Displaying publications 81 - 100 of 246 in total

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  1. Chin CS, Cheong YM, Wong YH
    Med J Malaysia, 1989 Sep;44(3):194-8.
    PMID: 2696871
    Thirty six clinical isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans were tested for their susceptibility to 5-fluorocytosine and amphotericin B by the determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum fungicidal concentrations. 22.2% of the isolates were resistant to 5-fluorocytosine and 36.1% indicated 5-fluorocytosine tolerance. All strains were sensitive to amphotericin B.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
  2. Lee YH, Hussain ZA, Choong FP
    PMID: 2125616
    The in-vitro activity of cefotaxime and cefoperazone were compared using clinically isolated Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Cefotaxime was found on a weight to weight basis, to be much more active than cefoperazone. All the three species studied show the presence of cefoperazone-resistant population which were sensitive to cefotaxime. The possible mechanisms of resistance to these antibiotics were discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
  3. Balasegaram M, Devanand MR, Singh B
    Med J Malaysia, 1980 Sep;35(1):68-72.
    PMID: 6265744
    Cefotaxime [HR 756], a third generation cephalosporin with pronounced antibacterial activity
    against the Enterobacteriaceae, was assessed in serious and problem antibiotic resistant infection. Good clinical success was achieved without observed untoward effects. The study suggests that due to its properties, cefotaxime could be used as a first-line antibiotic provided that the clinical situation warrants the use of a cephalosporin or aminoglycoside.
    Key words - cefotaxime [HR 756], serious surgical infection, antibiotic resistant infection.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
  4. Jamal F, Pit S, Isahak I, Abdullah N, Zainal Z, Abdullah R, et al.
    PMID: 3660072
    A total of 90 cases of pneumococcal infections were identified at a major referral hospital in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia during a study period of four years. Pneumonia was the most common clinical presentation (41 cases) followed by meningitis (19 cases). Of 48 patients who were followed-up during the microbiology consultation round, 11 died, 9 were children below two years old. Capsular typing was carried out on 57 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from blood and body fluids of 43 children and 14 adults. 38 strains isolated from pharyngeal specimens were also typed. Types 6A (11 strains), 6B (7 strains), 14 (8 strains) and 19A (8 strains) predominated in children. The strains from older patients comprised 3 isolates from cerebrospinal fluid (types 18B, 6B and 14), five from blood (4 strains, type 1 and 1 strain, type 4) and six from pus (1 strain, type 14, 3 strains type 23F and 2 strains type 34). The isolates from pharyngeal specimens belonged to capsular type similar to those implicated in infections. 90% of the types reported in this study are included in the 23 valent pneumococcal vaccines. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of penicillin, cefuroxime, chloramphenicol and rifampicin were determined for selected strains. 4.1% of isolates were resistant to penicillin (3/74), 4.5% to cefuroxime (2/44), 6.5% to chloramphenicol (3/46) and 14.6% to rifampicin (6/41).
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
  5. Jairoun A, Hassan N, Ali A, Jairoun O, Shahwan M, Hassali M
    Int J Gen Med, 2019;12:235-246.
    PMID: 31388309 DOI: 10.2147/IJGM.S200641
    Purpose: Antibiotic resistance is one of the world's most fatal health crises. Medical students are the antibiotic prescribers of tomorrow, so better understanding of their knowledge, attitudes, and practice (KAP) pertaining to antibiotic use is crucial. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the KAP of antibiotics and associated factors among university students in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted among a random sample of undergraduate students from Ajman University in the UAE. A self-administered pretested questionnaire was used to collect data on students' demographics and their KAP regarding antibiotic use. Data were analysed using STATA version 14.2. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: This study showed that university students have a high rate of antibiotic self-medication. The average KAP score was 56% (95% CI 55%-57%). Statistical modeling showed that major, study year, age, and sex were strong determinants of KAP regarding antibiotic use. Conclusion: There is a need to develop an effective and comprehensive antibiotic-stewardship program as part of undergraduate education. Moreover, reinforcing antibiotic-use policies, involving pharmacies, drug supply, distribution, and sale, are also urgently needed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
  6. Velusamy P, Su CH, Kannan K, Kumar GV, Anbu P, Gopinath SCB
    PMID: 33751641 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2146
    Overuse of antibiotics has led to the development of multi drug resistant strains. Antibiotic resistance is a major drawback in the biomedical field since medical implants are prone to infection by biofilms of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria. With increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistant pathogenic bacteria, the search for alternative method is utmost importance. In this regard, magnetic nanoparticles are commonly used as a substitute for antibiotics that can circumvent the problem of biofilms growth on the surface of biomedical implants. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have unique magnetic properties that can be exploited in various ways in the biomedical applications. IONPs are engineered employing different methods to induce surface functionalization that include the use of polyethyleneimine and oleic acid. IONPs have a mechanical effect on biofilms when in presence of an external magnet. In this review, a detailed description of surface engineered magnetic nanoparticles as ideal antibacterial agents is provided, accompanied by various methods of literature review. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
  7. Sui, Sien Leong, Lihan, Samuel, Hwa, Chuan Chia
    MyJurnal
    The abuse of antibiotics usage in bird industry has resulted in the emerging antibiotic resistant Enterococci worldwide which has posed a threat clinically to human health. The present study was to screen and identify the potential virulence agents in antibiotic resistance E. faecalis in bird industry in Borneo. Enterococcus bacteria collected from the birds’ faeces and indoor air inside ten birdhouses were identified to species level and their antibiotic resistance was checked using antibiotic susceptibility discs. Specific primers using PCR assay were intended for the detection of four potential virulence genes (ace, AS, efaA, gelE). Out of the thirty-seven Enterococci faecal bacteria, the prevailing bacteria found were Enterococcus qallinacum (51%), Enterococcus faecalis (35%) and Enterococcus harae (8%). The airborne bacteria were reported as Enterococcus faecalis (5%) and Enterococcus qallinacum (1%). Twenty-seven percent of isolates were reported to have Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index ≥ 0.2 with 9 distinct resistance patterns formed. E. faecalis showed higher resistance to vancomycin. Virulence genes were successfully reported in the 15 E. faecalis isolates. Sixty-seven percent of isolates were detected positive for four virulence genes, 27% possessed three (AS, efaA, gelE) genes and 6% possessed two (ace, AS) genes. Antibiotic resistance and virulence genes detection were significantly correlated. These virulence genes or antibiotic resistance genes were important in the pathogenesis of E. faecalis infections.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
  8. Basri L, Nor RM, Salleh A, Md Yasin IS, Saad MZ, Abd Rahaman NY, et al.
    Animals (Basel), 2020 Nov 18;10(11).
    PMID: 33217902 DOI: 10.3390/ani10112141
    A high death rate among red hybrid tilapias was observed in a farm in Selangor, Malaysia, in January 2020. The affected fish appeared lethargic, isolated from schooling group, showed loss of appetite, red and haemorrhagic skin, exophthalmia and enlarged gall bladders. Histopathological assessment revealed deformation of kidney tubules, and severe congestion with infiltrations of inflammatory cells in the brains and kidneys. Syncytial cells and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies were occasionally observed in the liver and brain sections. Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV), Aeromonas hydrophila and Streptococcus agalactiae were identified in the affected fish, either through isolation or through PCR and sequencing analysis. The phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that the TiLV strain in this study was closely related to the previously reported Malaysian strain that was isolated in 2019. On the other hand, A. hydrophila and S. agalactiae were closer to Algerian and Brazilian strains, respectively. The multiple antibiotic resistance index for A. hydrophila and S. agalactiae was 0.50 and 0.25, respectively. Co-infections of virus and bacteria in cultured tilapia is a new threat for the tilapia industry.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
  9. Harika K, Shenoy VP, Narasimhaswamy N, Chawla K
    J Glob Infect Dis, 2020 08 29;12(3):129-134.
    PMID: 33343163 DOI: 10.4103/jgid.jgid_150_19
    Background: Microorganisms are known to be involved in the formation of biofilm. These biofilms are often seen in chronic wound infections, surgical site infections, implants etc., These are capable of causing recalcitrant infections and most of them are also known to possess high antibiotic resistance.

    Objectives: This study was conducted to detect the biofilm formation in bacterial isolates from chronic wound infections.

    Materials and Methods: In the present study, ninety two isolates from chronic wound infections were identified by MALDI-TOF-MS (bioMerieux) and VITEK-2-MS (bioMerieux). These isolates were further screened for biofilm formation by three methods i. e., Tissue Culture Plate method (TCP), Tube Method (TM) and Congo Red Agar (CRA) method. Impact of biofilm production was correlated with the antibiotic resistant pattern.

    Statistical Analysis: Statistical analysis was done for all three methods considering TCP as Gold Standard and parameters like senitivity and specificity of TM i.e. 47.2 and 100% respectively.

    Results: Out of 92 isolates, biofilm formation was seen in 72 isolates (78.2%) by TCP method. 64 isolates were strong biofilm producers, 8 isolates were moderate biofilm producers and 20 isolates were nonbiofilm producing. High prevalence of biofilm formation was seen in nonhealing ulcers infected with Staphylococcus aureus followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae.

    Conclusion: Among three screening methods used for detection of biofilm production, TCP method is considered to be a standard and most reliable for screening of biofilm formation in comparison to TM and CRA.

    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
  10. Navindra Kumari Palanisamy, Parasakthi Navaratnam, Shamala Devi Sekaran
    Introduction: Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important bacterial pathogen, causing respiratory infection. Penicillin resistance in S. pneumoniae is associated with alterations in the penicillin binding proteins, while resistance to macrolides is conferred either by the modification of the ribosomal target site or efflux mechanism. This study aimed to characterize S. pneumoniae and its antibiotic resistance genes using 2 sets of multiplex PCRs. Methods: A quintuplex and triplex PCR was used to characterize the pbp1A, ermB, gyrA, ply, and the mefE genes. Fifty-eight penicillin sensitive strains (PSSP), 36 penicillin intermediate strains (PISP) and 26 penicillin resistance strains (PRSP) were used. Results: Alteration in pbp1A was only observed in PISP and PRSP strains, while PCR amplification of the ermB or mefE was observed only in strains with reduced susceptibility to erythromycin. The assay was found to be sensitive as simulated blood cultures showed the lowest level of detection to be 10cfu. Conclusions: As predicted, the assay was able to differentiate penicillin susceptible from the non-susceptible strains based on the detection of the pbp1A gene, which correlated with the MIC value of the strains.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
  11. Khan TM, Kok YL, Bukhsh A, Lee LH, Chan KG, Goh BH
    Germs, 2018 Sep;8(3):113-125.
    PMID: 30250830 DOI: 10.18683/germs.2018.1138
    Background: Burn victims admitted in burn intensive care units (ICU) are at a high risk of nosocomial infections generated by methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). This systematic review aims to estimate the incidence of MRSA among burn patients admitted to the ICU setting, with an emphasis on the incidence rate and antibiotic resistance profile of the MRSA strains.

    Methods: A systematic literature search was performed in five electronic databases limited to publication dates from 1st January 2000 until 31st August 2017. After screening n=481 articles, n=21 were found to meet the inclusion criteria of this systematic review.

    Results: Results from the meta-analysis revealed that the risk for MRSA isolates in the burn ICU was 55.0% higher (OR 0.55, 95%CI 0.32-0.94). Therefore, timely testing, appropriate hygiene practice and suggested wound care must be practiced while handling such patients.

    Conclusion: Further studies are needed to identify the risk factors of MRSA infections among burn patients and to develop new antimicrobial agents for MRSA infections.

    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
  12. Amirah Nadiah Ali, Mohd Syahmi Salleh, Ahmad Fahmi Harun, Muhamad Ashraf Rostam
    MyJurnal
    Increasing risk of antibiotic resistance of pathogenic bacteria has led to the exploration of alternative antibiotics derived from leaves of medicinal plants such as the fig (Ficus carica L.). The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extract of fig leaves grown under Malaysian tropical environment against pathogenic bacteria linked to antibiotic resistance namely the Staphylococcus aureus and Escherechia coli. The methanolic extraction was performed by using soxhlet apparatus. The disc diffusion method was used to measure inhibition zone diameter on the Mueller-Hinton agar plate. Staphylococcus aureus displayed the highest diameter of inhibition zone against the extract at concentration of 900 mg/ml whilst Escherechia coli displayed the highest diameter of inhibition zone against both the 100% crude extract and 700 mg/ml, respectively. This study therefore highlighted the potential of developing alternative antibiotics derived from the methalonic extract of locally grown fig plant.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
  13. Cheah HL, Raabe CA, Lee LP, Rozhdestvensky TS, Citartan M, Ahmed SA, et al.
    Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol, 2018 08;53(4):335-355.
    PMID: 29793351 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2018.1473330
    Over the past decade, RNA-deep sequencing has uncovered copious non-protein coding RNAs (npcRNAs) in bacteria. Many of them are key players in the regulation of gene expression, taking part in various regulatory circuits, such as metabolic responses to different environmental stresses, virulence, antibiotic resistance, and host-pathogen interactions. This has contributed to the high adaptability of bacteria to changing or even hostile environments. Their mechanisms include the regulation of transcriptional termination, modulation of translation, and alteration of messenger RNA (mRNA) stability, as well as protein sequestration. Here, the mechanisms of gene expression by regulatory bacterial npcRNAs are comprehensively reviewed and supplemented with well-characterized examples. This class of molecules and their mechanisms of action might be useful targets for the development of novel antibiotics.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
  14. Lundie AR
    J Clin Pathol, 1969 Jul;22(4):509.
    PMID: 4894850
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
  15. Huda Kh. AbdulKader, Salmiah Mohd Ali, Mohamed Ibrahim Abu Hassan, Mohamed Mansor Manan
    Malaysian Dental Journal, 2010;31(1):35-43.
    MyJurnal
    There is a major concern about the increased use of antibiotics in dental practice and the emergence of resistant bacterial strains. In recent years, dentists have reported a shift from narrow-spectrum to broad-spectrum antibiotic prescriptions due to increasing antibiotic resistance. The aims of this study are to investigate the prescribing patterns of the therapeutic and prophylactic use for antibiotics in various dental situations by dental practitioners. The study also specifically investigates the prescribing habits of dental practitioners regarding certain cardiac conditions and related dental procedures in patients predisposed to infective endocarditis. This study utilized a questionnaire which was designed to investigate the antibiotic prescribing patterns by dental practitioners in the Klang Valley region. The returned questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS, to identify compliance to antibiotic guidelines by Malaysia National Clinical Guidelines (MNCG) (2003) and American Heart Association Guidelines (AHAG) (2008). 217 dentists responded to the questionnaire and the responses show that there is a wide variety of antibiotic prescriptions among dentists and there is also misuse of antibiotics in some clinical dental conditions. The results also show that there is a large variation in the antibiotic prescriptions patterns for prophylaxis against infective endocarditis. Furthermore, there is uncertainty as to which cardiac conditions required prophylaxis and for which particular dental procedures. This study concludes that there is a clear need for the development of prescribing guidelines, regular monitoring of antibiotic prescriptions by dental practitioners and educational initiatives to encourage the rational and appropriate use of the antibiotics.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
  16. MyJurnal
    A total of 49 isolates of V. parahaemolyticus and 8 isolates of V. cholerae isolated from freshwater fish of patin (Pangasius hypopthalmus) and red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) were purchased from different retail level in Selangor, Malaysia. All of the isolates showed a multiple resistances towards all 15 antibiotics tested. Some of the isolates show a high resistance to different antibiotics including bacitracin, vancomycin, tetracycline, furazididone, cephalothin and erythromycin. However, both species was susceptible towards imipenem. Overall antibiotics resistance patterns of all isolates were resistant from 2 to 14 resistance patterns with multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index ranging from 0.13 to 0.93 respectively. As the results obtained in the dendrogram produced from both species had indicates that these antibiotics were intensively used whether in the aquaculture farm through feeds during culture or at the hatchery production of seed. Thus, this study will provides an essential information of the MAR index and also the clustering analysis in order to determine the biosafety of Vibrio spp. in freshwater aquaculture fish sold at different retail level in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
  17. Tunung, R., Jeyaletchumi, P., Noorlis, A., Tang, Y.H., Sandra, A., Ghazali, F.M., et al.
    MyJurnal
    This study was undertaken to characterize the antibiotic resistance and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) profiles of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from raw vegetable samples. A total of 46 isolates of V. parahaemolyticus recovered from raw vegetables samples and were confirmed by PCR were analyzed in this study. Most of the isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid (93.48%) and were the least resistant towards imipinem (4.35%). The MAR index results also demonstrated high individual and multiple resistances to antibiotics among the isolates. From the RAPD analysis, the size for RAPD fragments generated ranged from 250 bp to 1,500 bp, with most of the strains contained three major gene fragments of 350, 1,000 and 1,350 bp. The RAPD profiles revealed a high level of DNA sequence diversity within the isolates. Antibiotic resistance and RAPD proved to be effective tools in characterizing and differentiating the V. parahaemolyticus strains.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
  18. Ariza Adnan
    Medical Health Reviews, 2008;2008(1):29-44.
    MyJurnal
    The issue of antibiotic resistance has been around ever since the first antibiotic penicillin was introduced to the world. It continues to rise, becoming a major problem across the globe and Malaysia is no exception. Hospital is a critical component of the antibiotic resistance problem worldwide. The problems of antibiotic resistance are typically magnified in a hospital setting due to the common variables in the hospital environment that favour its development. These include a combination of highly susceptible patients, intensive and prolonged antibiotic use, and crossinfection resulting in nosocomial infections with highly resistant bacterial pathogens such as multi-resistant gram-negative rods, vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) and methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) as well as resistant fungal infections. Transmission of highly resistant bacteria from patient to patient within the hospital environment amplifies the problem of antibiotic resistance and may result in the infection of patients who are not receiving antibiotics. Transmission of antibiotic-resistant strains from hospital personnel to patients or vice versa may also occur. What are the available strategies and what works best in managing antibiotic resistance in the hospital? This review will highlight the seriousness of the resistance problem and identify actions that address it especially in the context of improving the problem in Malaysian hospitals.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
  19. Patrick, G. B., Nishibuchi, M., Tunung, R., Son, R.
    MyJurnal
    A total of 32 clinical strains of Vibrio cholerae, including members of the 01 and 0139 serogroup
    were collected from Klang, Selangor; Penang Island; Samarahan, Sarawak and Miri, Sarawak in Malaysia. In general, all the isolates except the 0139 serotype expressed low resistance to all the antibiotics tested with their Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) indices ranged from 0.10 to 0.48. The presence of ctx gene that encoded the cholera toxin was confirmed in all these clinical isolates by polymerase chain reaction. The results from the RAPD-PCR were analyzed using the RAPDistance software (Version 1.04). From the dendrogram generated, two main groups were observed which were subdivided into two clusters each. The Selangor’s isolates and the 0139 Penang’s isolates formed one group whereas the Samarahan, Sarawak isolates and the Miri, Sarawak isolates made up the other group, thus delineating their different sources of origin based on their geographical location.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
  20. Mahoney LE
    Lancet, 1968 Nov 23;2(7578):1139.
    PMID: 4177183
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
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