Nanosilver particles (NSPs) were produced by the reduction of silver nitrate using glucose as reducer, poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) as stabilizer and sodium hydroxide as reaction enhancer. Two parameters were investigated which are silver nitrate concentration (0.1 M, 0.5 M and 1.0 M) and reaction temperature (60°C and 80°C). Through spectral analysis using ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (UV-vis), all the samples recorded the maximum peak in the range of 384-411 nm which verified the formation of NSPs. TEM images showed the nanoparticles have spherical shape with the size range of 25-39 nm. Particle size and zeta potential analysis recorded the hydrodynamic size of nanoparticles in the range of 85-105 nm and the zeta potential ranging from -25 to -30 mV, under the pH value of 8. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the NSPs have face center cubic (FCC) structure. All the produced NSPs surprisingly showed ferromagnetic-like behaviour based on the magnetization curves. FTIR result confirmed the presence of poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) on the NSPs surface. Furthermore, at the reaction temperature 60°C, the crystallite size, physical size as well as hydrodynamic size increased as the precursor concentration increased from 0.1 M to 0.5 M. However, as the precursor concentration further increases to 1.0 M, the size become smaller due to incomplete reduction process. In contrast, at 80°C, the sizes was gradually increased as the precursor concentration increases up to 1.0 M. In terms of controlled precursor concentration, the crystallite size and physical size become smaller as the temperature increases.
Forest degradation and deforestation are some of the major global concerns as they can reduce the forest carbon stock
and sequestration capacity. However, the carbon stock and sequestration potential in a mixed dipterocarp tropical forest
remains unclear due to a lack of information. This study was carried out on the carbon stock and estimated its economic
value to justify its conservation. Six plots were established in the Endau Rompin National Park, Johor and subplots
measuring 50 × 20 m were established in each plot. All trees greater than 15 cm DBH (diameter at breast height) were
identified and the parameters measured included tree height and diameter. The aboveground carbon (AGC) content was
about 222 Mg(C) ha-1, belowground carbon (BGC) was 53 Mg (C) ha-1 and it was 6 Mg (C) ha-1 for other components.
In total, the carbon stock amounted to 281 Mg (C) ha-1. On the other hand, the total CO2 sequestrated in the mixed
dipterocarp forest amounted to 1,040 t CO2
ha-1. The carbon value was estimated at RM32,240 t CO2
ha-1 or $7,280 t CO2
ha-1. Therefore, the study found that the dipterocarp forest should be preserved to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions.
In recent years, Malaysia has experienced quite a few number of chronic air pollution problems and it has become a
major contributor to the deterioration of human health and ecosystems. This study aimed to assess the air quality data
and identify the pattern of air pollution sources using chemometric analysis through hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA),
discriminant analysis (DA), principal component analysis (PCA) and multiple linear regression analysis (MLR). The air
quality data from January 2016 until December 2016 was obtained from the Department of Environment Malaysia. Air
quality data from eight sampling stations in Selangor include the selected variables of nitrogen dioxide (NO2
), ozone (O3
),
sulfur dioxide (SO2
), carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM10). The HCA resulted in three clusters, namely low
pollution source (LPS), moderate pollution source (MPS) and slightly high pollution source (SHPS). Meanwhile, DA resulted
in two and four variables for the forward stepwise mode and the backward stepwise mode, respectively. Through PCA,
it was identified that the main pollutants of LPS, MPS and SHPS came from industrial and vehicle emissions, agricultural
systems, residential factors and natural emission sources. Among the three models yielded from the MLR analysis, it was
found that SHPS is the most suitable model to be used for the prediction of Air Pollution Index. This study concluded that
a clearer review and practical design of air quality monitoring network would be beneficial for better management of
air pollution. The study also suggested that chemometric techniques have the ability to show significant information on
spatial variability for large and complex air quality data.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of annealing to the hardness of high Y2O3-oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) ferritic steels. The samples were prepared by mechanical alloying method followed by Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP). After compaction process, the samples were sintered at 1100°C for 1 h in a tube furnace. The crystal structure and morphology of samples were analyzed by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) measurement and characterized by using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), respectively. The hardness of samples was measured by using a micro-Vickers hardness tester with a load of 200 gf at annealing temperature of 600°C, 800°C and 1000°C, respectively. The Vickers hardness value (HV0,2) versus annealing temperature graph showed that the hardness of all samples started to decrease at temperature of 600°C due to grain growth. The hardness value of all samples (1Y and 5Y) identified at this annealing temperature is 855 HV0,2 and 808 HV0, 2, respectively.
Acetic acid bacteria (AAB) isolated from natural resources and fermented plant beverages were screened to produce
1,3-dihydroxyacetone (DHA) from non-detoxified crude glycerol. Among them, the isolate NKC115 was identified as
Gluconobacter frateurii and produced the highest amounts of DHA. Subsequently, the effects of growth-medium conditions
(initial pH, crude glycerol concentration and nitrogen sources) on growth and DHA-production capability were examined.
The results showed that the crude glycerol concentration increase to above 100 g/L suppressed growth and DHA production.
The highest amount of DHA obtained was 27.50 g/L, from an initial crude glycerol concentration of 100 g/L. Meanwhile,
an initial pH of 5.5-7.5 in the YPGc medium did not significantly affect the bacterial growth and DHA production. The
optimal nitrogen source was peptone, with DHA production at 34.70 g/L. Furthermore, overexpression of the nhaK2 gene
encoding for the Na+(K+)/H+ antiporter from Acetobactor tropicalis SKU1100 in G. frateurii NKC115 improved growth
and increased the accumulation of DHA (37.25 g/L) from an initial crude glycerol concentration of 20%. These results
indicated that the expression of this antiporter might maintain an optimal intracellular pH and concentration of Na+ or
K+, leading to the cells’ ability to tolerate high concentrations of crude glycerol.
Keluli karbon amat mudah terkakis dalam pelbagai persekitaran terutamanya dalam keadaan berudara lembap dan suhu tinggi. Oleh sebab itu, permukaan keluli karbon perlu dilindungi dengan bahan atau logam yang mampu menangani serangan kakisan yang agresif dengan membentuk lapisan oksida dan lapisan antara logam yang bersifat pelindung. Kajian ini dijalankan untuk menentukan mikrostruktur permukaan dan kekerasan salutan aluminium (Al) tulen yang telah dihasilkan melalui teknik celupan panas. Celupan panas dalam leburan Al tulen dilakukan pada suhu berbeza untuk mendapatkan lapisan salutan yang optimum. Keputusan teknik celupan panas menunjukkan dua lapisan utama terhasil iaitu lapisan luar Al dan lapisan dalam aluminit (Fe-Al). Manakala lapisan dalam aluminida terdiri daripada dua lapisan yang berbeza iaitu lapisan nipis luar FeAl3 dan lapisan tebal dalam Fe2Al5. Keputusan daripada ujian mikrokekerasan Vickers menunjukkan bahawa nilai kekerasan lapisan aluminida meningkat dengan peningkatan suhu leburan Al manakala lapisan Al tidak menunjukkan sebarang perubahan yang ketara.
Mangan oksida (MnO2
) poros nano yang mempunyai morfologi lapisan nipis telah disintesis dan diaplikasikan sebagai
penjerap pewarna sintetik komersial (remazol merah, eriokrom hitam dan metilena biru). Permukaan bahan silika
alumina yang telah diubah suai dengan 3-aminopropiltrietoksisilana (APTES) digunakan dalam proses sonokimia pada
suhu bilik dengan kehadiran 0.1 M kalium permanganat (KMnO4
) untuk menghasilkan komposit silika alumina-MnO2
.
Penyingkiran templat dijalankan untuk mendapatkan MnO2
tulen bersaiz nano. Spektrum FTIR menunjukkan kehadiran
getaran MnO2
dalam julat 400 - 600 cm-1 dan corak XRD menunjukkan kehadiran birnesit jenis MnO2
. Isoterma jerapnyahjerap
N2
menunjukkan MnO2
tulen memiliki liang yang bersifat mesoporos iaitu 34.8 Å (± 0.4), manakala luas
permukaan MnO2
ialah 252.8 m2
/g. Penjerap MnO2
lapisan nipis yang diperoleh menunjukkan kebolehan menjerap
pewarna eriokrom hitam dan metilena biru masing-masingnya sehingga 54% dan 99% serta kapasiti penjerapan masingmasing
ialah 0.0024 dan 0.0077 mmol/g. Kedua-dua isoterma penjerapan eriokrom hitam dan metilena biru oleh MnO2
masing-masing menepati ciri-ciri Langmuir dan Temkin. Sementara itu data kinetik penjerapan eriokrom hitam dan
metilena biru kedua-duanya memenuhi tertib pertama pseudo.
Oil palm is the major crop grown and cultivated in various Asian countries such as Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand.
The core of oil palm trunk (COPT) consists of high sugar content, hence suitable for synthesis of fine chemicals and
biofuels. Increase of sugar content was reported previously during prolonged COPT storage. However, until now, there
has been no report on protein profiles during storage. Therefore, in this study, protein expression of the COPT during the
storage period of one to six weeks was investigated using sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
(SDS-PAGE) coupled with optical density quantification and multivariate analyses for measuring differentially expressed
proteins. Accordingly, protein bands were subjected to tryptic digestion followed by tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLCMS/MS)
protein identification. The results from SDS-PAGE showed consistent protein bands appearing across the biological
replicates ranging from 10.455 to 202.92 kDa molecular weight (MW) regions. The findings from the principal component
analysis (PCA) plot illustrated the separation pattern of the proteins at weeks 4 and 5 of storage, which was influenced
mainly by the molecular weights of 14.283, 25.543, 29.757, 30.549, 31.511, 34.585 and 84.395 kDa, respectively. The
majority of these proteins are identified as those involved in stress- and defense-related, disease resistance, as well
as gene/protein expression processes. Indeed, these proteins were mostly upregulated during the later storage period
suggesting that long-term storage may influence the molecular regulation of COPT sap.
Unilamellar liposomes composed of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) were prepared by the reverse-phase
evaporation method and extrusion through a polycarbonate membrane filter. Liposomes at 0.7 mg/mL lipid concentration
in deionized water were exposed to gamma irradiation at a dose in the range 0.5 to 25 kGy. Gamma irradiation of
liposomes resulted in the degradation of DPPC lipids into free fatty acids, lysophosphatidylcholine and 1,2-palmitoylphosphatidic
acid (DPPA). The effect of gamma irradiation towards the physical stability of liposomes was investigated
by means of dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and zeta potential analysis. From
the DLS analysis, no significant changes were observed in the hydrodynamic size of liposomes. TEM images indicate that
the liposomes surface became smoother and rounder as higher irradiation doses were applied. Zeta potential analysis
showed that gamma irradiation of DPPC liposomes at radiation doses as low as 0.5 kGy resulted in a drastic rise in the
magnitude of the zeta potential. The results also demonstrate that gamma irradiation of liposomes suspension enhanced
the overall stability of liposomes. Hence, it can be concluded that gamma irradiation on DPPC liposomes may potentially
produce liposomes with higher stability.
Genomic DNA of 13 fish (n=13) species consist of four freshwater which were catfish (Clarias gariepinus), shark catfish (Pangasius larnaudii), tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), perch (Lates calcarifer) and nine marine species which were black pomfret (Parastromateus niger), anchovy (Stolephorus commersonii), mabong (Rastrelliger kanagurta), red snapper (Lutjanus erythropterus), herring (Chirocentrus dorab), ray fish (Himantura gerrardii), sardine (Decapterus macrosoma), mackerel (Euthynnus affinis) and tuna (Thunnus tuna) were differentiated using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Seven endonucleases of AluI, BsaJI, HaeIII, HindIII, HinfI, MboI and MboII were examined for the ability to digest cyt b amplicon from each species. Genomic DNA of pork (Sus scrofa domestica) were differentiated from fishes by comparing the digestion patterns produced by similar amplified region and enzymes used. In the present study, it was demonstrated that fishes and pork DNA genome were successfully differentiated using all endonucleases except for HindIII. Thus, PCR-RFLP analysis was found useful for future pork DNA detection in fish products.
Durian or scientifically known as Durio zibethinus is one of the most well-known seasonal fruits in the Southeast Asia
region. However, its safe consumption in individuals with hypertension is still controversial. This study was conducted
to investigate the effect of durian on blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rat model. Four groups of rats (n=5)
were fed with either a low dose durian (26 g/kg), a high dose durian (52 g/kg), sugar solution (8 mL/kg) which has
similar sugar composition in the durian as placebo control, and distilled water as vehicle control (8 mL/kg) for 14 days.
The durian doses for rats were obtained by converting from human doses. Baseline reading of blood pressure and heart
rate were recorded before the first oral administration of durian. The blood pressure and heart rate were also measured
1 h after the durian oral administration on day 1, 3, 7 and 14 of the experiment. In conclusion, durian fruit possessed
an acute effect on the blood pressure of hypertensive rats but heart rate was unaffected. High dose administration of
durian led to significant elevation of blood pressure after 1 h of consumption. Meanwhile, low dose of durian (26 g/kg)
caused an insignificant reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Tolerance to the durian fruit was observed after
three to seven days of the oral administration and low dose consumption of durian fruit was safe in the hypertensive rat.
This study aimed to evaluate the level of knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) amongst food handlers in food utensils
hygiene and presence of bacterial contamination on food utensils. There were two approaches used in this study. In the
first approach, 134 of food handlers from 75 food premises were interviewed via questionnaires to assess their knowledge,
attitude and practice. In the second approach, the presence of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and total coliform
of 225 utensils (knives (75), chopping boards (75) and dish plates (75)) was examined. The result showed that the food
handlers had sufficient level of knowledge (80.5%), attitude (87.4%) and practice (90.1%). Highest contamination was
found on the chopping boards for the presence of S. aureus (82.8%), E. coli (9.7%) and total coliform (73.9%). Logistic
regression analysis showed that knowledge contributes to the presence of E. coli on the dish plates; and total coliform
on the knives. Thus, ongoing training that focused on food utensils hygiene must be emphasized to improve knowledge,
attitude and practice amongst the food handlers.
This study was conducted to determine the content of macronutrients and sugar in 30 types of food selected from three
zones in Peninsular Malaysia. The food samples consisted of 14 types of processed foods and beverages, 8 types of
fruits and 10 types ready to eat food. Each type of food and drink were purchased from selected restaurants, stores and
supermarkets from three different zones which were North zone (Perak), Central zone (Selangor) and South Zone (Johor).
Methods used for proximate analysis were based on the standard methods of AOAC (1997) while the total carbohydrate
was calculated by difference method. Total calories were calculated using Atwater method. Total sugar content were
analysed using high performace liquid chromatography (HPLC). Dietary fibre contents were determined by using a
combination of enzyme-gravimetric methods (AOAC 985.29 and AACC 32-05). The results showed that peanut butter has
the highest value of fat (44.75 ± 7.59 g/100 g), total calorie (611 ± 38 kcal /100 g) and dietary fibre contents (8.07 ± 0.98
g/100 g). Highest protein content (21.98 ± 2.57 g/100 g) was found in low-fat milk powder. The highest carbohydrate
(97.48 ± 1.47 g/100 g) and total sugar (86.7 ± 2.9 g/100 g) contents were found in palm sugar. The results of this study
will update and add up to the data for the Malaysian Food Composition Table and can provide useful information in
choosing healthy foods based on the nutrient contents of the food.
The maturity of mango is usually assessed by the determination of its moisture content (m.c.), soluble solid content (SSC)
and pH. However, these techniques are either time consuming, tedious or destructive. In this research, we extend the
application of the open-ended coaxial probe technique to determine m.c. and pH of Chok Anan mango from its dielectric
properties from week 5 to week 17 after anthesis. The effects of frequency and m.c. on the values of the dielectric constant
and loss factor were also investigated. The critical frequency separating the different polarizations was found to be
inversely proportional to m.c. Also, in this research we proposed a new classification of fruit ripeness related to the number
of weeks after anthesis. The actual dielectric properties, m.c., SSC and pH of Chok Anan mango were measured using
standard methods. Relationships were established between the dielectric constant, loss factor, critical frequency, pH and
m.c. The accuracy for the determination of m.c. and pH using the coaxial probe was within 1.7% and 3.0%, respectively.
This study aimed to improve the colloidal stability of yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline (Y-TZP)
suspension through colloidal processing to obtain highly translucent Y-TZP. Agglomeration is often the main complication
in the processing of nanosized Y-TZP as it deteriorates mechanical and optical properties. Thus, colloidal processing
is necessary to mitigate the agglomeration in Y-TZP. The colloidal stability of Y-TZP suspension plays a key role for the
success of colloidal processing. In this study, colloidal processing was conducted at several stages, namely, dispersant
addition, pH adjustment and sedimentation. Changes in particle size and zeta potential at various stages were recorded.
The suspensions were then slip-casted to form green bodies. Green bodies were sintered and characterized for density
and translucency. The results showed that dispersant addition followed by pH adjustment effectively dispersed soft
agglomerates by introducing electrosteric stabilization, whereas sedimentation successfully segregated hard agglomerates
and contributed excellent colloidal stability. With high colloidal stability, the translucency of Y-TZP was improved by
approximately 30%. This study demonstrated different colloidal processing stages and proved that high colloidal stability
and fine particle size are vital to produce highly translucent Y-TZP.
Chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol (Chitosan/PVA) blended film was prepared by direct blend process and solution casting methods.
In order to reduce the swelling ratio and enhance the chemical and mechanical stability, Chitosan/PVA film was crosslinked
with glutaraldehyde in order to produce Chitosan-g-PVA. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used as a model protein
to incorporate into the Chitosan-g-PVA. The chemical structure and morphological characteristics of films were studied
by FT-IR and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Mechanical and physical properties of blended films such as tensile
properties in the dry and wet states, water uptake and water contact angle measurement were characterized. Blending
PVA and chitosan improved strength and flexibility of the films. Crosslinking with glutaraldehyde further improves the
tensile strength and decrease the hydrophilicity of films. BSA immobilized on the Chitosan-g-PVA film was calculated as
BSA encapsulation efficiency.
Zinc (Zn) deficient soil prevails throughout the world and it has become the bottleneck in achieving production potential
and quality of crops. The negligible use of micronutrients along with irregular use of macronutrients is practised for
fodder production in Pakistan. Varying levels of zinc (0, 5, 10 and 15 kg ha-1) and nitrogen (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1)
were evaluated for their effect on yield, quality and zinc uptake on fodder sorghum (variety Hegari) in a field experiment
for two consecutive years (2014 and 2015). Data were analysed by using Fishers’ analysis of variance (at p<0.05) and
response surface methodology (RSM). Correlation between different parameters was also studied. Application of zinc
and nitrogen improved the plant height, leaf area plant-1, green fodder yield, dry matter yield, crude protein percentage
and zinc content of plant but decreased the neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and ash percentage. Values for
different parameters recorded at second and third levels of zinc and nitrogen were remained at par with each other.
Application of 10 kg ha-1 zinc and 120 kg ha-1 nitrogen showed an average increase of 7.3 and 18.6% in green fodder
yield while 12.1 and 15.8% in dry matter yield, respectively. Similarly 6.1 and 7.5% increase in crude protein was noted
over control. Correlation between NDF and ADF was negative with rest of the studied parameters. In conclusion, Zn2
and
N2
gave the best results in term of yield and quality of fodder sorghum.
Bioaccumulation of toxic metals in fish causes serious threats to human when they are consumed. Thus, the detection of
toxic element concentration levels in aquatic component is important. The accumulation of some heavy metals such as
Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn in fish were determined. Ten species (Selaroides leptolepis, Decapterus maraudsi, Epinephelus
lanceolatus, Priacanthus tayenus, Rastrelliger, Megalaspis cordyla, Nibea soldado, Pristipomoides filamentosus, Bramidae
and Siganus canaliculatus) were collected from Terengganu coastal area, Malaysia. The analysis was done using
inductive coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) technique. In general, the concentration levels of heavy metals in
fish samples are lower than the previous study in various locations. The highest average level of heavy metal recorded in
fish is Fe followed by Zn, Mn, Cu, Cd and Pb. The metal concentration found in this study was lower than the national
and international recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for human consumption except Fe (52.33 × 10-2 ± 6.39 × 10-2
mg kg-1) which exceeded the limit of 0.3 mg kg-1. Long term monitoring system of metal bioaccumulation in fishes need
to be done to provide useful information for the assessment of the potential health risks of metals in Malaysia.
Information on semiconductor/superconductor interface is important in fabricating devices of such hybrid systems. In
this paper the electrical properties and AC susceptibility of Tl2
Ba2
CaCu2
O8
(Tl-2212) superconductor added with CdTe
semiconductor are reported. Samples with nominal starting composition Tl2
Ba2
CaCu2
O8
(CdTe)x with x = 0 to 0.20 weight
percent (wt. %) have been prepared by the solid-state reaction method. X-ray diffraction patterns showed essentially
the Tl-2212 phase with presence of impurities (CuO and Tl2
Ba2
CuO6
) for x ≥ 0.05 wt. % but did not change the Tl-2212
structure which is tetragonal with lattice parameter a = b ≠ c. The critical onset temperature, Tc-onset for all samples was
between 104 and 108 K while the critical zero resistance temperature, Tc-zero was from 93 to 95 K. The superconducting
transition determined by AC susceptibility measurement showed Tcχ’ between 101 and 103 K. The peak temperature, Tp
of
the imaginary part of the susceptibility χ” decreased for x = 0.05 and then increased for x > 0.05. This indicated that the
superconducting grains were strongly coupled for x > 0.05 as a result of CdTe addition. The intergrain critical current
density, Jc
at Tp
for the x = 0.2 sample Jc (Tp
= 95 K) = 23 A cm-2was the highest among all samples. This sample also
showed the highest Tp
indicating CdTe improved the flux pinning of the Tl-2212 phase. This result can be useful in the
fabrication of semiconductor/superconductor (Tl-2212) hybrid devices.
Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji kesan kandungan fosfat berbeza (X = 10, 15 dan 20% mol) terhadap pembentukan
morfologi permukaan, ikatan kimia, penghabluran, fasa dan kekuatan mampatan kaca sol-gel tersinter. Serbuk kaca
gel dengan komposisi 50SiO2
.(50-X).CaO.XP2
O5 (dalam peratusan mol) disediakan melalui kaedah sol-gel, dimampat
membentuk pelet dan disinter pada suhu 1200°C selama 3 jam. Didapati bahawa dengan peningkatan kandungan fosfat,
mikrostruktur kaca tersinter yang lebih padat terhasil disebabkan peningkatan pemadatan jasad, pengurangan keliangan
ketara dan pembentukan butiran dan sempadan butiran berhablur yang lebih besar. Peningkatan sebanyak 20% mol
kandungan fosfat meningkatkan vitrifikasi (fasa kekaca) pada permukaan kaca tersinter yang mana meningkatkan
pemadatan jasad kepada 83.56%, kekuatan mampatan pada 113 MPa dan penurunan peratusan penghabluran pada
sekitar 66%. Analisis EDS menunjukkan peningkatan kandungan fosfat menyebabkan peningkatan unsur Si-O pada fasa
amorfus dan unsur P-O pada fasa berhablur. Analisis FTIR menunjukkan berlaku pemisahan fasa kaya fosfat dan fasa
kaya silikat dan pada masa sama meningkatkan rangkaian tetrahedra silikat (Si-O-Si) dan fosfat (P-O-P) kaca tersinter.
Peningkatan kandungan fosfat meningkatkan kumpulan berfungsi berkaitan fosfat hablur dan mengurangkan kumpulan
berfungsi berkaitan silikat hablur. Ini menyebabkan peningkatan pembentukan fasa silikokarnotit, Ca5 (PO4)2 (SiO4)
dalam matriks kaca tersinter dengan peningkatan kandungan fosfat yang ditunjukkan melalui analisis XRD.