiency and sustained payload release. Moreover, the NPs exhibited a significant reduction in cell viability, cell migration and cell invasion in the MDA-MB231 cells. Conclusion: The study revealed that the formulated curcumin-loaded PLGA NPs possessed significant anti-metastatic properties. The findings showcased the possible potential of curcumin-loaded NPs in the management of debilitating conditions such as cancer. In addition, this study could form the basis for further research and advancements in this area.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanoparticles*
  9. Hossain SM, Mozar FS, Chowdhury EH
    J Nanosci Nanotechnol, 2019 11 01;19(11):6881-6892.
    PMID: 32098646 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2019.16718
    Inorganic nanoparticles are commonly employed as vectors for delivering drugs into cancer cells while decreasing undesired cytotoxicity in healthy tissues. Carbonate apatite is an attractive nonviral vector that releases drugs at acidic environment inside the cells following endocytosis. However, maintaining the smaller particle size is crucial for enhancing cellular uptake of drugs as well as prolonging their systemic circulation time. We aimed to modify carbonate apatite with citrate for reducing the growth kinetics of carbonate apatite particles and enhancing the cellular uptake of cyclophosphamide via endocytosis. Several concentrations of sodium citrate were used to fabricate citrate-modified carbonate apatite (CMCA) particle complexes in absence or presence of cyclophosphamide. The binding affinity of the drug towards the particles and its cellular uptake were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The nanoparticles' average size and zeta potential were determined by Malvern Zetasizer. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was performed to justify association of citrate with carbonate apatite. MTT assay was performed to evaluate the cell viability. CMCA exhibited 6% more binding efficiency for cyclophosphamide and promoted fast cellular uptake of cyclophosphamide with enhanced cytotoxicity in MCF-7 cells, compared to unmodified carbonate apatite. Therefore, CMCA nanoparticles have a high potential for intracellular delivery of anti-cancer drugs and demand for further investigated in animal models of cancer.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanoparticles*
  10. Khavarian M, Chai SP, Mohamed AR
    J Nanosci Nanotechnol, 2013 Jul;13(7):4825-37.
    PMID: 23901504
    The utilization of carbon dioxide for the production of valuable chemicals via catalysts is one of the efficient ways to mitigate the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. It is known that the carbon dioxide conversion and product yields are still low even if the reaction is operated at high pressure and temperature. The carbon dioxide utilization and conversion provides many challenges in exploring new concepts and opportunities for development of unique catalysts for the purpose of activating the carbon dioxide molecules. In this paper, the role of carbon-based nanocatalysts in the hydrogenation of carbon dioxide and direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from carbon dioxide and methanol are reviewed. The current catalytic results obtained with different carbon-based nanocatalysts systems are presented and how these materials contribute to the carbon dioxide conversion is explained. In addition, different strategies and preparation methods of nanometallic catalysts on various carbon supports are described to optimize the dispersion of metal nanoparticles and catalytic activity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry*
  11. Kumar AVP, Dubey SK, Tiwari S, Puri A, Hejmady S, Gorain B, et al.
    Int J Pharm, 2021 Sep 05;606:120848.
    PMID: 34216762 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120848
    Photothermal therapy (PTT) is a minimally invasive procedure for treating cancer. The two significant prerequisites of PTT are the photothermal therapeutic agent (PTA) and near-infrared radiation (NIR). The PTA absorbs NIR, causing hyperthermia in the malignant cells. This increased temperature at the tumor microenvironment finally results in tumor cell damage. Nanoparticles play a crucial role in PTT, aiding in the passive and active targeting of the PTA to the tumor microenvironment. Through enhanced permeation and retention effect and surface-engineering, specific targeting could be achieved. This novel delivery tool provides the advantages of changing the shape, size, and surface attributes of the carriers containing PTAs, which might facilitate tumor regression significantly. Further, inclusion of surface engineering of nanoparticles is facilitated through ligating ligands specific to overexpressed receptors on the cancer cell surface. Thus, transforming nanoparticles grants the ability to combine different treatment strategies with PTT to enhance cancer treatment. This review emphasizes properties of PTAs, conjugated biomolecules of PTAs, and the combinatorial techniques for a better therapeutic effect of PTT using the nanoparticle platform.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanoparticles*
  12. Ong SB, Lu S, Katwadi K, Ismail NI, Kwek XY, Hausenloy DJ
    Future Cardiol, 2017 05;13(3):195-198.
    PMID: 28569551 DOI: 10.2217/fca-2017-0012
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanoparticles*
  13. Bapat RA, Joshi CP, Bapat P, Chaubal TV, Pandurangappa R, Jnanendrappa N, et al.
    Drug Discov Today, 2019 01;24(1):85-98.
    PMID: 30176358 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.08.012
    Maintenance of oral health is a major challenge in dentistry. Different materials have been used to treat various dental diseases, although treatment success is limited by features of the biomaterials used. To overcome these limitations, materials incorporated with nanoparticles (NPs) can be used in dental applications including endodontics, periodontics, tissue engineering, oral surgery, and imaging. The unique properties of NPs, including their surface:volume ratio, antibacterial action, physical, mechanical, and biological characteristics, and unique particle size have rendered them effective vehicles for dental applications. In this review, we provide insights into the various applications of NPs in dentistry, including their benefits, limitations, properties, actions and future potential.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanoparticles/therapeutic use*
  14. Jamila N, Khan N, Hwang IM, Saba M, Khan F, Amin F, et al.
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2020 Mar 15;147:853-866.
    PMID: 31739066 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.245
    Gums; composed of polysaccharides, carbohydrates, proteins, and minerals, are high molecular weight hydrophilic compounds with several biological applications. This study describes the nutritional and toxic elements content, chemical composition, synthesis of silver nanoparticles (G-AgNPs), and pharmacological and catalytic properties of Prunus armeniaca (apricot), Prunus domestica (plums), Prunus persica (peaches), Acacia modesta (phulai), Acacia arabica (kikar), and Salmalia malabarica (silk cotton tree) gums. The elemental contents were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and ICP-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). NMR spectroscopy was used for the identification of class of compounds in the mixture, their functional groups were determined through FTIR techniques, and plasmon resonance and size of G-AgNPs through UV-Vis spectroscopic technique and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). From the results, nutritional elements were present at appreciable concentrations, whereas toxic elements showed content below the maximum permissible ranges. Using the elemental data, linear discriminant and principal component analyses classified the gums to 99.9% variability index. Furthermore, G-AgNPs exhibited significant antioxidant, antibacterial, and redox catalytic potential. Hence, the subject G-AgNPs could have promising nutritional, therapeutic and environmental remediation applications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry*
  15. Al-Wrafy FA, Al-Gheethi AA, Ponnusamy SK, Noman EA, Fattah SA
    Chemosphere, 2022 Feb;288(Pt 2):132603.
    PMID: 34678351 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132603
    Biofilm represents one of the crucial factors for the emergence of multi-drug resistance bacterial infections. The high mortality, morbidity and medical device-related infections are associated with biofilm formation, which requires primarily seek alternative treatment strategies. Recently, nanotechnology has emerged as a promising method for eradicating bacterial biofilm-related infection. The efficacy of nanoparticles (NPs) against bacterial infections interest great attention, and the researches on the subject are rapidly increasing. However, the majority of studies continue to focus on the antimicrobial effects of NPs in vitro, while only a few achieved in vivo and very few registered as clinical trials. The present review aimed to organize the scattered available information regarding NPs approach to eradicate bacterial biofilm-related infections. The current review highlighted the advantages and disadvantages associated with this approach, in addition to the challenges that prevent reaching the clinical applications. It was appeared that the production of NPs either as antimicrobials or as drug carriers requires further investigations to overcome the obstacles associated with their kinetic and biocompatibility.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanoparticles*
  16. Obaid A, Mohd Jamil AK, Saharin SM, Mohamad S
    Chirality, 2021 11;33(11):810-823.
    PMID: 34486177 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23354
    A simple, inexpensive but effective approach for visual chiral recognition of ketoprofen enantiomers was developed using L-cysteine capped silver nanoparticles (L-Cys-AgNPs) as a colorimetric sensor. Upon the addition of R-ketoprofen to L-Cys-AgNPs, rapid aggregation occurred, and the solution changed color from yellow to green. However, the presence of S-ketoprofen did not induce any color change. The results were characterized using UV-Vis, FESEM, FT-IR, SERS, and zeta potential measurements. The chiral assay described in this work is easily distinguished with the naked eyes or using a UV-Vis spectrometer. The sensor revealed a good linear response to ketoprofen enantiomers in the concentration range of 8.33-33.3 μM with a detection limit of 4.52 μM and relative standard deviation of 3.73%. The proposed method was utilized for the determination of ketoprofen racemic mixtures in water samples and commercial tablets. The method excels by its simplicity, low cost, and good availability of materials.
    Matched MeSH terms: Metal Nanoparticles*
  17. Hui KC, Ang WL, Yahya WZN, Sambudi NS
    Chemosphere, 2022 Mar;290:133377.
    PMID: 34952025 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133377
    The present work demonstrates the coupling of titanium dioxide, TiO2 nanoparticles (TNP) with N-doped, Bi-doped, and N-Bi co-doped rice husk-derived carbon dots (CDs) via a facile dispersion method, forming respective photocatalyst composites of CDs/TNP, N-CDs/TNP, Bi-CDs/TNP and N-Bi-CDs/TNP. Characterization analyzes verified the successful incorporation of respective CDs samples into TNP, forming photocatalyst composite with narrowed band gap and quenched photoluminescence intensity. Photocatalytic activity of TNP and the respective composites was investigated for photodegradation of diclofenac (DCF) under both simulated sunlight and natural sunlight irradiation. The as-prepared N-Bi-CDs/TNP composite showed the best photocatalytic performance among all composites, able to completely degrade 5 ppm of DCF within 60 min and 180 min under both types of visible light irradiation, respectively. The N-Bi-CDs/TNP composite also showed a TOC removal efficiency up to 87.63%. N-Bi-CDs, worked as photosensitizer and electron reservoir, contributed to the outstanding photocatalytic activity of N-Bi-CDs/TNP, whereby the recombination was prolonged and light absorption was shifted towards the visible light region. Furthermore, the composite of N-Bi-CDs/TNP also demonstrated good stability and reusability over repeated degradation cycles. The photodegradation of DCF resulted into several intermediates, which were identified from LC-MS analysis. The present work could provide an insight on the application of heteroatoms doped and co-doped carbon dots in semiconductor oxide as high performance photocatalysts.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanoparticles*
  18. Chen YW, Lee HV, Abd Hamid SB
    Carbohydr Polym, 2017 Dec 15;178:57-68.
    PMID: 29050615 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.09.029
    For the first time, a highly efficient Cr(NO3)3 catalysis system was proposed for optimization the yield and crystallinity of nanocellulose end product. A five-level three-factor central composite design coupled with response surface methodology was employed to elucidate parameters interactions between three design factors, namely reaction temperature (x1), reaction time (x2) and concentration of Cr(NO3)3 (x3) over a broad range of process conditions and determine the effect on crystallinity index and product yield. The developed models predicted the maximum nanocellulose yield of 87% at optimum process conditions of 70.6°C, 1.48h, and 0.48M Cr(NO3)3. At these conditions, the obtained nanocellulose presented high crystallinity index (75.3%), spider-web-like interconnected network morphology with the average width of 31.2±14.3nm. In addition, the yielded nanocellulose rendered a higher thermal stability than that of original cellulosic source and expected to be widely used as reinforcement agent in bio-nanocomposites materials.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanoparticles/chemistry*
  19. Chellappan DK, Panneerselvam J, Madheswaran T, Chellian J, Ambar Jeet Singh BJ, Jia Yee N, et al.
    Minerva Med, 2018 06;109(3):254-255.
    PMID: 29849021 DOI: 10.23736/S0026-4806.18.05462-9
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanoparticles*
  20. Tabbakh F, Hosmane NS, Tajudin SM, Ghorashi AH, Morshedian N
    Sci Rep, 2022 Oct 18;12(1):17404.
    PMID: 36258012 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22429-0
    There are two major problems in proton therapy. (1) In comparison with the gamma-ray therapy, proton therapy has only ~ 10% greater biological effectiveness, and (2) the risk of the secondary neutrons in proton therapy is another unsolved problem. In this report, the increase of biological effectiveness in proton therapy has been evaluated with better performance than 11B in the presence of two proposed nanomaterials of 157GdF4 and 157Gd doped carbon with the thermal neutron reduction due to the presence of 157Gd isotope. The present study is based on the microanalysis calculations using GEANT4 Monte Carlo tool and GEANT4-DNA package for the strand breaks measurement. It was found that the proposed method will increase the effectiveness corresponding to the alpha particles by more than 100% and also, potentially will decrease the thermal neutrons fluence, significantly. Also, in this work, a discussion is presented on a significant contribution of the secondary alpha particles in total effectiveness in proton therapy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanoparticles*
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