Displaying publications 81 - 100 of 705 in total

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  1. Siti Sarah Jumali, Shaleha Ismail
    MyJurnal
    Oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) were subjected to microbial pre-treatment of lignocellulosic biomass bioconversion to fermentable sugar. Microbial pre-treatment was carried out by inoculating Ganoderma boninense spores through solid state fermentation. The samples were initially treated with Sulphuric acid method prior to reading with UV-Visible Spectrometer. The readings were taken before and after inoculation of EFB with G. boninense. Bioconversion of 20 g EFB via solid state fermentation was done in five different amounts of G. boninense spore namely 0.0 g (control), 0.5 g (T2), 0.7 g (T3), 0.9 g (T4) and 1.1 g (T5) in 7 days. The result shows the highest delignification in sample inoculated with 1.1g of G. boninense spores, in which the spores are successfully reduced by 61.97% of lignin from total EFB biomass in 7 days compared to 60.08% (T4), 58.65% (T3) and 54.85% (T2). Meanwhile, for control the lignin content was reduced by 5.07% in 7 days. The study shows that G. boninense has the ability to remove lignin from EFB whereby longer incubation period and higher number of spores contribute to higher delignification percentage.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biomass
  2. Loy ACM, Gan DKW, Yusup S, Chin BLF, Lam MK, Shahbaz M, et al.
    Bioresour Technol, 2018 Aug;261:213-222.
    PMID: 29665455 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.04.020
    The thermal degradation behaviour and kinetic parameter of non-catalytic and catalytic pyrolysis of rice husk (RH) using rice hull ash (RHA) as catalyst were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis at four different heating rates of 10, 20, 50 and 100 K/min. Four different iso conversional kinetic models such as Kissinger, Friedman, Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) and Ozawa-Flynn-Wall (OFW) were applied in this study to calculate the activation energy (EA) and pre-exponential value (A) of the system. The EA of non-catalytic and catalytic pyrolysis was found to be in the range of 152-190 kJ/mol and 146-153 kJ/mol, respectively. The results showed that the catalytic pyrolysis of RH had resulted in a lower EA as compared to non-catalytic pyrolysis of RH and other biomass in literature. Furthermore, the high Gibb's free energy obtained in RH implied that it has the potential to serve as a source of bioenergy production.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biomass
  3. Syafiqa Hayati Mohd Ali, Norazlina Ahmad, Khairul Adzfa Radzun
    MyJurnal
    This study describes the adaptations of diatoms, Cylindrotheca fusiformis and other marine diatoms, in a new formulated enriched medium Tris-phosphate seawater (TP-SW). The medium was designed to maintain long-term cultures of wide-range marine diatoms in laboratory that produces high biomass of cultures. The diatoms were adapted and cultivated in the medium for 15 days and the number of cells was recorded daily. It was found that the number of cells declined after two weeks indicating death phase of the cells. This indicates that the TP-SW medium has supported the growth of diatoms during the period and can be used to cultivate diatoms in vitro. Studies on the TP-SW medium must be done to obtain optimal medium that can provide not only a conducive environment for the survival of diatoms but also high biomass production.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biomass
  4. Phong WN, Show PL, Teh WH, Teh TX, Lim HMY, Nazri NSB, et al.
    Bioresour Technol, 2017 Nov;244(Pt 2):1329-1336.
    PMID: 28602664 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.165
    In this work, the extraction of microalgal protein from wet Chlorella sorokiniana species using alcohol/salt liquid biphasic flotation (LBF) with the aid of ultrasonication for cell rupturing was proposed. The effect of varying crude feedstock concentration, flotation time, salt type, salt concentration, alcohol type, alcohol concentration, initial volumes of salt and alcohol were investigated. After the optimization process, the highest proportion of protein recovered in the top phase was achieved with 250g/L ammonium sulphate, 60% (v/v) 2-propanol, 1.0VR,initial, 20g/L crude biomass load, 4mm3/min air flowrate and 10min of flotation time. The recycling of phase components was introduced to minimize the use of alcohol and salt in the corresponding LBF. It was demonstrated that top phase (alcohol) recycling can achieve increasing performance for three consecutive recycling runs. Under optimized process conditions, the proportion of protein recovered in the top phase was 88.86% for the third recycle run.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biomass
  5. Micky Vincent, Latifah Suali, Afizul Safwan Azahari, Patricia Rowena Mark Baran, Elexson Nillian, Lesley Maurice Bilung
    MyJurnal
    Yeast growth and biomass production are greatly influenced by the length of the
    incubation period during cultivation. Therefore, this study was conducted to
    investigate the growth kinetics of five Lipomyces starkeyi strains as determined by
    biomass production. The five L. starkeyi strains, namely L. starkeyi ATCC 12659, L.
    starkeyi MV-1, L. starkeyi MV-4, L. starkeyi MV-5 and L. starkeyi MV-8, were inoculated
    in sterilized Yeast Malt broth, and, incubated for 192 hr at ambient temperature.
    Biomass yields were assessed and calculated gravimetrically every 24 hr. Results
    indicated that the optimal biomass production of L. starkeyi ATCC 12659, L. starkeyi
    MV-1, L. starkeyi MV-4, L. starkeyi MV-5 and L. starkeyi MV-8 were at 120, 168, 144,
    168 and 120 hr, with the concentrations of 6.64, 6.43, 9.78, 11.23 and 8.56 g/L,
    respectively. These results indicate that each L. starkeyi strain requires specific
    incubation period for the optimum production of fungal biomass. Therefore, by
    cultivating each L. starkeyi strain at the predetermined incubation period, biomass
    yields could significantly be improved for further downstream applications such as
    single cell protein and lipid production.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biomass
  6. Omar, N.N., Abdullah, N., Mustafa, I.S., Sulaiman, F.
    ASM Science Journal, 2018;11(1):9-22.
    MyJurnal
    Oil palm frond is known to be the largest contributor to the oil palm residues, providing
    up to 50.3% of the total residues. Since it has a very limited utility, an initiative was taken
    by this study to investigate its suitability for bio-oil production. Hence, slow pyrolysis was
    conducted in an experimental setup equipped with a fixed bed reactor and a liquid collection
    system. From the experiments, the effect of reaction temperature on the bio-oil yield was
    examined. The characteristics of the obtained bio-oil were also investigated to study its
    potential as a substitute of phenol. It was found that at reaction temperature of 375oC,
    highest yield of bio-oil was obtained at 38.4 wt%. Meanwhile, the characteristics of oil palm
    frond and its bio-oil were found to be approximately similar to the characteristics of typical
    softwoods and their bio-oil. Most softwood biomass has been successfully used as a phenol
    substitute. Therefore, the potential of this bio-oil to be used as a phenol substitute was
    enhanced.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biomass
  7. Hossain N, Mahlia TMI, Saidur R
    Biotechnol Biofuels, 2019;12:125.
    PMID: 31139255 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1465-0
    Background: Microalgae have been experimented as a potential feedstock for biofuel generation in current era owing to its' rich energy content, inflated growth rate, inexpensive culture approaches, the notable capacity of CO2 fixation, and O2 addition to the environment. Currently, research is ongoing towards the advancement of microalgal-biofuel technologies. The nano-additive application has been appeared as a prominent innovation to meet this phenomenon.

    Main text: The main objective of this study was to delineate the synergistic impact of microalgal biofuel integrated with nano-additive applications. Numerous nano-additives such as nano-fibres, nano-particles, nano-tubes, nano-sheets, nano-droplets, and other nano-structures' applications have been reviewed in this study to facilitate microalgae growth to biofuel utilization. The present paper was intended to comprehensively review the nano-particles preparing techniques for microalgae cultivation and harvesting, biofuel extraction, and application of microalgae-biofuel nano-particles blends. Prospects of solid nano-additives and nano-fluid applications in the future on microalgae production, microalgae biomass conversion to biofuels as well as enhancement of biofuel combustion for revolutionary advancement in biofuel technology have been demonstrated elaborately by this review. This study also highlighted the potential biofuels from microalgae, numerous technologies, and conversion processes. Along with that, the study recounted suitability of potential microalgae candidates with an integrated design generating value-added co-products besides biofuel production.

    Conclusions: Nano-additive applications at different stages from microalgae culture to end-product utilization presented strong possibility in mercantile approach as well as positive impact on the environment along with valuable co-products generation into the near future.

    Matched MeSH terms: Biomass
  8. Lin BJ, Chen WH, Lin YY, Chang JS, Farooq A, Singh Y, et al.
    Bioresour Technol, 2020 Apr;301:122774.
    PMID: 31954973 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122774
    The thermal characteristics of Actinobacillus succinogenes (AS) from pyrolysis, torrefaction, and combustion are analyzed to evaluate the potential of this biomass as a renewable fuel. AS pyrolysis can be classified into four stages, and its main decomposition zone is at 200-500 °C. The solid yield of AS after 60 min torrefaction is over 60 wt%, and the torrefaction severity index map indicates that a high torrefaction temperature with a short duration has a more profound influence on its decomposition. The Py-GC/MS analysis of AS suggests that the volatile products from 500 °C pyrolysis are similar to microalgae-derived pyrolysis bio-oils. The combustibility index (S) of AS is 4.07 × 10-7 which is much higher than that of lignite coal (0.39 × 10-7) and bituminous coal (0.18 × 10-7), and close to those of biochar and bio-oil. The obtained results are conducive to the development of microorganisms as fuel to achieve a circular bioeconomy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biomass
  9. Ho MC, Wu TY
    Bioresour Technol, 2020 Apr;301:122684.
    PMID: 31954964 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122684
    In this study, a novel Type II deep eutectic solvent (DES) namely, choline chloride:copper(II) chloride dihydrate (ChCl:CuCl2·2H2O) was used to pretreat oil palm fronds (OPFs). The sequential pretreatment with alkaline hydrogen peroxide (0.25 vol%, 90 min) at ambient conditions and a Type II DES (90 °C, 3 h) at a later stage resulted in a delignification of 55.14% with high xylan (80.79%) and arabinan (98.02%) removals. The characterizations of pretreated OPFs confirmed the excellent performance of DES in OPF fractionation. Thus, the application of a Type II DES at ambient pressure and relatively lower temperature was able to improve the lignin and hemicellulose removals from OPFs.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biomass
  10. Azmi AAB, Sankaran R, Show PL, Ling TC, Tao Y, Munawaroh HSH, et al.
    Bioresour Technol, 2020 Apr;302:122874.
    PMID: 32007308 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122874
    Pretreatment of microalgal biomass possessing rigid cell wall is a critical step for enhancing the efficiency of microalgal biorefinery. However, the conventional pretreatment processes suffer the drawbacks of complex processing steps, long processing time, low conversion efficiency and high processing costs. This significantly hinders the industrial applicability of microalgal biorefinery. The innovative electricity-aid pretreatment techniques serve as a promising processing tool to extensively enhance the release of intracellular substances from microalgae. In this review, application of electric field-based techniques and recent advances of using electrical pretreatments on microalgae cell focusing on pulsed electric field, electrolysis, high voltage electrical discharges and moderate electric field are reviewed. In addition, the emerging techniques integrating electrolysis with liquid biphasic flotation process as promising downstream approach is discussed. This review delivers broad knowledge of the present significance of the application of these methods focusing on the development of electric assisted biomolecules extraction from microalgae.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biomass
  11. Tang DYY, Khoo KS, Chew KW, Tao Y, Ho SH, Show PL
    Bioresour Technol, 2020 May;304:122997.
    PMID: 32094007 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122997
    Microalgae are autotroph organisms that utilise light energy to synthesize various high-value bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides, proteins and lipids. Due to its fast growth rate and capability to survive in harsh environment, microalgae nowadays are applied in various industrial areas. The process of obtaining microalgae-based biomolecules starts with the selection of suitable microalgae strain, cultivation, followed by downstream processing of the biomass (i.e., pre-treatment, harvesting, extraction and purification). The end products of the processes are biofuels and other valuable bioproducts. Nevertheless, low production yield and high-cost downstream processes are the emerging bottlenecks which need to be addressed in the upscaling of extracted compounds from microalgae biomass. To conclude, tremendous efforts are required to overcome these challenges to revolutionize microalgae into a novel and green factory of different bioactive compounds for industrial necessities to satisfy and fulfil global demands.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biomass
  12. Thangavelu SK, Rajkumar T, Pandi DK, Ahmed AS, Ani FN
    Waste Manag, 2019 Mar 01;86:80-86.
    PMID: 30902242 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.01.035
    Microwave assisted acid hydrolysis (H2SO4 and HCl with >0.5 mol/L) to produce bioethanol from sago pith waste (SPW) was studied. The energy consumption for microwave hydrolysis at different energy inputs and acid concentration were calculated. The overall energy consumption for bioethanol fuel production from SPW was assessed. A maximum of 88% glucose yield and 80% ethanol yield (3.1 g ethanol per 10 g SPW) were obtained using 1.0 mol/L H2SO4. Microwave hydrolysis using 1.0 mol/L H2SO4 consumed the minimum energy of 8.1 kJ to produce 1 g glucose from SPW when energy input was fixed at 54 kJ (900 W for 1 min). In general, 1 g glucose can produce 16 kJ. The overall energy consumption for fuel grade bioethanol production from SPW was 31.77 kJ per g ethanol, which was slightly higher than the lower heating values of ethanol (26.74 kJ/g ethanol).
    Matched MeSH terms: Biomass
  13. Kang K, Nanda S, Lam SS, Zhang T, Huo L, Zhao L
    Environ Res, 2020 07;186:109480.
    PMID: 32302869 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109480
    Microwave assisted hydrothermal treatment (MHTC) was compared with torrefaction in terms of carbonization efficiency and physicochemical characteristics of char products. The utilization of produced char was optimized for composite solid biofuel production. The results show that MHTC significantly improved the binding capability of the microwave hydrochar (MHC) particles during co-densification with unprocessed biomass and coal. One possible contributor to the improved binding is the pseudo lignin formed during the MHTC, which led to a better interlocking of the feedstock particles and promoted the solid bridge formation. Composite pellet prepared with 80 wt% of torrefaction char (TC-120), 10 wt% of microwave hydrochar (MHC-30), and 10 wt% of Coal-04 showed a higher heating value of 24.54 MJ/kg and energy density of 26.43 GJ/m3, which is significantly higher than that of the raw cotton stalk pellet (16.77 MJ/kg and 18.76 GJ/m3, respectively), showing great promise as a solid biofuel. The moisture resistance and oxidation reactivity are also significantly improved. The results demonstrate that MHCs provides dual functionalities in acting as binder and fuel promoter in the production of composite biofuel. This study can provide new insight into the unique functions of MHC during fuel application, which demonstrates the great potential of applying MHTC in energy recovery from lignocellulosic biomass.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biomass
  14. Huang Y, Liu S, Zhang J, Syed-Hassan SSA, Hu X, Sun H, et al.
    Bioresour Technol, 2020 Jul;307:123192.
    PMID: 32220819 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123192
    This study investigated the interactions between volatile and char during biomass pyrolysis at 400 °C, employing a β-5 lignin dimer and amino-modified graphitized carbon nanotube (CNT-NH2) as their models, respectively. The results demonstrated that both -NH2 and its carrier (CNT) facilitated the conversion of the β-5 dimer, which significantly increased from 9.7% (blank run), to 61.6% (with CNT), and to 96.6% (with CNT-NH2). CNT mainly favored the breakage of C-O bond in the feedstock to produce dimers with a yield of 55.5%, while CNT-NH2 promoted the cleavage of both C-O and C-C bonds to yield monomers with a yield up to 63.4%. Such significant changes in the pyrolysis behaviors of the β-5 lignin dimer after the introduction of CNT-NH2 were considered to be mainly caused by hydrogen-bond formations between -NH2 and the dimeric feedstock/products, in addition to the π-π stacking between CNT and aromatic rings.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biomass
  15. Rabeea Munawar, Ehsan Ullah Mughal, Muhammad Waseem Mumtaz, Muhammad Zubair, Jamshaid Ashraf, Zofishan Yousaf, et al.
    Sains Malaysiana, 2018;47:27-34.
    The prime objective of the present research work was to evaluate the efficiency of bio-machine for the removal of Cadmium (Cd) from aquatic systems. Aspergillus niger fungus was used as bio-machine to remove Cd from aquatic systems. Twenty three different strains (IIB-1 to IIB-23) were isolated from industrial effluents and the Langmuir and Freundlich models were applied to the best Cadmium removal strain IIB-23 in order to obtain the adsorption parameters. Different parameters such as pH, temperature, contact time, initial metal concentratio, and biomass dosage on the biosorption of Cd were studied. The percent removal of Cd initially increased with an increase in pH ranging from 5.5-6.5 and then decreased by increasing pH from 7.0-7.5. An optimized pH used for Cd removal from aquatic systems was found to be 6.5. Additionally, an optimum amount of biomass was 1.33 g for the maximum removal of Cd from the aqueous solutions with initial metal concentration of 75 mg/L. The results obtained thus indicated that Langmuir model is the best suited for the removal of Cd from aquatic systems.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biomass
  16. Chia SR, Chew KW, Show PL, Xia A, Ho SH, Lim JW
    Bioresour Technol, 2019 Oct;289:121727.
    PMID: 31279318 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121727
    In this present study, microalgal phycobiliproteins were isolated and purified via potential biphasic processing technique for pharmaceutical as well as food applications. The algal pre-treatment techniques were studied to enhance the yield of microalgal phycobiliproteins from the biomass. The proposed methods were optimised to obtain the best recovery yield of phycobiliproteins that can be isolated from the biomass. The phycobiliproteins were further purified using liquid biphasic system. The results showed that microalgal phycobiliproteins of high purity and yield was achieved using sonication treatment (20% power, 50% duty cycle and 7 min of irradiation time) with the biphasic system, where the purification fold of 6.17 and recovery yield of 94.89% was achieved. This work will provide insights towards the effective downstream processing of biomolecules from microalgae.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biomass
  17. Chong YY, Thangalazhy-Gopakumar S, Ng HK, Lee LY, Gan S
    J Environ Manage, 2019 Oct 01;247:38-45.
    PMID: 31229784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.06.049
    Fast pyrolysis is a potential technology for converting lignocellulosic biomass into bio-oil. Nevertheless, the high amounts of acid, oxygenated compounds, and water content diminish the energy density of the bio-oil and cause it to be unsuitable for direct usage. Catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) is able to improve bio-oil properties so that downstream upgrading processes can be economically feasible. Here, calcium oxide (CaO), magnesium oxide (MgO), and zinc oxide (ZnO) were employed due to their potential in enhancing bio-oil properties. The results showed that overall, all three catalysts positively impacted the empty fruit bunch fibre-derived bio-oil properties. Among the catalysts, CaO showed the most favorable effects in terms of reducing the acidity of the bio-oil and anhydrosugar. Thermal stability of bio-oils produced in the presence of CaO was studied as well.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biomass
  18. Koyande AK, Chew KW, Lim JW, Lam MK, Ho YC, Show PL
    Bioresour Technol, 2020 May;303:122931.
    PMID: 32044648 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122931
    The aim of this work was to study the ultrasonication-assisted Liquid Tri-phasic Flotation (LTF) System to obtain lipid and protein from microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana in a single step as a novel process. In the current study, biorefinery of Chlorella sorokiniana was performed using LTF system in a single step. The highest protein recovery of 97.43 ± 1.67% and lipid recovery of 69.50 ± 0.54% were obtained. The corresponding parameters were microalgae biomass loading of 0.5 w/v%, ammonium sulphate concentration of 40 w/v%, volume ratio of 1:1.5 (salt:alcohol), ultrasonication pulse mode of 20 s ON/20 s OFF at 20% amplitude for 5 mins, flotation air flowrate of 100 mL/min. Additionally, recycling of alcohol phase to study the circular nature of proposed biorefinery was investigated. The proposed LTF system for extraction of proteins and lipid reduces the number of operation units required in this biorefinery approach.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biomass
  19. Ahmed A, Abu Bakar MS, Hamdani R, Park YK, Lam SS, Sukri RS, et al.
    Environ Res, 2020 07;186:109596.
    PMID: 32361527 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109596
    Biochar production from invasive species biomass discarded as waste was studied in a fixed bed reactor pyrolysis system under different temperature conditions for value-added applications. Prior to pyrolysis, the biomass feedstock was characterized by proximate, ultimate, and heating value analyses, while the biomass decomposition behavior was examined by thermogravimetric analysis. The heating values of the feedstock biomass ranged from 18.65 to 20.65 MJ/kg, whereas the volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash content were 61.54-72.04 wt %, 19.27-26.61 wt % and 1.51-1.86 wt %, respectively. The elemental composition of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the samples was reported to be in the range of 47.41-48.47 wt %, 5.50-5.88 wt % and 46.10-45.18 wt %, respectively, while the nitrogen and sulphur content in the biomass samples were at very low concentrations, making it more useful for valorization from environmental aspects. The biochar yields were reported in the range of 45.36-58.35 wt %, 28.63-44.38 wt % and 22.68-29.42 wt % at a pyrolysis temperature of 400 °C, 500 °C, and 600 °C, respectively. The biochars were characterized from ultimate analysis, heating value, energy densification ratio, energy yield, pH, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM and EDX), to evaluate their potential for value-added applications. The carbon content, heating value, energy densification ratio, and the porosity of the biochars improved with the increase in pyrolysis temperature, while the energy yield, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen content of the biochars decreased. This study revealed the potential of the valorization of underutilized discarded biomass of invasive species via a pyrolysis process to produce biochar for value-added applications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biomass
  20. Shehzad M, Asghar A, Ramzan N, Aslam U, Bello MM
    Waste Manag Res, 2020 Nov;38(11):1284-1294.
    PMID: 32347191 DOI: 10.1177/0734242X20916843
    Biomass is considered as the largest renewable energy source in the world. However, some of its inherent properties such as hygroscopicity, lower energy content, low mass density and bio-degradation on storage hinder its extensive application in energy generation processes. Torrefaction, a thermochemical process carried out at 200-300°C in a non-oxidative environment, can address these inherent problems of the biomass. In this work, torrefaction of bagasse was performed in a bench-scale tubular reactor at 250°C and 275°C with residence times of 30, 60 and 90 mins. The effects of torrefaction conditions on the elemental composition, mass yield, energy yield, oxygen/carbon (O/C) and hydrogen/carbon (H/C) ratios, higher heating values and structural composition were investigated and compared with the commercially available 'Thar 6' and 'Tunnel C' coal. Based on the targeted mass and energy yields of 80% and 90% respectively, the optimal process conditions turned out to be 250°C and 30 mins. Torrefaction of the bagasse conducted at 275°C and 90 min raised the carbon content in bagasse to 58.14% and resulted in a high heating value of 23.84 MJ/kg. The structural and thermal analysis of the torrefied bagasse indicates that the moisture, non-structural carbohydrates and hemicellulose were reduced, which induced the hydrophobicity in the bagasse and enhanced its energy value. These findings showed that torrefaction can be a sustainable pre-treatment process to improve the fuel and structural properties of biomass as a feedstock for energy generation processes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biomass
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