Displaying publications 81 - 100 of 597 in total

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  1. Noordin R, Wahyuni S, Mangali A, Huat LB, Yazdanbakhsh M, Sartono E
    Filaria journal, 2004 Aug 12;3(1):8.
    PMID: 15307892
    BACKGROUND: Brugia malayi is endemic in several Asian countries with the highest prevalence in Indonesia. Determination of prevalence of lymphatic filariasis by serology has been performed by various investigators using different kinds of antigen (either soluble worm antigen preparations or recombinant antigens). This investigation compared the data obtained from IgG4 assays using two different kinds of antigen in a study on prevalence of antibodies to B. malayi. METHODS: Serum samples from a transmigrant population and life long residents previously tested with IgG4 assay using soluble worm antigen (SWA-ELISA), were retested with an IgG4 assay that employs BmR1 recombinant antigen (BmR1 dipstick [Brugia Rapid trade mark ]). The results obtained with the two antigens were compared, using Pearson chi-square and McNemar test. RESULTS: There were similarities and differences in the results obtained using the two kinds of antigen (SWA and BmR1). Similarities included the observation that assays using both antigens demonstrated an increasing prevalence of IgG4 antibodies in the transmigrant population with increasing exposure to the infection, and by six years living in the area, antibody prevalence was similar to that of life-long residents. With regards to differences, of significance is the demonstration of similar antibody prevalence in adults and children by BmR1 dipstick whereas by SWA-ELISA the antibody prevalence in adults was higher than in children. CONCLUSIONS: Results and conclusions made from investigations of prevalence of anti-filarial IgG4 antibody in a population would be affected by the assay employed in the study.
    Matched MeSH terms: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
  2. Yuszniahyati Y, Kenneth FR, Daisy Vanitha J
    Med J Malaysia, 2015 Dec;70(6):351-5.
    PMID: 26988208
    OBJECTIVE: The aim of this article was to review published research articles on leptospirosis, in particular the recent incidence of leptospirosis in Malaysia and the currently available diagnostic methods for the detection of leptospirosis.

    METHODS: PubMed, Google Scholar and Google Search databases were searched using the key words Leptospira and leptospirosis. A total of seventy-six references were reviewed including sixty-seven research articles, three annual reports from Ministry of Health and six online newspaper articles. This review includes the following five sub-headings: introduction, leptospirosis transmission, leptospirosis incidents, laboratory diagnosis of leptospirosis and treatment and prevention of leptospirosis.

    RESULTS: An increase in incidents of leptospirosis cases has been seen in recent years in Malaysia. The recent floods have contributed to the rise in the number of reported cases. Current diagnostic approaches such as dark field microscopy, microscopic agglutination test (MAT), Polymerase chain reaction and serological tests are inadequate as the organism is a slow grower.

    CONCLUSION: There is an urgent need to develop newer techniques for rapid detection of leptospirosis. The combination of PCR and ELISA are suggested for rapid and accurate diagnosis of leptospirosis. Studies on the mechanism of pathogenesis of Leptospira are needed for the development of vaccines that are safe for human use.
    Matched MeSH terms: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
  3. Hanjeet K, Lai PF, Anuar HM
    Med J Malaysia, 1996 Mar;51(1):129-30.
    PMID: 10967991
    A total of 1131 Police Field Force personnel were screened serologically for schistosomiasis in Malaysia. A total of 150 (13.3%) were tested positive or borderline. Stool samples from 75 of these cases were however all negative for schistosome eggs. This survey suggests that Police Field Force personnel may be agents for propagating the schistosome life cycle in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
  4. Ho TM, Radha K, Shahnaz M, Singaram SP
    Med J Malaysia, 1993 Sep;48(3):308-12.
    PMID: 8183144
    An indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the diagnosis of allergy to a house dust mite, Dermatophagoides farinae. The efficacy of the ELISA was then evaluated against a prick test using a commercial allergen. Eighty five suspected allergic rhinitis patients from the Otorhinolaryngology Department, Kuala Lumpur General Hospital, were tested with the ELISA and prick test. Prick test and ELISA results were positive in 84.7% and 80.0% of the patients respectively. The ELISA was found to have 87.5% sensitivity, 61.5% specificity, 92.6% positive predictive value, 47.1% negative predictive value, 7.4% false positive and 52.9% false negative. There was total agreement between the prick test and ELISA for prick test grades of 3+ and 4+. It is concluded that the ELISA is a useful assay for detection of individuals who are highly sensitive to D. farinae.
    Matched MeSH terms: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
  5. Embi N, Devarajoo D, Mohamed R, Ismail G
    World J Microbiol Biotechnol, 1993 Jan;9(1):91-6.
    PMID: 24419848 DOI: 10.1007/BF00656525
    The optimization and development of an ELISA-disc procedure for the detection of antibodies to whole cell surface antigens and purified exotoxin ofPseudomonas pseudomallei is described. Comparison of the serum agglutination test (SAT), the serum based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the ELISA-disc procedures used on goat and human sera demonstrated a high correlation in their ability to detect antibodies specific forP. pseudomallei antigens. A serological survey using the ELISA-disc method was carried out on a normal human population in Sabah, Malaysia, an area known to be endemic for melioidosis. The prevalances of antibodies towards cell surface antigens and exotoxin ofP. pseudomallei were 28% and 8%, respectively. As a procedure, the ELISA-disc technique reported here is technically simple and provides savings in costs and is thus deemed suitable for seroepidemiological surveillance of melioidosis in remote areas of South-East Asia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
  6. Ng ML, Rajna A, Khalid BA
    Clin Chem, 1987 Dec;33(12):2286-8.
    PMID: 3690847
    A combined enzyme immunoassay (micro-ELISA) technique was established for measuring autoantibodies against thyroglobulin and thyroid microsome, involving the immuno-dot blot technique. Thyroglobulin and thyroid microsome antigens (1 g/L each) prepared from normal thyroids were spotted separately onto nitrocellulose membrane filter discs. Results by this method and those by immunofluorescence correlated well. The percentages of confirmed positives were 30% and 48% and the negatives were 58% and 46% (n = 50) for thyroglobulin and microsome, respectively. Testing these samples by gelatin agglutination gave a high percentage of false positives (up to 20%, n = 128) and hemagglutination testing yielded a high percentage of false negatives (up to 20%, n = 45). The titer of autoantibodies by the micro-ELISA technique was greater than by agglutination. This technique is highly specific and sensitive.
    Matched MeSH terms: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
  7. Rajendren, S.K., Khairuddin, N.H., Sumita, S.
    Jurnal Veterinar Malaysia, 2019;31(1):28-33.
    MyJurnal
    Endurance horses continuously undergoing training. This will cause inflammation which leads to acute phase reaction with the production of acute phase protein, especially serum amyloid A (SAA). The purpose of this study was to establish concentration of SAA in normal endurance horses in the blood serum using two-site enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA) technique. Horse sera were aliquoted from blood taken from jugular venipuncture. The highest concentration of SAA was observed in horses rested between 12 months and 24 months. The lowest concentration of SAA was noticed in horses rested more than 24 months. All the horses between 6 and 11 years old have high SAA concentration. When resting intervals were compared against gender of the horses, it was noted that all mares have high SAA concentration compared to gelding and stallion. Whereas SAA concentration in Thoroughbred horses were high compared to Arabian horses in all rest intervals. The SAA concentration in horses rested more than 24 months was low most probably because the horses recovered well from the inflammatory process happened during the endurance race.
    Matched MeSH terms: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
  8. Ch'ng ACW, Ahmad A, Konthur Z, Lim TS
    Methods Mol Biol, 2019;1904:377-400.
    PMID: 30539481 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8958-4_18
    Panning is a common process used for antibody selection from phage antibody libraries. There are several methods developed for a similar purpose, namely streptavidin mass spectrometry immunoassay (MSIA™) Disposable Automation Research Tips, magnetic beads, polystyrene immunotubes, and microtiter plate. The advantage of using a magnetic particle processor system is the ability to carry out phage display panning against multiple target antigens simultaneously in parallel. The system carries out the panning procedure using magnetic nanoparticles in microtiter plates. The entire incubation, wash, and elution process is then automated in this setup. The system also allows customization for the introduction of different panning stringencies. The nature of the biopanning process coupled with the limitation of the system means that minimal human intervention is required for the infection and phage packaging stage. However, the process still allows for rapid and reproducible antibody generation to be carried out.
    Matched MeSH terms: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
  9. Subramani IG, Perumal V, Gopinath SCB, Fhan KS, Mohamed NM
    Crit Rev Anal Chem, 2021 Mar 11.
    PMID: 33691533 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1889962
    Over the past decade, science has experienced a growing rise in nanotechnology with ground-breaking contributions. Through various laborious technologies, nanomaterials with different architectures from 0 D to 3 D have been synthesized. However, the 3 D flower-like organic-inorganic hybrid nanomaterial with the most direct one-pot green synthesis method has attracted widespread attention and instantly become research hotspot since its first allusion in 2012. Mild synthesis procedure, high surface-to-volume ratio, enhanced enzymatic activity and stability are the main factor for its rapid development. However, its lower mechanical strength, difficulties in recovery from the reaction system, lower loading capacity, poor reusability and accessibility of enzymes are fatal, which hinders its wide application in industry. This review first discusses the selection of non-enzymatic biomolecules for the synthesis of hybrid nanoflowers followed by the innovative advancements made in organic-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers to overcome aforementioned issues and to enhance their extensive downstream applications in transduction technologies. Besides, the role of hybrid nanoflower has been successfully utilized in many fields including, water remediation, biocatalyst, pollutant adsorption and decolourization, nanoreactor, biosensing, cellular uptake and others, accompanied with several quantification technologies, such as ELISA, electrochemical, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), colorimetric, and fluorescence were comprehensively reviewed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
  10. Mohammad Fauzan Zainudin, Ummu Afifah Fadzir, Athirah Rosdi, Muhammad Farid Johan, Ridzwan Hashim, Ridhwan Abdul Wahab, et al.
    MyJurnal
    Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common leukemia subtypes among paediatrics in Malaysia. Although treatment options are available but some patients remain incurable, some undergo relapse and many experiences adverse effects by the conventional therapies. Thus, we aim to investigate possible treatment alternative by studying the antileukemogenesis properties of concentrated Nypa fruticans sap called nisaan by focusing on adiponectin expression.
    Our study model was CCRF-CEM, an acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines. The cells were treated with nisaan at a range of concentration and treated for 24, 48 and 72 hours followed by determination of the leukemic cells viability using tryphan blue method. Effective nisaan concentrations that significantly reduced the cells viability were again treated to the cells followed by determination of the cell proliferation using BrdU colorimetric kit and adiponectin level using adiponectin ELISA kit.
    The results showed that, increase concentration of nisaan treatment reduced the cells viability and cells proliferation and enhance the adiponectin level in the leukemic cells.
    This preliminary data suggest that Nypa fruticans might has the antileukemogenesis effect on acute lymphoblastic cells by regulating the adiponectin expression.
    Matched MeSH terms: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
  11. Jha A, Singh R, Jha S, Singh S, Chawla R, Prakash A
    J Family Med Prim Care, 2020 Apr;9(4):2052-2055.
    PMID: 32670964 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_967_19
    Background and Aims: Host immune response is altered by a series of physiologic and pathologic factors like age, gender, inflammation, surgery, medication etc., The present study was conducted to evaluate differences in salivary IgA (S-IgA) levels among pedodontic subjects undergoing active orthodontic treatment with fixed and removable appliance. The levels of S- IgA were determined before 3 months and 6 months post active orthodontic treatment.

    Methods: A total of 40 healthy pedodontic subjects (aged 8-15 years) were recruited in the present study. They were equally divided into Group A (fixed orthodontic group) and Group B (removable orthodontic group) with 20 subjects each. 1.5 mL of saliva per subject was obtained before 3 and 6 months after treatment. Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique was used for measurement of Salivary IgA levels.

    Results: Group A and B both showed significant rise in S-IgA levels 3 months and 6 months post active orthodontic treatment. Mean value of S-IgA 3 months post treatment in the saliva of children in group B and group A were (144.27 ± 5.32) and (164.0 ± 3.23) μg/ml respectively. While mean value of S-IgA after 6 months of treatment in group B and group A were (149.8 ± 6.02) and (166.4 ± 3.65) μg/ml respectively.

    Conclusion: Salivary Immunoglobulin A level values were significantly higher statistically in both group A and group B post active orthodontic treatment than before. The results however, showed that Group A (fixed orthodontic group) showed statistically significant higher levels of S-IgA than Group B (removable orthodontic group). Active orthodontic treatment triggered a stronger stimulus for oral secretory immunity, hence the increase in levels were detected. There is a significant positive correlation between S-IgA and active fixed as well as removable orthodontic treatment. Orthodontic treatment is hence a local immunogenic factor.

    Matched MeSH terms: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
  12. Azami NAM, Moi ML, Salleh SA, Neoh HM, Kamaruddin MA, Jalal NA, et al.
    Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 2020 11 06;114(11):798-811.
    PMID: 32735681 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/traa056
    BACKGROUND: A periodic serosurvey of dengue seroprevalence is vital to determine the prevalence of dengue in countries where this disease is endemic. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of dengue immunoglobulin G (IgG) seropositivity among healthy Malaysian adults living in urban and rural areas.

    METHODS: A total of 2598 serum samples (1417 urban samples, 1181 rural samples) were randomly collected from adults ages 35-74 y. The presence of the dengue IgG antibody and neutralising antibodies to dengue virus (DENV) 1-4 was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the plaque reduction neutralisation test assay, respectively.

    RESULTS: The prevalence of dengue IgG seropositivity was 85.39% in urban areas and 83.48% in rural areas. The seropositivity increased with every 10-y increase in age. Ethnicity was associated with dengue seropositivity in urban areas but not in rural areas. The factors associated with dengue seropositivity were sex and working outdoors. In dengue IgG-positive serum samples, 98.39% of the samples had neutralising antibodies against DENV3, but only 70.97% of them had neutralising antibodies against DENV4.

    CONCLUSION: The high seroprevalence of dengue found in urban and rural areas suggests that both urban and rural communities are vital for establishing and sustaining DENV transmission in Malaysia.

    Matched MeSH terms: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
  13. Zeehaida M, Zairi NZ, Tan ZN, Wong WK, Lim BH
    Trop Biomed, 2009 Dec;26(3):366-8.
    PMID: 20237453
    The screening for anti-amoebic antibody among a group of donors was to obtain negative control serum samples for an on-going antigen development assay in diagnosis of amoebic liver abscess. Out of 200 samples, 125 (62.5%) were negative, whereas 44 (21.5%) had IHA titer of less than 1:128 and 31 (16.0%) of the samples had significant IHA titers of 1:128 or more, in which 2 serum samples gave titers of 1:4096.
    Matched MeSH terms: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
  14. Liaquat S, Qayyum M, Ahmed H, Arfeen RZU, Celik F, Simsek S
    Trop Biomed, 2021 Jun 01;38(2):1-8.
    PMID: 33973567 DOI: 10.47665/tb.38.2.031
    Goat Warble Fly Infestation (GWFI) is also known as subcutaneous myiasis caused by Przhevalskiana silenus (Diptera: Oestridae). It is widely distributed in tropical and sub-tropical areas of the world. In goats, WFI is usually detected through conventional procedure which underestimated the infestation. The current study was designed to determine the serodiagonsis of GWFI (through IDEXX Hypodermosis serum antibody test) and also aimed to investigate its seroepizootiological profile in Pothwar region, Pakistan from 2013-14. The results showed that average seropositivity (ELISA kit) of GWFI was 18.5% whereas, it was 11% by using conventional procedure (Palpation method) depicting a significant difference (p<0.05). Higher seropositivity (30.8%) was observed in Jhelum district as compared to e Attock district (6%). The L1 larvae were found in September, while nodules start appearing in October to December and last until the end of February. The month wise peaks of optical density (OD) was higher in December which gradually decrease along with the end of winter season. The prevalence of GWFI revealed no significant difference among three host breeds (Jattal, Beetal and Tedy). According to the results, high infestation rate (28%) was observed in young animals of age group < 1 year as compared to old animals (> 2 years). Topographically, hilly areas (33%) provide favourable climatic conditions for the propagating of larval stages. Sex difference showed no significant difference. The seroprevalence varied significantly with respect to age, month, districts and topographical location. The current study proved that serologic diagnosis (commercial ELISA kit) as more sensitive and accurate for timely diagnosis of GWFI than traditional method. The information on the epizootiology of P. silenus in goats of Pothwar region would help in devising effective control strategies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
  15. Huang Y, Zhang L, Li Z, Gopinath SCB, Chen Y, Xiao Y
    Biotechnol Appl Biochem, 2021 Aug;68(4):881-888.
    PMID: 33245588 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2008
    17β-Estradiol-E2 (17β-E2) is a steroid hormone that plays a major role in the reproductive endocrine system and is involved in various processes, such as pregnancy, fertility, and menopause. In this study, the performance of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for 17β-E2 quantification was enhanced by using a gold nanoparticle (GNP)-conjugated aptamer. An anti-17β-E2-aptamer-GNP antibody was immobilized on an amine-modified ELISA surface. Then, 17β-E2 was allowed to interact with and be sandwiched by antibodies. Aptamer-GNP conjugation was confirmed by colorimetric assays via the naked eye and UV-visible light spectroscopy. The detection limit based on a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of 3 was estimated to be 1.5 nM (400 pg/mL), and the linear range was 1.5-50 nM. Control experiments (without 17β-E2/with a complementary aptamer sequence/with a nonimmune antibody) confirmed the specific detection of 17β-E2. Moreover, 17β-E2 spiking of human serum did not interrupt the interaction between 17β-E2 and its antibody and aptamer. Thus, the developed ELISA can be used as an alternate assay for quantification of 17β-E2 and assessment of endocrine-related gynecological problems.
    Matched MeSH terms: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
  16. Cheng HM, Wang F
    Immunol Invest, 1989 11 1;18(9-10):1121-7.
    PMID: 2613288
    Non-reactive SLE sera in an ELISA for anticardiolipin antibody (aCL) retested positive in the immunoassay when the sera were first heat-inactivated at 56 degrees C for 30 minutes. This was not a false positive phenomenon since the positive ELISA reactivity of the heated SLE sera was markedly reduced by inhibition with the cardiolipin antigen. Furthermore, the heat-potentiated ELISA reaction was abolished by prior IgG depletion of the SLE sera with Protein A preparation. The unmasked aCL in the heat-treated SLE sera also exhibited selective binding in ELISA to other negatively-charged phospholipids, namely phosphatidylserine and phosphatidic acid but not against either phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidyl-ethanolamine. The data strongly indicate an interaction between antiphospholipid antibodies and heat-sensitive serum component(s), a reduction of the latter resulting in the ELISA detection of the autoantibody.
    Matched MeSH terms: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
  17. Morvarid, A.R., Zeenathul, N.A., Tam, Y.J., Zuridah, H., Mohd-Azmi, M.L., Azizon, B.O.
    MyJurnal
    This study describes expression of HBs Ag in methylotrophic yeast, Pichia Pastoris under alcohol oxidase promoter. A single copy number of HBs Ag gene was transformed into pichia strain of KM 71, a Muts type, by using pA0815 pichia expression vector. The recombinant was cultivated in a shake flask either using methanol or a mixed feed of glycerol -methanol for induction. The HBs Ag gene integrity was justified using direct PCR method. The expressed products in the soluble cell extracts were analyzed by Western blot, SDS page, Bradford assay and ELISA tests. The recombinant HBs Ag was expressed successfully in Pichia pastoris strain KM71 at a high level of HBs Ag protein expression. Thus, an addition of glycerol in the ratio of glycerol per methanol 1/1 (g g-1) consistently produced 2-fold increment in both biomass accumulation and HBs Ag productivity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
  18. Tan, J. A. M. A., George, E., Lim, E. J., Zakaria, Z., Hassan, R., Wee, Y. C., et al.
    MyJurnal
    Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the UBI MAGIWELTM ζ-GLOBIN ELISA Kit for the presumptive diagnosis of αo-thalassaemia. The ELISA results obtained were confirmed by molecular characterisation of αo-thalassaemia using a Duplex-PCR. Methods: Routine peripheral blood counts and red cell indices were determined in 94 blood samples sent for Hb analysis. Hb subtypes were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Hb electrophoresis conducted on agarose gel at pH 8.5. Zeta-globin chain levels were determined using the UBI MAGIWELTM ζ-GLOBIN ELISA Kit. Molecular analysis was performed using a duplex-PCR which simultaneously amplifies
    a normal 136 bp sequence between the ψα−α2-globin genes and a 730 bp Southeast Asian deletion-specific sequence (–SEA) between the ψα2−θ1-globin genes. Results: Using the ELISA assay kit, 20 blood samples were presumptively identified as α-thalassaemia carriers from elevated ζ-globin chains (OD>0.3) while the remaining 74 blood samples showed OD
    Matched MeSH terms: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
  19. Rajan, S., Awang, H., Pooi, A.H., Hassan, H., Devi, S.
    Ann Dent, 2008;15(1):5-10.
    MyJurnal
    Objective: An in vitro assessment of MG-63 human osteosarcoma cells' alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity when in contact with calcium hydroxide powder (CH), paste (CHP) and grey mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). Methods: MG-63 cells were seeded to the three selected materials for durations of 0.25, 0.5, 1, 24, 48 and 72 hours. BCIP-NBT assay was used and ALP activity quantified using ELISA reader at 410 nm. Results: The overall analysis for ALP activity indicated significant interaction between test materials and control (maintenance medium). Subsequently, the test materials were paired and analysed for initial (0.25, 0.5, 1 hour) and delayed response (24, 48 and 72 hours). During the initial response, CH exhibited an increased ALP activity compared to MTA. This interaction was not dependant on duration. The delayed response exhibited elevated ALP activity with CHP when compared to MTA and CH. The interaction of CHP was dependant on duration. Conclusion: All three materials exhibited increased ALP activity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
  20. Jesse FFA, Bitrus AA, Abba Y, Raju VN, Hambali IU, Peter ID, et al.
    Vet World, 2018 Feb;11(2):172-176.
    PMID: 29657399 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.172-176
    Background and Aim: Caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) is an important viral disease of small ruminants particularly in dairy goats with severe social and economic implication. Hence, this study was designed to determine the seroprevalence of CAE virus (CAEV) among goat population in selected small ruminant farms in Selangor and the risk factors associated with the occurrence of the disease.

    Materials and Methods: Blood samples were collected from a total of 91 goats selected at random. Blood serum was harvested and used for competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test to detect antibodies against CAE virus.

    Results: The result obtained showed that 8/91 (8.8%) of the goats were seropositive for CAEV. In addition, biosecurity management, source of origin and sex of the animal were observed to be important risk factors associated with the occurrence of CAE in goats.

    Conclusion: The findings of this study affirmed that the seroprevalence of CAEV infection among goat population in small ruminant farms in Selangor, Malaysia, is low. However, there is need to institute strict control measures such as testing and culling positive animals or separation of infected animals from those that tested negative to the disease for effective eradication of the disease.

    Matched MeSH terms: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
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