Displaying publications 61 - 80 of 4445 in total

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  1. Endocrine hypertension--current understanding and comprehensive management review
    Sukor N
    Eur J Intern Med, 2011 Oct;22(5):433-40.
    PMID: 21925049 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2011.05.004
    Hypertension is a very common disease, leading to significant morbidity with reduction in quality of life. In addition to being a major cause of morbidity and mortality, hypertension places a heavy burden on health care systems, families, and society as a whole. In patients with hypertension, the ability to identify a contributing or secondary cause that is potentially curable or amenable to specific forms of management is of great importance. Endocrine hypertension has emerged as one of the common forms of secondary hypertension. Primary aldosteronism, pheochromocytoma and Cushing's syndrome are among the common causes of endocrine hypertension. The application of new clinical, biochemical, and radiologic approaches has significantly advanced our understanding of the pathophysiology and clinical spectrum of these diseases and improved the management strategies of these challenging conditions.
    Matched MeSH terms: Blood Pressure/physiology*
  2. Associable representations as field of influence for dynamic cognitive processes
    Cacha LA, Poznanski RR
    J Integr Neurosci, 2011 Dec;10(4):423-37.
    PMID: 22262534
    In earlier models, synaptic plasticity forms the basis for cellular signaling underlying learning and memory. However, synaptic computation of learning and memory in the brain remains controversial. In this paper, we discuss ways in which synaptic plasticity remodels subcellular networks by deflecting trajectories in neuronal state-space as regulating patterns for the synthesis of dynamic continuity that form cognitive networks of associable representations through endogenous dendritic coding to consolidate memory.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cerebral Cortex/physiology; Cognition/physiology*; Dendrites/physiology; Learning/physiology; Neuronal Plasticity/physiology*; Neurons/physiology*; Synapses/physiology
  3. Fulltext The validity and reliability of motion analysis in patellar tendon reflex assessment
    Tham LK, Abu Osman NA, Wan Abas WA, Lim KS
    PLoS One, 2013;8(2):e55702.
    PMID: 23409022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055702
    The deep tendon reflex assessments that are essential to the accurate diagnosis of neurological or neuromuscular disorders are conducted subjectively in clinical neurology. Our aim was to assess deep tendon reflexes objectively with a new reflex quantification method.
    Matched MeSH terms: Patellar Ligament/physiology*
  4. The effects of modified exponential tapering technique on perceived exertion, heart rate, time trial performance, VO2max and power output among highly trained junior cyclists
    Ishak A, Hashim HA, Krasilshchikov O
    J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 2016 Sep;56(9):961-7.
    PMID: 26004044
    BACKGROUND: The present study investigated the effects of a 2-week modified exponential taper on physiological adaptation and time trial performance among junior cyclists.

    METHODS: Participants (N.=27) with the mean age of 16.95±0.8 years, height of 165.6±6.1 cm and weight of 54.19±8.1 kg were matched into either modified exponential taper (N.=7), normal exponential taper (N.=7), or control (N.=7) groups using their initial VO2max values. Both experimental groups followed a 12-week progressive endurance training program and subsequently, a 2-week tapering phase. A simulated 20-km time trial performance along with VO2max, power output, heart rate and rating of perceived exertion were measured at baseline, pre and post-taper. One way ANOVA was used to analyze the difference between groups before the start of the intervention while mixed factorial ANOVA was used to analyze the difference between groups across measurement sessions. When homogeneity assumption was violated, the Greenhouse-Geisser Value was used for the corrected values of the degrees of freedom for the within subject factor the analysis.

    RESULTS: Significant interactions between experimental groups and testing sessions were found in VO2max (F=6.67, df=4, P<0.05), power output (F=5.02, df=4, P<0.05), heart rate (F=10.87, df=2.51, P<0.05) rating of perceived exertion (F=13.04, df=4, P<0.05) and 20KM time trial (F=4.64, df=2.63, P<0.05). Post-hoc analysis revealed that both types of taper exhibited positive effects compared to the non-taper condition in the measured performance markers at post-taper while no different were found between the two taper groups.

    CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that both taper protocols successfully inducing physiological adaptations among the junior cyclists by reducing the volume and maintaining the intensity of training.

    Matched MeSH terms: Adaptation, Physiological/physiology; Bicycling/physiology*; Physical Exertion/physiology*; Heart Rate/physiology*; Oxygen Consumption/physiology*; Physical Endurance/physiology; Athletic Performance/physiology*
  5. Fulltext Markerless human motion tracking using hierarchical multi-swarm cooperative particle swarm optimization
    Saini S, Zakaria N, Rambli DR, Sulaiman S
    PLoS One, 2015;10(5):e0127833.
    PMID: 25978493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127833
    The high-dimensional search space involved in markerless full-body articulated human motion tracking from multiple-views video sequences has led to a number of solutions based on metaheuristics, the most recent form of which is Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). However, the classical PSO suffers from premature convergence and it is trapped easily into local optima, significantly affecting the tracking accuracy. To overcome these drawbacks, we have developed a method for the problem based on Hierarchical Multi-Swarm Cooperative Particle Swarm Optimization (H-MCPSO). The tracking problem is formulated as a non-linear 34-dimensional function optimization problem where the fitness function quantifies the difference between the observed image and a projection of the model configuration. Both the silhouette and edge likelihoods are used in the fitness function. Experiments using Brown and HumanEva-II dataset demonstrated that H-MCPSO performance is better than two leading alternative approaches-Annealed Particle Filter (APF) and Hierarchical Particle Swarm Optimization (HPSO). Further, the proposed tracking method is capable of automatic initialization and self-recovery from temporary tracking failures. Comprehensive experimental results are presented to support the claims.
    Matched MeSH terms: Movement/physiology*
  6. The Concept of Qailulah (Midday Napping) from Neuroscientific and Islamic Perspectives
    Tumiran MA, Rahman NNA, Saat RM, Kabir N, Zulkifli MY, Adli DSH
    J Relig Health, 2018 Aug;57(4):1363-1375.
    PMID: 26266758 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-015-0093-7
    Napping/siesta during the day is a phenomenon, which is widely practised in the world. However, the timing, frequency, and duration may vary. The basis of napping is also diverse, but it is mainly done for improvement in alertness and general well-being. Neuroscience reveals that midday napping improves memory, enhances alertness, boosts wakefulness and performance, and recovers certain qualities of lost night sleep. Interestingly, Islam, the religion of the Muslims, advocates midday napping primarily because it was a practice preferred by Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). The objectives of this review were to investigate and compare identical key points on focused topic from both neuroscientific and Islamic perspectives and make recommendations for future researches.
    Matched MeSH terms: Wakefulness/physiology*
  7. Perceptual and Cardiorespiratory Responses to High-Intensity Interval Exercise in Adolescents: Does Work Intensity Matter?
    Malik AA, Williams CA, Weston KL, Barker AR
    J Sports Sci Med, 2019 03;18(1):1-12.
    PMID: 30787646
    High-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) may not elicit prominent unpleasant feelings even with elevated perceived exertion and physiological stress in adolescents. However, the influence of different HIIE work intensities on the affective experience and cardiorespiratory responses is unknown. This study examined the acute affective, enjoyment, perceived exertion and cardiorespiratory responses to HIIE with different work intensities in adolescents. Participants (n = 16; 8 boys; age 12.0 ± 0.3 years) performed, on separate days, HIIE conditions consisting of 8 x 1-minute work-intervals at 70%, 85%, or 100% peak power separated by 75 seconds recovery at 20 W. Affect, enjoyment and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded before, during, and after HIIE. Heart rate (HR) and oxygen uptake were collected during HIIE. Affect declined in all conditions (p < 0.01) but 100%HIIE elicited significantly lower affect than 70%HIIE and 85%HIIE at work-interval 8 (all p < 0.02, ES > 1.74; 70%HIIE = 2.5 ± 0.8; 85%HIIE = 1.1 ± 1.5; 100%HIIE = -1.5 ± 1.4 on feeling scale). Similar enjoyment was evident during and after all conditions (all p > 0.44). RPE was significantly higher during 100%HIIE than 70%HIIE and 85%HIIE across all work-intervals (all p < 0.01, ES > 1.56). The majority of the participants attained ≥90%HRmax during 85%HIIE (87%) and 100%HIIE (100%), but not during 70%HIIE (6%). Affect responses during HIIE are dependent on the intensity of the work-interval and are not entirely negative (unpleasant feelings). Despite similar enjoyment, positive affect experienced during 70%HIIE and 85%HIIE could serve as a strategy to encourage exercise adoption and adherence in adolescents, but only 85%HIIE elicits sufficient HR stimulus to facilitate potential health benefits.
    Matched MeSH terms: Affect/physiology*; Physical Exertion/physiology*; Heart Rate/physiology; Motivation/physiology; Oxygen Consumption/physiology; Perception/physiology*; Pleasure/physiology*
  8. Aging of the cells: Insight into cellular senescence and detection Methods
    Mohamad Kamal NS, Safuan S, Shamsuddin S, Foroozandeh P
    Eur J Cell Biol, 2020 Aug;99(6):151108.
    PMID: 32800277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2020.151108
    Cellular theory of aging states that human aging is the result of cellular aging, in which an increasing proportion of cells reach senescence. Senescence, from the Latin word senex, means "growing old," is an irreversible growth arrest which occurs in response to damaging stimuli, such as DNA damage, telomere shortening, telomere dysfunction and oncogenic stress leading to suppression of potentially dysfunctional, transformed, or aged cells. Cellular senescence is characterized by irreversible cell cycle arrest, flattened and enlarged morphology, resistance to apoptosis, alteration in gene expression and chromatin structure, expression of senescence associated- β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) and acquisition of senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP). In this review paper, different types of cellular senescence including replicative senescence (RS) which occurs due to telomere shortening and stress induced premature senescence (SIPS) which occurs in response to different types of stress in cells, are discussed. Biomarkers of cellular senescence and senescent assays including BrdU incorporation assay, senescence associated- β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) and senescence-associated heterochromatin foci assays to detect senescent cells are also addressed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cell Aging/physiology*
  9. Thermal tolerance and locomotor activity of blue swimmer crab Portunus pelagicus instar reared at different temperatures
    Azra MN, Chen JC, Ikhwanuddin M, Abol-Munafi AB
    J Therm Biol, 2018 May;74:234-240.
    PMID: 29801633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.04.002
    Owing to its potential market value, the blue swimmer crab Portunus pelagicus is of great economic importance. The temperature of water significantly affects the physiological function and production efficiency of these crabs. The aim of the present study was therefore to examine the critical thermal minimum (CTMin), critical thermal maximum (CTMax), acclimation response ratio (ARR), escaping temperature (Tesc), and locomotor behavior of P. pelagicus instars at 20 °C, 24 °C, 28 °C, 32 °C, and 36 °C. The CTMax ranged from 39.05 °C to 44.38 °C, while the CTMin ranged from 13.05 °C to 19.30 °C, and both increased directly with temperature. The ARR ranged from 0.25 to 0.51. The movement of crabs (walking before molting) correlated positively with the acclimation temperature. These results indicate that the parameters evaluated varied with temperature. Furthermore, the high CTMax indicates the potential of this species to adapt to a wide range of temperatures. In addition, the implications of these findings for portunid crabs behavior and distribution in their natural habitat are also discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Brachyura/physiology*
  10. The chaperone Lhs1 contributes to the virulence of the fish-pathogenic oomycete Aphanomyces invadans
    Iberahim NA, Sood N, Pradhan PK, van den Boom J, van West P, Trusch F
    Fungal Biol, 2020 12;124(12):1024-1031.
    PMID: 33213782 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.09.003
    Oomycetes are fungal-like eukaryotes and many of them are pathogens that threaten natural ecosystems and cause huge financial losses for the aqua- and agriculture industry. Amongst them, Aphanomyces invadans causes Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome (EUS) in fish which can be responsible for up to 100% mortality in aquaculture. As other eukaryotic pathogens, in order to establish and promote an infection, A. invadans secretes proteins, which are predicted to overcome host defence mechanisms and interfere with other processes inside the host. We investigated the role of Lhs1 which is part of an ER-resident complex that generally promotes the translocation of proteins from the cytoplasm into the ER for further processing and secretion. Interestingly, proteomic studies reveal that only a subset of virulence factors are affected by the silencing of AiLhs1 in A. invadans indicating various secretion pathways for different proteins. Importantly, changes in the secretome upon silencing of AiLhs1 significantly reduces the virulence of A. invadans in the infection model Galleriamellonella. Furthermore, we show that AiLhs1 is important for the production of zoospores and their cluster formation. This renders proteins required for protein ER translocation as interesting targets for the potential development of alternative disease control strategies in agri- and aquaculture.
    Matched MeSH terms: Molecular Chaperones/physiology*
  11. Age estimation of forensically important blowfly, Chrysomya megacephala (Diptera: Calliphoridae) pupae using micro-computed tomography imaging
    Nur Aliah NA, Heo CC, Noor Shafini M, Mohd Hafizi M
    Trop Biomed, 2019 Sep 01;36(3):640-653.
    PMID: 33597486
    Accurate estimation of the minimum post-mortem interval (minPMI) is important in the investigation of forensic cases. Various thanatological methods are being used to estimate this interval. However, entomology approach is the most reliable method for this minPMI estimation especially when death has occurred over 72 hours and involved insects or other arthropods evidence at the death scene. The current methods of age estimation are daunting and destructive especially when dealing with pupal stage. The aims of this study were to characterize the morphological changes during intra-puparial period of Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and their relation with minPMI estimation by using a high resolution micro-Computed Tomography (micro-CT). Gravid C. megacephala were collected from a rural area in Sungai Buloh, Selangor and cultured in the laboratory at 23.83±0.25°C with light: dark hour of 12:12 to initiate oviposition. The resulting larvae were reared until pupal stage. A pupa was collected at first (24 hours), second (48 hours), third (72 hours), and fourth quarter (96 hours) of the intra-puparial period. The pupal samples were placed directly into 70% ethanol for preservation. Micro-CT scanning was employed to acquire microstructural information following pupal sample staining for contrast enhancement. Eight age-informative internal morphological landmarks were mapped from the micro-CT scanning. The present study enhanced the potential value of micro-CT for the estimation of minPMI based on the internal morphological changes of C. megacephala pupae. This novel method is a promising tool for improving medico-legal investigations in forensic entomology.
    Matched MeSH terms: Pupa/physiology*
  12. A concise review of testosterone and bone health
    Mohamad NV, Soelaiman IN, Chin KY
    Clin Interv Aging, 2016;11:1317-1324.
    PMID: 27703340
    Osteoporosis is a condition causing significant morbidity and mortality in the elderly population worldwide. Age-related testosterone deficiency is the most important factor of bone loss in elderly men. Androgen can influence bone health by binding to androgen receptors directly or to estrogen receptors (ERs) indirectly via aromatization to estrogen. This review summarized the direct and indirect effects of androgens on bone derived from in vitro, in vivo, and human studies. Cellular studies showed that androgen stimulated the proliferation of preosteoblasts and differentiation of osteoblasts. The converted estrogen suppressed osteoclast formation and resorption activity by blocking the receptor activator of nuclear factor k-B ligand pathway. In animal studies, activation of androgen and ERα, but not ERβ, was shown to be important in acquisition and maintenance of bone mass. Human epidemiological studies demonstrated a significant relationship between estrogen and testosterone in bone mineral density and fracture risk, but the relative significance between the two remained debatable. Human experimental studies showed that estrogen was needed in suppressing bone resorption, but both androgen and estrogen were indispensable for bone formation. As a conclusion, maintaining optimal level of androgen is essential in preventing osteoporosis and its complications in elderly men.
    Matched MeSH terms: Androgens/physiology*; Bone and Bones/physiology*; Estrogens/physiology*; Osteoclasts/physiology; Receptors, Androgen/physiology; Testosterone/physiology*; Estrogen Receptor alpha/physiology
  13. Insight into potential mechanisms of hypobaric hypoxia-induced learning and memory deficit - Lessons from rat studies
    Qaid E, Zakaria R, Sulaiman SF, Yusof NM, Shafin N, Othman Z, et al.
    Hum Exp Toxicol, 2017 Dec;36(12):1315-1325.
    PMID: 28111974 DOI: 10.1177/0960327116689714
    Impairment of memory is one of the most frequently reported symptoms during sudden hypoxia exposure in human. Cortical atrophy has been linked to the impaired memory function and is suggested to occur with chronic high-altitude exposure. However, the precise molecular mechanism(s) of hypoxia-induced memory impairment remains an enigma. In this work, we review hypoxia-induced learning and memory deficit in human and rat studies. Based on data from rat studies using different protocols of continuous hypoxia, we try to elicit potential mechanisms of hypobaric hypoxia-induced memory deficit.
    Matched MeSH terms: Learning/physiology*
  14. Miracidial maze. Use of a free-choice system to test Echinostome miracidia in their relative attraction towards normal and abnormal snails hosts, living, dead, whole, and dissected snails
    Heyneman D
    Med J Malaya, 1966 Jun;20(4):354-5.
    PMID: 4224364
    Matched MeSH terms: Trematoda/physiology*
  15. Order error in the calculation of continuous relative phase
    Mehdizadeh S, Glazier PS
    J Biomech, 2018 05 17;73:243-248.
    PMID: 29628131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.03.032
    The aims of this study were to demonstrate "order error" in the calculation of continuous relative phase (CRP) and to suggest two alternative methods-(i) constructing phase-plane portraits by plotting position over velocity; and (ii), the Hilbert transform-to rectify it. Order error is the change of CRP order between two degrees of freedom (e.g., body segments) when using the conventional method of constructing phase-plane portraits (i.e., velocity over position). Both sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal simulated signals as well as signals from human movement kinematics were used to investigate order error and the performance of the two alternative methods. Both methods have been shown to lead to correct results for simulated sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal signals. For human movement data, however, the Hilbert transform is superior for calculating CRP.
    Matched MeSH terms: Walking/physiology*
  16. Fulltext Nutrients and Oxidative Stress: Friend or Foe?
    Tan BL, Norhaizan ME, Liew WP
    Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2018;2018:9719584.
    PMID: 29643982 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9719584
    There are different types of nutritionally mediated oxidative stress sources that trigger inflammation. Much information indicates that high intakes of macronutrients can promote oxidative stress and subsequently contribute to inflammation via nuclear factor-kappa B- (NF-κB-) mediated cell signaling pathways. Dietary carbohydrates, animal-based proteins, and fats are important to highlight here because they may contribute to the long-term consequences of nutritionally mediated inflammation. Oxidative stress is a central player of metabolic ailments associated with high-carbohydrate and animal-based protein diets and excessive fat consumption. Obesity has become an epidemic and represents the major risk factor for several chronic diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms of nutritionally mediated oxidative stress are complex and poorly understood. Therefore, this review aimed to explore how dietary choices exacerbate or dampen the oxidative stress and inflammation. We also discussed the implications of oxidative stress in the adipocyte and glucose metabolism and obesity-associated noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Taken together, a better understanding of the role of oxidative stress in obesity and the development of obesity-related NCDs would provide a useful approach. This is because oxidative stress can be mediated by both extrinsic and intrinsic factors, hence providing a plausible means for the prevention of metabolic disorders.
    Matched MeSH terms: Oxidative Stress/physiology*
  17. Synechococcus production and grazing loss rates in nearshore tropical waters
    Heng PL, Lim JH, Lee CW
    Environ Monit Assess, 2017 Mar;189(3):117.
    PMID: 28220442 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-5838-1
    Temporal variation of Synechococcus, its production (μ) and grazing loss (g) rates were studied for 2 years at nearshore stations, i.e. Port Dickson and Port Klang along the Straits of Malacca. Synechococcus abundance at Port Dickson (0.3-2.3 × 10(5) cell ml(-1)) was always higher than at Port Klang (0.3-7.1 × 10(4) cell ml(-1)) (p  0.25), but nutrient and light availability were important factors for their distribution. The relationship was modelled as log Synechococcus = 0.37Secchi - 0.01DIN + 4.52 where light availability (as Secchi disc depth) was a more important determinant. From a two-factorial experiment, nutrients were not significant for Synechococcus growth as in situ nutrient concentrations exceeded the threshold for saturated growth. However, light availability was important and elevated Synechococcus growth rates especially at Port Dickson (F = 5.94, p  0.30). In nearshore tropical waters, an estimated 69 % of Synechococcus production could be grazed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Synechococcus/physiology*
  18. Molecular biology of Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus infection in giant freshwater prawn
    Low CF, Md Yusoff MR, Kuppusamy G, Ahmad Nadzri NF
    J Fish Dis, 2018 Dec;41(12):1771-1781.
    PMID: 30270534 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12895
    Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV) has been threatening the giant freshwater prawn aquaculture since 1997, causing white tail disease in the prawn species that leads to 100% lethality of the infected postlarvae. Comprehension of the viral infectivity and pathogenesis at molecular biology level has recently resolved the viral capsid protein and evidenced the significant difference in the viral structural protein compared to other nodaviruses that infect fish and insect. Cumulative researches have remarked the proposal to assert MrNV as a member of new genus, gammanodavirus to the Nodaviridae family. The significance of molecular biology in MrNV infection is being highlighted in this current review, revolving the viral life cycle from virus binding and entry into host, virus replication in host cell, to virus assembly and release. The current review also highlights the emerging aptamers technology that is also known as synthetic antibody, its application in disease diagnosis, and its prophylactic and therapeutic properties. The future perspective of synthetic virology technology in understanding viral pathogenesis, as well as its potential in viral vaccine development, is also discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nodaviridae/physiology*
  19. Fulltext Fabrication of a Multiplexed Artificial Cellular MicroEnvironment Array
    Mashimo Y, Yoshioka M, Tokunaga Y, Fockenberg C, Terada S, Koyama Y, et al.
    J Vis Exp, 2018 09 07.
    PMID: 30247461 DOI: 10.3791/57377
    Cellular microenvironments consist of a variety of cues, such as growth factors, extracellular matrices, and intercellular interactions. These cues are well orchestrated and are crucial in regulating cell functions in a living system. Although a number of researchers have attempted to investigate the correlation between environmental factors and desired cellular functions, much remains unknown. This is largely due to the lack of a proper methodology to mimic such environmental cues in vitro, and simultaneously test different environmental cues on cells. Here, we report an integrated platform of microfluidic channels and a nanofiber array, followed by high-content single-cell analysis, to examine stem cell phenotypes altered by distinct environmental factors. To demonstrate the application of this platform, this study focuses on the phenotypes of self-renewing human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Here, we present the preparation procedures for a nanofiber array and the microfluidic structure in the fabrication of a Multiplexed Artificial Cellular MicroEnvironment (MACME) array. Moreover, overall steps of the single-cell profiling, cell staining with multiple fluorescent markers, multiple fluorescence imaging, and statistical analyses, are described.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cellular Microenvironment/physiology*
  20. Fulltext Physiological State and Learning Ability of Students in Normal and Virtual Reality Conditions: Complexity-Based Analysis
    Babini MH, Kulish VV, Namazi H
    J Med Internet Res, 2020 06 01;22(6):e17945.
    PMID: 32478661 DOI: 10.2196/17945
    BACKGROUND: Education and learning are the most important goals of all universities. For this purpose, lecturers use various tools to grab the attention of students and improve their learning ability. Virtual reality refers to the subjective sensory experience of being immersed in a computer-mediated world, and has recently been implemented in learning environments.

    OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of a virtual reality condition on students' learning ability and physiological state.

    METHODS: Students were shown 6 sets of videos (3 videos in a two-dimensional condition and 3 videos in a three-dimensional condition), and their learning ability was analyzed based on a subsequent questionnaire. In addition, we analyzed the reaction of the brain and facial muscles of the students during both the two-dimensional and three-dimensional viewing conditions and used fractal theory to investigate their attention to the videos.

    RESULTS: The learning ability of students was increased in the three-dimensional condition compared to that in the two-dimensional condition. In addition, analysis of physiological signals showed that students paid more attention to the three-dimensional videos.

    CONCLUSIONS: A virtual reality condition has a greater effect on enhancing the learning ability of students. The analytical approach of this study can be further extended to evaluate other physiological signals of subjects in a virtual reality condition.

    Matched MeSH terms: Learning/physiology*
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