Displaying publications 81 - 100 of 133 in total

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  1. Al-Rahbi B, Zakaria R, Othman Z, Hassan A, Mohd Ismail ZI, Muthuraju S
    Acta Histochem, 2014 Jan;116(1):79-88.
    PMID: 23810156 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2013.05.004
    Recently, our research team has reported that Tualang honey was able to improve immediate memory in postmenopausal women comparable with that of estrogen progestin therapy. Therefore the aim of the present study was to examine the effects of Tualang honey supplement on hippocampal morphology and memory performance in ovariectomized (OVX) rats exposed to social instability stress. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into six groups: (i) sham-operated controls, (ii) stressed sham-operated controls, (iii) OVX rats, (iv) stressed OVX rats, (v) stressed OVX rats treated with 17β-estradiol (E2), and (vi) stressed OVX rats treated with Tualang honey. These rats were subjected to social instability stress procedure followed by novel object recognition (NOR) test. Right brain hemispheres were subjected to Nissl staining. The number and arrangement of pyramidal neurons in regions of CA1, CA2, CA3 and the dentate gyrus (DG) were recorded. Two-way ANOVA analyses showed significant interactions between stress and OVX in both STM and LTM test as well as number of Nissl-positive cells in all hippocampal regions. Both E2 and Tualang honey treatments improved both short-term and long-term memory and enhanced the neuronal proliferation of hippocampal CA2, CA3 and DG regions compared to that of untreated stressed OVX rats.
  2. Liu K, Fadzly N, Mansor A, Zakaria R, Ruppert N, Lee CY
    Plant Signal Behav, 2017 Oct 03;12(10):e1371890.
    PMID: 28841358 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2017.1371890
    Amorphophallus bufo is a rarely studied plant in Malaysian tropical rainforests. We measured the spectral reflectance of different developmental stages of A. bufo (seedlings, juveniles and adults), background soil/ debris and leaves from other neighboring plant species. Results show that the leaves of A. bufo seedling have a similar reflectance curve as the background soil and debris. Adults and juveniles of A. bufo are similar to other neighboring plants' leaf colors. We hypothesize that the cryptic coloration of A. bufo seedlings plays an important role in camouflage and that the numerous black spots on the surface of the petioles and rachises, may serve as a defensive mimicry against herbivores.
  3. Mohd Basri MS, Liew Min Ren B, A Talib R, Zakaria R, Kamarudin SH
    Polymers (Basel), 2021 May 14;13(10).
    PMID: 34069259 DOI: 10.3390/polym13101581
    Dry mangosteen leaves are one of the raw materials used to produce marker ink. However, research using this free and abundant resource is rather limited. The less efficient one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) approach was mostly used in past studies on plant-based marker ink. The use of statistical analysis and the regression coefficient model (mathematical model) was considered essential in predicting the best combination of factors in formulating mangosteen leaf-based marker ink. Ideally, ink should have maximum color lightness, minimum viscosity, and fast-drying speed. The objective of this study to study the effect of glycerol and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) on the color lightness and viscosity of mangosteen-leaves-based marker ink. The viscosity, color lightness, and drying properties of the ink were tested, the significant effect of glycerol and CMC (responses) on ink properties was identified and the prediction model on the optimum value of the responses was developed by using response surface methodology (RSM). The microstructure of mangosteen leaves was analyzed to study the surface morphology and cell structure during dye extraction. A low amount of glycerol used was found to increase the value of color lightness. A decrease in CMC amounts resulted in low viscosity of marker ink. The optimum formulation for the ink can be achieved when the weight percents of glycerol, benzalkonium chloride, ferrous sulphate, and CMC are set at 5, 5, 1, and 3, respectively. SEM micrographs showed the greatest amount of cell wall structure collapse on samples boiled with the lowest amount of glycerol.
  4. Ya SNC, Muhamad R, Zakaria R, Ishak A, Abdullah WNHW
    Korean J Fam Med, 2021 May;42(3):245-249.
    PMID: 31968408 DOI: 10.4082/kjfm.19.0068
    Lucio phenomenon is a potentially fatal leprosy reaction seen in pure, primitive, and diffuse form of lepromatous leprosy. It is a globally restricted phenomenon that occurs in Mexico and Costa Rica; however, sporadic cases have been reported elsewhere. We report a rare case of a 50-year-old Indonesian, who resided in Malaysia for the past 33 years, which presented with extensive ulcers on all four limbs for 3 weeks, as well as a 16-year history of skin changes and alopecia. Full evaluation established the diagnosis of lepromatous leprosy with Lucio phenomenon. Delay in diagnosis leads to significant disabilities and disease transmission within the community. Therefore, primary care practitioners, even in non-endemic countries, should be wary of this atypical feature of leprosy to prevent complications since it is a highly curable disease.
  5. Yusof AM, Mohammad M, Abdullahi MA, Mohamed Z, Zakaria R, Wahab RA
    Trop Life Sci Res, 2017 Jan;28(1):23-32.
    PMID: 28228914 MyJurnal DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2017.28.1.2
    Intestinal parasitic infections are one of the most common causes of human diseases that result in serious health and economic issues in many developing and developed countries. Raw vegetables and fruits play an important role in transmitting parasites to humans. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate the parasitological contamination of select commonly consumed local leafy vegetables and fruits in Kuantan, Malaysia. One kilogram of locally consumed raw vegetables and fruits were collected randomly from the Kuantan wet market (Pasar Tani) during the monsoon season (November 2014-January 2015) and the dry season (February 2015-April 2015). A standard wet mount procedure and modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining were used for the detection of parasites. In the present study, the examination of vegetables revealed five different parasite species. The vegetable samples collected from Kuantan's wet market were positive for both helminthes and protozoa. However, the fruits samples were negative for parasitic contamination. Pegaga was the most contaminated leafy vegetable in this study, and Strongyloides was the parasite found most frequently. Furthermore, there was a high diversity in the type of parasites observed during the dry season compared to the monsoon season. Therefore, further action should be taken to reduce the occurrence of parasitic contamination in vegetables by implementing the principles of good agricultural practice and improving water treatment efficacy.
  6. Gagman HA, Him NAIIN, Ahmad H, Sulaiman SF, Zakaria R, Termizi FHM
    Trop Life Sci Res, 2020 Oct;31(3):145-159.
    PMID: 33214861 DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2020.31.3.10
    Gastrointestinal nematode infections can cause great losses in revenue due to decrease livestock production and animal death. The use of anthelmintic to control gastrointestinal nematode put a selection pressure on nematode populations which led to emergence of anthelmintic resistance. Because of that, this study was carried out to investigate the efficacy of aqueous and methanol extract of Cassia siamea against the motility of C. elegans Bristol N2 and C. elegans DA1316. Caenorhabditis elegans Bristol N2 is a susceptible strain and C. elegans DA1316 is an ivermectin resistant strain. In vitro bioassay of various concentrations of (0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 and 2.0 mg mL-1) aqueous and methanol extracts of C. siamea was conducted against the motility of L4 larvae of C. elegans Bristol N2 and C. elegans DA1316. The L4 larvae were treated with 0.02 μg mL-1 of ivermectin served as positive control while those in M9 solution served as negative control. The activity of the extracts was observed after 24 h and 48 h. A significant difference was recorded in the extract performance compared to control at (P < 0.001) after 48 h against the motility of the larvae of both strains. The methanol extracts inhibited the motility of C. elegans Bristol N2 by 86.7% as well as DA1316 up to 84.9% at 2.0 mg mL-1 after 48 h. The methanol extract was more efficient than aqueous extract (P < 0.05) against the motility of both strains of C. elegans. Cassia siamea may be used as a natural source of lead compounds for the development of alternative anthelmintic against parasitic nematodes as well ivermectin resistant strains of nematodes.
  7. Safdar A, Azman KF, Zakaria R, Ab Aziz CB, Rashid U
    J Tradit Complement Med, 2021 Mar;11(2):117-122.
    PMID: 33728271 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2020.02.005
    Background and aim: Goat milk is a food of high nutritional value and has been proved to possess strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, thus far, little is known of its possible effects on brain especially on memory during aging. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of goat milk supplementation on memory in d-galactose-induced aging rat model.

    Experimental procedure: Fifty-two male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: 1) control group, 2) goat milk treated group, 3) d-galactose treated group, and 4) goat milk plus d-galactose treated group. Goat milk (1 g/kg orally) and/or d-galactose (120 mg/kg subcutaneously) were administered continuously for six weeks preceded and followed by novel object recognition and T-maze test.

    Results and conclusion: Prior to goat milk and d-galactose administration, there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in memory between all groups. Goat milk administration alone significantly increased short- and long-term memory (p 

  8. Safdar A, Azman KF, Zakaria R, Ab Aziz CB, Rashid U
    J Tradit Complement Med, 2021 Jul;11(4):381.
    PMID: 34195033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2021.06.003
    [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2020.02.005.].
  9. Sajid MR, Muhammad N, Zakaria R, Shahbaz A, Bukhari SAC, Kadry S, et al.
    Interdiscip Sci, 2021 Jun;13(2):201-211.
    PMID: 33675528 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-021-00423-w
    BACKGROUND: In the broader healthcare domain, the prediction bears more value than an explanation considering the cost of delays in its services. There are various risk prediction models for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in the literature for early risk assessment. However, the substantial increase in CVDs-related mortality is challenging global health systems, especially in developing countries. This situation allows researchers to improve CVDs prediction models using new features and risk computing methods. This study aims to assess nonclinical features that can be easily available in any healthcare systems, in predicting CVDs using advanced and flexible machine learning (ML) algorithms.

    METHODS: A gender-matched case-control study was conducted in the largest public sector cardiac hospital of Pakistan, and the data of 460 subjects were collected. The dataset comprised of eight nonclinical features. Four supervised ML algorithms were used to train and test the models to predict the CVDs status by considering traditional logistic regression (LR) as the baseline model. The models were validated through the train-test split (70:30) and tenfold cross-validation approaches.

    RESULTS: Random forest (RF), a nonlinear ML algorithm, performed better than other ML algorithms and LR. The area under the curve (AUC) of RF was 0.851 and 0.853 in the train-test split and tenfold cross-validation approach, respectively. The nonclinical features yielded an admissible accuracy (minimum 71%) through the LR and ML models, exhibiting its predictive capability in risk estimation.

    CONCLUSION: The satisfactory performance of nonclinical features reveals that these features and flexible computational methodologies can reinforce the existing risk prediction models for better healthcare services.

  10. Qaid E, Zakaria R, Sulaiman SF, Yusof NM, Shafin N, Othman Z, et al.
    Hum Exp Toxicol, 2017 Dec;36(12):1315-1325.
    PMID: 28111974 DOI: 10.1177/0960327116689714
    Impairment of memory is one of the most frequently reported symptoms during sudden hypoxia exposure in human. Cortical atrophy has been linked to the impaired memory function and is suggested to occur with chronic high-altitude exposure. However, the precise molecular mechanism(s) of hypoxia-induced memory impairment remains an enigma. In this work, we review hypoxia-induced learning and memory deficit in human and rat studies. Based on data from rat studies using different protocols of continuous hypoxia, we try to elicit potential mechanisms of hypobaric hypoxia-induced memory deficit.
  11. Loon NW, Gendeh BS, Zakaria R, Hamzah JC, Din NM
    BMC Ophthalmol, 2017 Jun 15;17(1):92.
    PMID: 28619056 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-017-0490-7
    BACKGROUND: Embozene® is a new neuroembolizing microsphere used to reduce intraoperative bleeding for head and neck tumours. We report a case of iatrogenic ophthalmic artery occlusion after Embozene® embolization of the external carotid artery (ECA).

    CASE PRESENTATION: A 22-year-old African gentleman presented with left nasal obstruction and epistaxis for 2 years and was diagnosed with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. He subsequently underwent embolization of the maxillary branch of the left ECA using Embozene® Microspheres - 250 μm in size before endoscopic tumour excision to reduce intra-operative bleeding. He complained of sudden painless profound visual loss in the left eye (LE) two hours after embolization. Visual acuity in LE was no light perception. Fundus examination showed pale retina with no cherry red spot. Arterial narrowing and segmentation were seen in all quadrants. A diagnosis of left ophthalmic artery occlusion was made. Despite immediate management including ocular massage and lowering of intraocular pressure, the visual loss remained. Retrospective review of digital subtraction angiogram showed an anastomosis between the left ophthalmic artery and anterior deep temporal artery as a potential route for microspheres migration.

    CONCLUSION: Pre-operative angio-architecture understanding and diligent selection of embolic material are helpful in preventing this adverse event. The use of newer agents for embolotherapy may cause migration of embolic material from the external to the internal carotid system leading to ophthalmic artery occlusion and blindness.

  12. Zakaria R, Yusoff SFAZ, Law KC, Lim CS, Ahmad H
    Nanoscale Res Lett, 2017 Dec;12(1):50.
    PMID: 28101853 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-016-1793-y
    In this report, we experimentally investigate the formation of "flower-like silver structures" on graphene. Using an electrochemical deposition technique with deposition times of 2.5 and 5 min, agglomerations of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were deposited on the graphene surfaces, causing the formation of "flower-like structures" on the graphene substrate. Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) was observed in the interaction between the structures and the graphene substrate. The morphology of the samples was observed using a field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and Raman spectroscopy. Thereafter, the potential of the flower-like Ag microstructures on graphene for use in Raman spectroscopic applications was examined. The signal showed a highest intensity value after a deposition time of 5 min, as portrayed by the intense local electromagnetic fields. For a better understanding, the CST Microwave Studio software, based on the finite element method (FEM), was applied to simulate the absorption characteristics of the structures on the graphene substrate. The absorption peak was redshifted due to the increment of the nanoparticle size.
  13. Doris M, Aziz F, Alhummiany H, Bawazeer T, Alsenany N, Mahmoud A, et al.
    Nanoscale Res Lett, 2017 Dec;12(1):67.
    PMID: 28116608 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-017-1851-0
    In this study, low-bandgap polymer poly{[4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-cyclopenta-(2,1-b;3,4-b')dithiophen]-2,6-diyl-alt-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)-4,7-diyl} (PCPDTBT) nanostructures have been synthesized via a hard nanoporous alumina template of centrifugal process. Centrifuge has been used to infiltrate the PCPDTBT solution into the nanoporous alumina by varying the rotational speeds. The rotational speed of centrifuge is directly proportional to the infiltration force that penetrates into the nanochannels of the template. By varying the rotational speed of centrifuge, different types of PCPDTBT nanostructures are procured. Infiltration force created during the centrifugal process has been found a dominant factor in tuning the morphological, optical, and structural properties of PCPDTBT nanostructures. The field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images proved the formation of nanotubes and nanowires. The energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscope (EDX) analysis showed that the nanostructures were composed of PCPDTBT with complete dissolution of the template.
  14. James Antony JJ, Zakaria S, Zakaria R, Anak Ujang J, Othman N, Subramaniam S
    Physiol Mol Biol Plants, 2019 Nov;25(6):1457-1467.
    PMID: 31736548 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-019-00703-2
    Dendrobium Sabin Blue is an important orchid hybrid that has been grown extensively as cut flower, potted plant and is also popular for its deep purplish blue flowers.  The most efficient long term conservation method of this hybrid is through cryopreservation. Cryopreservation involving the vitrification method consists of explants exposure to highly concentrated cryoprotective solution followed by freezing rapidly in liquid nitrogen. However, these treatments involved highly concentrated cryoprotectant that could incur toxicity to the explants. Hence, cryopreservation protocol requires biochemical analyses in understanding the damages or injuries occurred during cryopreservation treatments. In this study, biochemical analyses revealed a general reduction in chlorophyll, carotenoid and porphyrin content to 0.40 µg/g F W (thawing stage), 31.50 µg/g F W unloading stage and 2230.41 µg/g F W (thawing stage), respectively in comparison to the control treatments. In addition, increased level in proline content were obtained at different cryopreservation stages with highest level (5.42 µmole/g F W) recorded at the PVS2 dehydration stage. Fluctuated outcomes were obtained in catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and peroxidase (POX) enzyme activities in PLBs exposed to different cryopreservation stages. Lowest values recorded for CAT enzyme activity were obtained at the dehydration stage (3.94 U/g). Lowest POX enzyme activities were obtained at the dehydration (122.36 U/g) and growth recovery (106.40 U/g) stages. Additionally, lowest APX enzyme activities values were recorded at the thawing (7.47 U/g) and unloading (7.28 U/g) stages. These have contributed to low regeneration of Dendrobium Sabin Blue protocorm like bodies (PLBs) following cryopreservation. Hence, in the future experimental design, exogenous antioxidant could be included in the cryopreservation procedures to improve the existing protocol.
  15. Tan PC, Kartik B, Thanendran P, Zakaria R, Win ST, Omar SZ
    Sci Rep, 2020 03 10;10(1):4445.
    PMID: 32157169 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61114-y
    A case-controlled study was performed to evaluate taste and smell impairment, nausea or vomiting (NV) response to taste and smell and toleration to food texture, item and cooking method in hyperemesis gravidarum patients (HG) compared to gestation-matched controls from a university hospital and primary care clinic in Malaysia. Taste strips (4 base tastes), sniff sticks (16 selected smells) and a food-related questionnaire were used. 124 participants were recruited. Taste impairment was found in 13%(8/62) vs. 0%(0/62) P = 0.003 and the median for correct smell identification was 5[4-6] vs. 9[7-9] P 
  16. Zakaria R, Bawon P, Lee SH, Salim S, Lum WC, Al-Edrus SSO, et al.
    Polymers (Basel), 2021 Oct 12;13(20).
    PMID: 34685253 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203494
    The study investigated the effects of the addition of starch on the properties of oil palm biomass particleboard bonded with citric acid. Three kinds of oil palm biomasses were used in this study for the fabrication of particleboard, namely, oil palm frond (OPF), oil palm trunk (OPT), and empty fruit bunch (EFB) particles. Citric acid and tapioca starch at the mixing ratios of 100:0, 87.5:12.5, and 75:25 were prepared at a 60% solid content. A 30% resin content based on the oven-dried weight of the oil palm biomass particles was used. The sprayed particles were pre-dried at 80 °C for 12 h before being hot-pressed at 180 °C and 4 MPa pressure for 10 min. The physical and mechanical properties of the particleboard were evaluated. The mixtures of citric acid and tapioca starch were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Thermal stability of citric acid was reduced after the addition of tapioca starch. The addition of 12.5% tapioca starch improved the bending strength of the particleboard but increased the thickness swelling slightly. All UF-bonded particleboard exhibited significantly inferior performance than that of citric-acid-bonded particleboard. Citric-acid-bonded particleboard maintained its original shape after being subjected to a cyclic-aging treatment, while the UF-bonded particleboard disintegrated half way through the treatment. The performance of EFB particleboard was significantly inferior to its OPT and OPF counterparts.
  17. Rohizat NS, Ripain AHA, Lim CS, Tan CL, Zakaria R
    Sci Rep, 2021 Oct 04;11(1):19688.
    PMID: 34608217 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99189-w
    Hybrids plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs) and unique 2D graphene significantly enhanced the photoresponse of the photodetectors. The metallic NPs that exhibit localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) improves strong light absorption, scattering and localized electromagnetic field by the incident photons depending on the optimum condition of NPs. We report high-performance photodetectors based on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) integrated with monometallic of Au and Ag nanoparticles via a familiar fabrication technique using an electron beam evaporation machine. Under 680 nm illumination of light, our rGO photodetector exhibited the highest performance for Au-rGO with the highest responsivity of 67.46 AW-1 and the highest specific detectivity (2.39 × 1013 Jones). Meanwhile, Ag-rGO achieved the highest responsivity of 17.23 AW-1, specific detectivity (7.17 × 1011 Jones) at 785 nm. The response time are 0.146 µs and 0.135 µs for Au-rGO and Ag-rGO respectively for both wavelengths. The proposed photodetector with combining monometallic and graphene provide a new strategy to construct reliable and next-generation optoelectronic devices at VIS-NIR region.
  18. Azman KF, Aziz CBA, Zakaria R, Ahmad AH, Shafin N, Ismail CAN
    Molecules, 2021 Sep 06;26(17).
    PMID: 34500857 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175424
    Tualang honey has been shown to protect against neurodegeneration, leading to improved memory/learning as well as mood. In addition, studies have also demonstrated its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, a substantial part of this research lacks systematization, and there seems to be a tendency to start anew with every study. This review presents a decade of research on Tualang honey with a particular interest in the underlying mechanisms related to its effects on the central nervous system. A total of 28 original articles published between 2011 and 2020 addressing the central nervous system (CNS) effects of Tualang honey were analysed. We identified five main categories, namely nootropic, antinociceptive, stress-relieving, antidepressant, and anxiolytic effects of Tualang honey, and proposed the underlying mechanisms. The findings from this review may potentially be beneficial towards developing new therapeutic roles for Tualang honey and help in determining how best to benefit from this brain supplement.
  19. Abdo Qaid EY, Zulkipli NN, Zakaria R, Ahmad AH, Othman Z, Muthuraju S, et al.
    Int J Neurosci, 2021 May;131(5):482-488.
    PMID: 32202188 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2020.1746308
    Hypoxia has been associated with cognitive impairment. Many studies have investigated the role of mTOR signalling pathway in cognitive functions but its role in hypoxia-induced cognitive impairment remains controversial. This review aimed to elucidate the role of mTOR in the mechanisms of cognitive impairment that may pave the way towards the mechanistic understanding and therapeutic intervention of hypoxia-induced cognitive impairment. mTORC1 is normally regulated during mild or acute hypoxic exposure giving rise to neuroprotection, whereas it is overactivated during severe or chronic hypoxia giving rise to neuronal cells death. Thus, it is worth exploring the possibility of maintaining normal mTORC1 activity and thereby preventing cognitive impairment during severe or chronic hypoxia.
  20. Lim BK, Zakaria R, Hong JGS, Omar SZ, Sulaiman S, Tan PC
    J Obstet Gynaecol Res, 2022 Jan 23.
    PMID: 35068018 DOI: 10.1111/jog.15157
    AIM: To explore digital insertion in dorsal recumbent position of 16F, 22F, or 28F catheter bores on insertion failure, duration, and pain in unripe cervix labor induction.

    METHODS: A randomized trial was performed in a University hospital in Malaysia. Term women scheduled for labor induction, Bishop score ≤ 5, singleton, cephalic presentation, intact membrane, and reassuring pre-induction fetal heart rate tracing were recruited. Women with known gross fetal anomaly, allergy to latex and inability to consent or language difficulty were excluded. Participants were randomized to 16F, 22F, or 28F Foley catheter. Primary outcome was insertion failure and main secondary outcomes were insertion duration and pain (assessed by a Visual Numerical Rating Scale [VNRS] 0-10, higher score more pain). Analysis is done by analysis of variance (ANOVA), Kruskal-Wallis, and chi square test across the three arms and by t test and Mann-Whitney U test for pair wise comparisons.

    RESULTS: One hundred twenty-seven participants' data were analyzed. The insertion failure 7/43(16%) versus 4/42(10%) versus 5/42(12%), p = 0.64, insertion duration median [IQR] 2.8 [1.8-4.8] versus 2.8 [1.7-3.7] versus 2.8 [1.7-4.3] min, p = 0.68 and insertion pain VNRS mean {SD} 4.2 {2.5} versus 3.4 {2.3} versus 3.6 {2.2}, p = 0.26, insertion to delivery interval 26.0 {9.7} versus 25.6 {9.1} versus 22.8 {7.4} h, p = 0.45, and spontaneous vaginal delivery 20/43 (45%) versus 23/42(55%) versus 25/42(60%), p = 0.48 for 16F versus 22F versus 28F arms, respectively. Pairwise comparisons were not different.

    CONCLUSION: Foley catheter 16F versus 22F versus 28F resulted in similar digital insertion performance in the dorsal recumbent position for unripe cervix labor induction.

    CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN21224268.

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