Displaying publications 81 - 100 of 163 in total

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  1. Singh N, Banerjee T, Murari V, Deboudt K, Khan MF, Singh RS, et al.
    Chemosphere, 2021 Jan;263:128030.
    PMID: 33297051 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128030
    Size-segregated airborne fine (PM2.1) and coarse (PM>2.1) particulates were measured in an urban environment over central Indo-Gangetic plain in between 2015 and 2018 to get insights into its nature, chemistry and sources. Mean (±1σ) concentration of PM2.1 was 98 (±76) μgm-3 with a seasonal high during winter (DJF, 162 ± 71 μgm-3) compared to pre-monsoon specific high in PM>2.1 (MAMJ, 177 ± 84 μgm-3) with an annual mean of 170 (±69) μgm-3. PM2.1 was secondary in nature with abundant secondary inorganic aerosols (20% of particulate mass) and water-soluble organic carbon (19%) against metal enriched (25%) PM>2.1, having robust signature of resuspensions from Earth's crust and road dust. Ammonium-based neutralization of particulate acidity was essentially in PM2.1 with an indication of predominant H2SO4 neutralization in bisulfate form compared to Ca2+ and Mg2+-based neutralization in PM>2.1. Molecular distribution of n-alkanes homologues (C17-C35) showed Cmax at C23 (PM2.1) and C18 (PM>2.1) with weak dominance of odd-numbered n-alkanes. Carbon preference index of n-alkanes was close to unity (PM2.1: 1.4 ± 0.3; PM>2.1: 1.3 ± 0.4). Fatty acids (C12-C26) were characterized with predominance of even carbon with Cmax at n-hexadecanoic acid (C16:0). Low to high molecular weight fatty acid ratio ranged from 2.0 (PM>2.1) to 5.6 (PM2.1) with vital signature of anthropogenic emissions. Levoglucosan was abundant in PM2.1 (758 ± 481 ngm-3) with a high ratio (11.6) against galactosan, emphasizing robust contribution from burning of hardwood and agricultural residues. Receptor model resolves secondary aerosols and biomass burning emissions (45%) as the most influential sources of PM2.1 whereas, crustal (29%) and secondary aerosols (29%) were found responsible for PM>2.1; with significant variations among the seasons.
  2. Alkhatib SE, Tarlochan F, Mehboob H, Singh R, Kadirgama K, Harun WSBW
    Artif Organs, 2019 Jul;43(7):E152-E164.
    PMID: 30805945 DOI: 10.1111/aor.13444
    The mismatch between stiffness of the femoral dense stem and host bone causes complications to patients, such as aseptic loosening and bone resorption. Three-dimensional finite-element models of homogeneous porous (HGP) and functionally graded porous (FGP) stems incorporating body-centered cubic (BCC) structures are proposed in this article as an alternative to the dense stems. The relationship between the porosity and strut thickness of the BCC structure was developed to construct the finite-element models. Three levels of porosities (20%, 50%, and 80%) were modeled in HGP and FGP stems. The porosity of the stems was decreased distally according to the sigmoid function (n = 0.1, n = 1 and n = 10) with 3 grading exponents. The results showed that FGP stems transferred 120%-170% higher stresses to the femur (Gruen zone 7) as compared to the solid stem. Conversely, the stresses in HGP and FGP stems were 12%-34% lower than the dense stem. The highest micromotions (105-147 µm) were observed for stems of 80% overall porosity, and the lowest (42-46 µm) was for stems of 20% overall porosity. Finally, FGP stems with a grading exponent of n = 10 resulted in an 11%-28% reduction in micromotions.
  3. Fahimizadeh M, Diane Abeyratne A, Mae LS, Singh RKR, Pasbakhsh P
    Materials (Basel), 2020 Aug 22;13(17).
    PMID: 32842561 DOI: 10.3390/ma13173711
    Crack formation in concrete is one of the main reasons for concrete degradation. Calcium alginate capsules containing biological self-healing agents for cementitious materials were studied for the self-healing of cement paste and mortars through in vitro characterizations such as healing agent survivability and retention, material stability, and biomineralization, followed by in situ self-healing observation in pre-cracked cement paste and mortar specimens. Our results showed that bacterial spores fully survived the encapsulation process and would not leach out during cement mixing. Encapsulated bacteria precipitated CaCO3 when exposed to water, oxygen, and calcium under alkaline conditions by releasing CO32- ions into the cement environment. Capsule rupture is not required for the initiation of the healing process, but exposure to the right conditions are. After 56 days of wet-dry cycles, the capsules resulted in flexural strength regain as high as 39.6% for the cement mortar and 32.5% for the cement paste specimens. Full crack closure was observed at 28 days for cement mortars with the healing agents. The self-healing system acted as a biological CO32- pump that can keep the bio-agents retained, protected, and active for up to 56 days of wet-dry incubation. This promising self-healing strategy requires further research and optimization.
  4. Al-Mahmood AK, Ismail AA, Rashid FA, Azwany YN, Singh R, Gill G
    J Atheroscler Thromb, 2007 Jun;14(3):122-7.
    PMID: 17587763 DOI: 10.5551/jat.14.122
    AIM: To determine the effects of lipid lowering by TLC on insulin sensitivity and secretory status of non-obese normoglycemic hyperlipidemic subjects.
    METHODS: An intervention study was undertaken on 16 non-obese normoglycemic hyperlipidemic subjects. They underwent 6 months of a TLC regimen. Their insulin sensitivity and lipid status were assessed at baseline and after six months. A control group containing 16 age, sex and body mass index (BMI) matched normolipidemic subjects was also enrolled to compare the change in lipid levels and insulin sensitivity in the hyperlipidemic subjects.
    RESULTS: The intervention showed significant reductions in insulin resistance (HOMA-IR reduced from 3.8 to 1.4, p<0.001) and improvement of insulin sensitivity (HOMA%S increased from 50.1% to 121.2%, p=0.004) in hyperlipidemic subjects with associated reductions in lipid levels.
    CONCLUSION: Lipid lowering in non-obese hyperlipidemic subjects may be associated with improvement of insulin sensitivity.
    Study site: Staff of university and offices, Kelantan, Malaysia
  5. Krishnasamy S, Sivalingam S, Dillon J, Mokhtar RAR, Yakub A, Singh R
    PMID: 33577258 DOI: 10.21470/1678-9741-2020-0207
    INTRODUCTION: The presence of aortic regurgitation (AR) in the setting of ventricular septal defect (VSD) has always been a management challenge.

    METHODS: This is a retrospective study looking at patients who underwent VSD closure with or without aortic valve intervention between January 1st, 1992 and December 31st, 2014 at the Institute Jantung Negara. This study looked at all cases of VSD and AR, where AR was classified as mild, moderate, and severe, the intervention done in each of this grade, and the durability of that intervention. The interventions were classified as no intervention (NI), aortic valve repair (AVr), and aortic valve replacement (AVR).

    RESULTS: A total of 261 patients were recruited into this study. Based on the various grades of AR, 105 patients had intervention to their aortic valve during VSD closure. The rest 156 had NI. All patients were followed up for a mean time of 13.9±3.5 years. Overall freedom from reoperation at 15 years was 82.6% for AVr. Various factors were investigated to decide on intervening on the aortic valve during VSD closure. Among those that were statistically significant were the grade of AR, size of VSD, age at intervention, and number of cusp prolapse.

    CONCLUSION: We can conclude from our study that all moderate and severe AR with small VSD in older patients with more than one cusp prolapse will need intervention to their aortic valve during the closure of VSD.

  6. Alahmar AT, Calogero AE, Singh R, Cannarella R, Sengupta P, Dutta S
    Clin Exp Reprod Med, 2021 Jun;48(2):97-104.
    PMID: 34078005 DOI: 10.5653/cerm.2020.04175
    Male infertility has a complex etiopathology, which mostly remains elusive. Although research has claimed that oxidative stress (OS) is the most likely underlying mechanism of idiopathic male infertility, the specific treatment of OS-mediated male infertility requires further investigation. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), a vitamin-like substance, has been found in measurable levels in human semen. It exhibits essential metabolic and antioxidant functions, as well as playing a vital role in mitochondrial bioenergetics. Thus, CoQ10 may be a key player in the maintenance of biological redox balance. CoQ10 concentrations in seminal plasma directly correlate with semen parameters, especially sperm count and sperm motility. Seminal CoQ10 concentrations have been shown to be altered in various male infertility states, such as varicocele, asthenozoospermia, and medical or surgical regimens used to treat male infertility. These observations imply that CoQ10 plays an important physiological role in the maintenance and amelioration of semen quality. The present article thereby aimed to review the possible mechanisms through which CoQ10 plays a role in the regulation of male reproductive function, and to concisely discuss its efficacy as an ameliorative agent in restoring semen parameters in male infertility, as well as its impact on OS markers, sperm DNA fragmentation, pregnancy, and assisted reproductive technology outcomes.
  7. Bayrami A, Shirdel A, Rahim Pouran S, Mahmoudi F, Habibi-Yangjeh A, Singh R, et al.
    Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2020 Dec;117:111351.
    PMID: 32919695 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111351
    There is a renewed interest in the application of chitosan-based drug delivery systems over the last few years. In this study, the ionic gelation method was used to prepare chitosan-engaged tripolyphosphate ions, as the cross-linking molecule, (Chit-TPP) and concurrent loading of the biomolecules of the ethanolic extract of fennel, Foeniculum vulgare, seed (FEC@NBC). The samples were characterized by SEM, DLS, TGA, FTIR, XRD, GC-MS, and zeta potential, and their effects on the related hormonal and biochemical factors of the rats with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) were assessed. The estradiol valerate-induced PCOS in female rats was confirmed by vaginal smear test and subsequent histological screening. The PCOS-induced rats were treated by fennel seed extract (FSX), Chit-TPP, and FEC@NBC. The process of treatment was monitored by measuring the serum levels of testosterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, insulin, glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, and total triglyceride after 16 days of treatment and compared with healthy control and untreated PCOS-control groups. The FEC@NBC administration contributed to the remarkable hormonal, glucose, and lipid profile regulation in the rats with PCOS. The significance of FEC@NBC performance in dealing with PCOS complications compared to that of the only extract could be resulted from the effective targeted delivery and stability of phytomolecules when encapsulated in Chit-TPP.
  8. Steinberg AG, Lai LYC, Vos GH, Singh RB, Lim TW
    Am J Hum Genet, 1961 Dec;13:355-71.
    PMID: 13916666
    The ABO, MN and Rh blood types, and the Hp, Tf, and Gm [Gm (a), Gm (x), Gm(b), and Gm-like] factors were determined for 128 unrelated Indians (parents of families, 63 with two parents tested and two with one parent tested), and 90 unrelated Chinese (parents of 46 families, 44 with two parents tested and two with one parent tested), and for the offspring from these families. The frequencies of the several blood types are presented. They were done primarily to aid in paternity testing. They compare favorably with the findings of previous studies. The allele Hp1 is rare in the Indian population (.09) and relatively infrequent in the Chinese (.29). Unfortunately, the data shed no light on the problem of the inheritance of the phenotype Hp O. Only Tf C was found among the Indians. About four per cent of the Chinese were heterozygous for Tf CD,, all other were Tf CC. The Indians have a high frequency of Gm(a) and of Gm (x), and a low frequency of Gm (b). They appear to have alleles Gma, Gmax, and Gmb in the following frequencies: .535, .234(5), and .230(5), respectively. Three families appear to have a GMxb allele, providing the offspring are not extra-marital. The Chinese appear to have the alleles Gm^ab, Gm^a, and Gm^ax in the following frequencies: .741, .231, and .028, respectively.
  9. Sodhi RK, Singh R, Bansal Y, Bishnoi M, Parhar I, Kuhad A, et al.
    PMID: 34912298 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.771575
    Neuropsychiatric disorders (NPDs) are a huge burden to the patient, their family, and society. NPDs have been greatly associated with cardio-metabolic comorbidities such as obesity, type-2 diabetes mellitus, dysglycaemia, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, and other cardiovascular disorders. Antipsychotics, which are frontline drugs in the treatment of schizophrenia and off-label use in other NPDs, also add to this burden by causing severe metabolic perturbations. Despite decades of research, the mechanism deciphering the link between neuropsychiatric and metabolic disorders is still unclear. In recent years, transient receptor potential Ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channel has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for modulators. TRPA1 agonists/antagonists have shown efficacy in both neuropsychiatric disorders and appetite regulation and thus provide a crucial link between both. TRPA1 channels are activated by compounds such as cinnamaldehyde, allyl isothiocyanate, allicin and methyl syringate, which are present naturally in food items such as cinnamon, wasabi, mustard, garlic, etc. As these are present in many daily food items, it could also improve patient compliance and reduce the patients' monetary burden. In this review, we have tried to present evidence of the possible involvement of TRPA1 channels in neuropsychiatric and metabolic disorders and a possible hint towards using TRPA1 modulators to target appetite, lipid metabolism, glucose and insulin homeostasis and inflammation associated with NPDs.
  10. Kusano C, Singh R, Lee YY, Soh YSA, Sharma P, Ho KY, et al.
    Dig Endosc, 2022 Nov;34(7):1320-1328.
    PMID: 35475586 DOI: 10.1111/den.14342
    Endoscopic diagnosis of gastroesophageal junction and Barrett's esophagus is essential for surveillance and early detection of esophageal adenocarcinoma and esophagogastric junction cancer. Despite its small size, the gastroesophageal junction has many inherent problems, including marked differences in diagnostic methods for Barrett's esophagus in international guidelines. To define Barrett's esophagus, gastroesophageal junction location should be clarified. Although gastric folds and palisade vessels are landmarks for identifying this junction, they are sometimes difficult to observe due to air entry or reflux esophagitis. The possibility of diagnosing a malignancy associated with Barrett's esophagus <1 cm, identified using palisade vessels, should be re-examined. Nontargeted biopsies of Barrett's esophagus are commonly used to detect intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, and cancer as described in the Seattle protocol. Barrett's esophagus with intestinal metaplasia has a high risk of becoming cancerous. Furthermore, the frequency of cancer in patients with Barrett's esophagus without intestinal metaplasia is high, and the guidelines differ on whether to include the presence of intestinal metaplasia in the diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus. Use of advanced imaging technologies, including narrow-band imaging with magnifying endoscopy and linked color imaging, is reportedly valid for diagnosing Barrett's esophagus. Furthermore, artificial intelligence has facilitated the diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus through its deep learning and image recognition capabilities. However, it is necessary to first use the endoscopic definition of the gastroesophageal junction, which is common in all countries, and then elucidate the characteristics of Barrett's esophagus in each region, for example, length differences in the risk of carcinogenesis with and without intestinal metaplasia.
  11. Nizan IEF, Kamaruddin K, Ong PW, Ramli Z, Singh R, Rose RJ, et al.
    Mol Biotechnol, 2022 Feb 02.
    PMID: 35107753 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-022-00450-y
    EgENOD93 was first identified in a cDNA microarray study of oil palm tissue culture where it was highly expressed in leaf explants with embryogenic potential. Functional characterization via an RNA interference study of its orthologue in Medicago truncatula demonstrated a significant role of this gene in somatic embryo formation. In this study, EgENOD93 was overexpressed in the important model plant Arabidopsis thaliana to investigate the embryogenic potential of EgENOD93 transgenic Arabidopsis explants compared to explants from control plants (pMDC140 and WT). Experiments using leaf explants revealed higher numbers of regenerated shoots at day 27 in all the homozygous transgenic Arabidopsis cultures (Tg01, Tg02 and Tg03) compared to controls. The expression level of EgENOD93 in Arabidopsis cultures was quantified using reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). The results supported the overexpression of this gene in transgenic Arabidopsis cultures, with 6 and 10 times higher expression of EgENOD93 in callus at Day 9 and Day 20, respectively. Overall, the results support the role of EgENOD93 in the enhancement of shoot regeneration in transgenic Arabidopsis. This together with the previous results observed in oil palm and Medicago truncatula suggests that ENOD93 plays a key role in the induction of somatic embryogenesis. A similarity to early nodulation-like ontogeny is possible.
  12. Krishnasamy S, Mokhtar RAR, Singh R, Sivallingam S, Aziz YFA, Mathaneswaran V
    Braz J Cardiovasc Surg, 2021 Oct 17;36(5):707-716.
    PMID: 33438849 DOI: 10.21470/1678-9741-2020-0433
    INTRODUCTION: Rapid prototyping is a process by which three-dimensional (3D) computerized surface models are converted into physical models. In this study, a 3D heart bio model was created using the rapid prototyping method and the accuracy of this heart model was assessed by clinicians.

    METHODS: The two-dimensional images of normal heart from gated computed tomography scan datasets were used to create a 3D model of the heart. The slices were then processed using the software BioModroid and printed with the 3D printer. The evaluation of the model was performed by a questionnaire answered by four cardiothoracic surgeons, 12 cardiologists, five radiologists, and nine surgical registrars.

    RESULTS: Eighty-six percent of the anatomy structures showed in this model scored 100% accuracy. Structures such as circumflex branch of left coronary artery, great cardiac vein, papillary muscle, and coronary sinus were each rated 77%, 70%, 70%, and 57% accurate. Among 30 clinicians, a total of 93% rated the model accuracy as good and above; 64% of the clinicians evaluated this model as an excellent teaching tool for anatomy class. As a visual aid for surgery or interventional procedures, the model was rated excellent (40%), good (50%), average (23%), and poor (3%); 70% of the clinicians scored the model as above average for training purpose. Overall, this 3D rapid prototyping cardiac model was rated as excellent (33%), good (50%), and average (17%).

    CONCLUSION: This 3D rapid prototyping heart model will be a valuable source of anatomical education and cardiac interventional management.

  13. Seow EK, Muthu V, Che Muhamed AM, Ooi CH, Singh R, Mat Easa A, et al.
    J Food Sci Technol, 2022 Feb;59(2):589-596.
    PMID: 35153308 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-021-05045-0
    The purpose of this study was to evaluate the controlled-release properties of nutrients from coconut water-based hydrogel. Hydrogels were prepared at varying proportions of gellan and xanthan gums such that the total weight of the gelling agents for all 11 formulations was 1% (w/w) in coconut water. The formulation of the hydrogel was selected using gravimetric analysis by evaluating the dissolution weight of the hydrogel in simulated gastric fluid and simulated intestinal fluid. Interestingly, hydrogel with 0.7% gellan gum and 0.3% xanthan gum showed the most tolerance towards simulated gastric and intestinal fluids over a 1-h period. The in-vitro release study was performed in simulated gastric fluid and followed by simulated intestinal fluid for about 2 h. The trend of release profile showed that the hydrogel had the ability to sustain the nutrients release over a period of 1 h. After 75 min, the release trend was static indicated the nutrients was released from the hydrogel. In conclusion, a coconut water-based hydrogel formulated with 0.7% of gellan and 0.3% of xanthan gum has demonstrated its controlled-release property as evidenced by its effectiveness in the sustained release of nutrients over a period of 1 h.
  14. Asadi Sharif E, Yahyavi B, Bayrami A, Rahim Pouran S, Atazadeh E, Singh R, et al.
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2021 Mar;28(12):15339-15349.
    PMID: 33236302 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11660-9
    Although the macroinvertebrates have been widely used as bio-indicator for river water quality assessment in developed countries, its application is new in Iran and data on the health status of the most ecologically important rivers in Iran is scarce. The present study aimed at monitoring and assessing the ecological quality of Aghlagan river, northwest of Iran, using integrated physicochemical-biological approaches. A total of 14,423 samplings were carried out from the headwater to downstream sites at four stations (S1, 2, 3, 4) by a Surber sampler (30 cm × 30 cm) from June 2018 to April 2019. The results obtained from macroinvertebrate biotic index revealed that the genera of Gammarus (Amphipoda) and Baetis (Ephemeroptera) were the most abundant in all seasons. The PAST software was applied to analyze the diversity indices (Shannon-Weiner diversity, Evenness, and Simpson indices). Based on the cluster analysis, S3 established the least similarity to other stations. The average frequency of each macroinvertebrate species was determined by one-factor analysis of similarities (ANOSIM). In accordance with canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), temperature and phosphate were found as the dominant factors effecting the macroinvertebrate assemblage and distribution. Moreover, the results obtained from the biological indices concluded very good quality of S4 by Helsinhoff and EPT indices and fair quality using BMWP index. The data on the macrobenthos assemblage and dynamics in the Aghlagan river across a hydraulic gradient provided useful information on water management efforts that assist us to find sustainable solutions for the enhanced quality of the river by balancing environmental and human values.
  15. Singh R, Samuel MS, Ravikumar M, Ethiraj S, Kirankumar VS, Kumar M, et al.
    Chemosphere, 2023 Dec;344:140311.
    PMID: 37769916 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140311
    The carbon dioxide (CO2) crisis is one of the world's most urgent issues. Meeting the worldwide targets set for CO2 capture and storage (CCS) is crucial. Because it may significantly reduce energy consumption compared to traditional amine-based adsorption capture, adsorption dependant CO2 capture is regarded as one of the most hopeful techniques in this paradigm. The expansion of unique, critical edge adsorbent materials has received most of the research attention to date, with the main objective of improving adsorption capacity and lifespan while lowering the temperature of adsorption, thereby lowering the energy demand of sorbent revival. There are specific materials needed for each step of the carbon cycle, including capture, regeneration, and conversion. The potential and efficiency of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in overcoming this obstacle have recently been proven through research. In this study, we pinpoint MOFs' precise structural and chemical characteristics that have contributed to their high capture capacity, effective regeneration and separation processes, and efficient catalytic conversions. As prospective materials for the next generation of energy storage and conversion applications, carbon-based compounds like graphene, carbon nanotubes, and fullerenes are receiving a lot of interest. Their distinctive physicochemical characteristics make them suitable for these popular study topics, including structural stability and flexibility, high porosity, and customizable physicochemical traits. It is possible to precisely design the interior of MOFs to include coordinatively unsaturated metal sites, certain heteroatoms, covalent functionalization, various building unit interactions, and integrated nanoscale metal catalysts. This is essential for the creation of MOFs with improved performance. Utilizing the accuracy of MOF chemistry, more complicated materials must be built to handle selectivity, capacity, and conversion all at once to achieve a comprehensive solution. This review summarizes, the most recent developments in adsorption-based CO2 combustion capture, the CO2 adsorption capacities of various classes of solid sorbents, and the significance of advanced carbon nanomaterials for environmental remediation and energy conversion. This review also addresses the difficulties and potential of developing carbon-based electrodes for energy conversion and storage applications.
  16. Singh R, Rehman AU, Ahmed T, Ahmad K, Mahajan S, Pandit AK, et al.
    Inform Med Unlocked, 2023;38:101235.
    PMID: 37033412 DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2023.101235
    In this paper, a mathematical model for assessing the impact of COVID-19 on tuberculosis disease is proposed and analysed. There are pieces of evidence that patients with Tuberculosis (TB) have more chances of developing the SARS-CoV-2 infection. The mathematical model is qualitatively and quantitatively analysed by using the theory of stability analysis. The dynamic system shows endemic equilibrium point which is stable when R 0 < 1 and unstable when R 0 > 1 . The global stability of the endemic point is analysed by constructing the Lyapunov function. The dynamic stability also exhibits bifurcation behaviour. The optimal control theory is used to find an optimal solution to the problem in the mathematical model. The sensitivity analysis is performed to clarify the effective parameters which affect the reproduction number the most. Numerical simulation is carried out to assess the effect of various biological parameters in the dynamic of both tuberculosis and COVID-19 classes. Our simulation results show that the COVID-19 and TB infections can be mitigated by controlling the transmission rate γ .
  17. Chan PL, Rose RJ, Abdul Murad AM, Zainal Z, Low ET, Ooi LC, et al.
    PLoS One, 2014;9(6):e99774.
    PMID: 24927412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099774
    The somatic embryogenesis tissue culture process has been utilized to propagate high yielding oil palm. Due to the low callogenesis and embryogenesis rates, molecular studies were initiated to identify genes regulating the process, and their expression levels are usually quantified using reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). With the recent release of oil palm genome sequences, it is crucial to establish a proper strategy for gene analysis using RT-qPCR. Selection of the most suitable reference genes should be performed for accurate quantification of gene expression levels.
  18. Singh R, Hwa OC, Roy J, Jin CW, Ismail SM, Lan MF, et al.
    Asian J Sports Med, 2011 Sep;2(3):167-76.
    PMID: 22375236
    To examine the subjective perception of daily acute fasting on sports performance, training, sleep and dietary patterns of Muslim athletes during the Ramadan month.
  19. Rozali ZI, Noorman FM, De Cruz PK, Feng YK, Razab HW, Sapuan J, et al.
    Asia Pac Fam Med, 2012 Jan 30;11(1):1.
    PMID: 22283968 DOI: 10.1186/1447-056X-11-1
    INTRODUCTION: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is known to be a common complication during pregnancy especially during the third trimester.

    AIM: This article focuses on its impact to the third trimester pregnant mothers with CTS.

    METHODS: Third trimester pregnant mothers with no other known risk factors for CTS, were interviewed and examined for a clinical diagnosis of CTS. The severity of CTS was assessed by means of symptoms severity and functionality using the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire.

    RESULTS: Out of 333 third trimester pregnant mothers, 82 (24.6%) were clinically diagnosed with CTS. Malay race was found to have significant correlation with the diagnosis of CTS (p = 0.024) and are two times more likely to get CTS during pregnancy (OR = 2.26) compare to the non-Malays. Bilateral CTS was two times higher (n = 58, 63.4%) than unilateral cases (n = 30, 36.6%), however no significant correlation between the two was found with severity (p = 0.284) or functional (p = 0.906). The commonest complaint was numbness/tingling during day time (n = 63, 76.8%). Majority of the CTS cases were mild (n = 66, 80.5%) and approximately one third (n = 28, 34.1%) had affected hand functions. All symptoms related to pain was found to have significant correlation with severity (p = 0.00, OR = 12.23) and function (p = 0.005, OR = 5.01), whereas numbness and tingling does not (Severity, p = 0.843, function, p = 0.632).

    CONCLUSION: This study shows that even though CTS in third trimester pregnancy is prevalent, generally it would be mild. However, function can still be affected especially if patients complain of pain.
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