METHODS: Adult SSc patients, stratified according to 1) on immunosuppressive (On-IS) drugs or 2) no immunosuppressive drugs (No-IS), and age-and-sex-matched healthy controls (HC) were recruited. Metagenomic sequencing of stool DNA was compared between SSc patients and HC, and between SSc (On-IS) and (No-IS) patients. Alpha and beta-diversity, taxonomic and functional profiling were evaluated.
RESULTS: Twenty-three female SSc patients (12 On-IS; 11 No-IS; 5 diffuse and 18 limited SSc subtype) and 19 female HC, with median age of 54 years and 56 years, respectively, were recruited. Median SSc disease duration was 3.3 years. Alpha diversity was significantly higher in SSc versus HC (p=0.014) and in SSc (No-IS) versus HC (p=0.006). There was no significant difference in beta diversity between SSc and HC (p=0.307). At the phyla level, there were significantly increased abundance of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria in SSc versus HC, and reduced abundance of Bacteroidetes (all p<0.001). At the species level, there were significantly increased abundance of several Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Coprococcus species in SSc, and increased abundance of Odoribacter, Bacteroides and Prevotella species in HC. KEGG pathway analysis demonstrated distinct differences between SSc versus HC, and between SSc (No-IS) and SSc (On-IS).
CONCLUSIONS: Using metagenomic sequencing, our study further underlines distinct alterations in microbiota profiling among Asian SSc patients.
METHODS: In this study, fecal specimens of several snake species in Malaysia were examined for the presence of Sarcocystis by PCR of 18S rDNA sequence. Microscopy examination of the fecal specimens for sporocysts was not carried as it was difficult to determine the species of the infecting Sarcocystis.
RESULTS: Of the 28 snake fecal specimens, 7 were positive by PCR. BLASTn and phylogenetic analyses of the amplified 18S rDNA sequences revealed the snakes were infected with either S. nesbitti, S. singaporensis, S. zuoi or undefined Sarcocystis species.
CONCLUSION: This study is the first to report Sarcocystis infection in a cobra, and S. nesbitti in a reticulated python.