Displaying publications 81 - 100 of 516 in total

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  1. Mamada H, Murayama A, Ozaki A, Hashimoto T, Saito H, Sawano T, et al.
    Medicine (Baltimore), 2023 Jan 27;102(4):e32776.
    PMID: 36705373 DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000032776
    This cross-sectional analysis aimed to assess the extent of conflicts of interest among the Japanese government coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) advisory board members and elucidate the accuracy of conflicts of interest (COI) disclosure and management strategies. Using the payment data from all 79 pharmaceutical companies in Japan between 2017 and 2019 and direct research grants from the Japanese government between 2019 and 2020, we evaluated the extent of financial and non-financial COI among all 20 Japanese government COVID-19 advisory board members. The Ethic Committee of the Medical Governance Research Institute approved this study. Japanese government COVID-19 advisory board members were predominantly male (75.0%) and physicians (50.0%). Between 2019 and 2020, 2 members (10.0%) received a total of $819,244 in government research funding. Another 5 members (25.0%) received $532,127 in payments, including $276,722 in personal fees, from 31 pharmaceutical companies between 2017 and 2019. The average value of the pharmaceutical payments was $9155 (standard deviation: $12,975). Furthermore, neither the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare nor the Japanese Cabinet Secretariat disclosed financial or non-financial COI with industry. Additionally, the government had no policies for managing COI among advisory board members. This study found that the Japanese government COVID-19 advisory board had financial and non-financial COI with pharmaceutical companies and the government. Furthermore, personal communication received as part of this research indicated that there were no rigorous COI management strategies for the COVID-19 advisory board members. Any government must ensure the independence of scientific advisory boards by implementing more rigorous and transparent management strategies that require the declaration and public disclosure of all COI.
    Matched MeSH terms: Government*
  2. Joshi D, Sharma I, Gupta S, Singh TG, Dhiman S, Prashar A, et al.
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2021 Nov;28(42):59608-59629.
    PMID: 34515931 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16345-5
    Medical devices, being life-saving tools, are considered to be a boon for healthcare system. However, in addition to their therapeutic effects, there are several ill consequences that are caused by these devices. An effective cohort vigilant system was needed to manage such adverse effects. This had led to the introduction of materiovigilance. Materiovigilance is the study and follow-up of occurrences that arise as a result from the usage of the medical equipment. It not only manages adverse events (AE) but also creates harmonization among countries. Keeping these objectives in focus, the principles, perspectives, and practices with regard to materiovigilance that are followed in the USA, Europe, China, Japan, Australia, Canada, and India are being compared. Such a comparison is essential, which will help us to understand the gaps in the current regulatory systems in the above-mentioned countries and furthermore will provide a comprehensive picture to the regulatory authorities to amend any existing laws if required. These amendments may ensure optimal patient safety by providing them a benign experience from the use of medical devices.
    Matched MeSH terms: Government Regulation*
  3. Ezat WP, Noraziani K, Sabrizan O
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2012;13(3):1069-75.
    PMID: 22631640
    There are an almost infinite number of states of health, all with differing qualities that can be affected by many factors. Each aspect of health has many components which contribute to multidimensionality. Cancer and its' related issues surrounding the treatment plan contribute to the variety of changes of quality of life of cancer patients throughout their life. The objective of this article was to provide an overview of some of the issues that can affect their quality of life and initiatives towards successful care in Malaysia by reviewing relevant reports and articles. The current strategies can be further strengthened by prevention of cancer while improving quality of service to cancer patients.
    Matched MeSH terms: Government Programs
  4. Ta GC, Jonai H, Mokhtar MB, Peterson PJ
    J Occup Health, 2009;51(6):526-30.
    PMID: 19834280
    Matched MeSH terms: Government Agencies/organization & administration*; Government Regulation*
  5. Talib N
    Med Law, 2006 Sep;25(3):445-62.
    PMID: 17078519
    This paper sets out the practice of traditional, alternative and/or complementary medicine in Malaysia. It gives an overview of the types of alternative medicine available, and the legal regulation, or lack of it within the current setting. The relevant policies and governmental action in this area are highlighted. Relevant case law decisions in this area are also included. The practice of spiritual healing as one form of traditional medicine, and its role within the spectrum of alternative medicine is dealt with briefly. The significant question of integration of alternative medicine within the existing allopathic system is addressed. The paper concludes that as interest in, and usage of alternative medicine is not likely to decrease, certain measures must be taken by the relevant authorities to ensure among others, the safety and efficacy of these medicines.
    Matched MeSH terms: Government Regulation
  6. Sutoyo E, Mungad M, Hamid S, Herawan T
    PLoS One, 2016;11(2):e0148837.
    PMID: 26928627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148837
    Conflict analysis has been used as an important tool in economic, business, governmental and political dispute, games, management negotiations, military operations and etc. There are many mathematical formal models have been proposed to handle conflict situations and one of the most popular is rough set theory. With the ability to handle vagueness from the conflict data set, rough set theory has been successfully used. However, computational time is still an issue when determining the certainty, coverage, and strength of conflict situations. In this paper, we present an alternative approach to handle conflict situations, based on some ideas using soft set theory. The novelty of the proposed approach is that, unlike in rough set theory that uses decision rules, it is based on the concept of co-occurrence of parameters in soft set theory. We illustrate the proposed approach by means of a tutorial example of voting analysis in conflict situations. Furthermore, we elaborate the proposed approach on real world dataset of political conflict in Indonesian Parliament. We show that, the proposed approach achieves lower computational time as compared to rough set theory of up to 3.9%.
    Matched MeSH terms: Government
  7. Arshat H
    Med J Malaysia, 1989 Mar;44(1):1-2.
    PMID: 2626107
    Matched MeSH terms: Government Regulation
  8. Lancet, 1982 Aug 21;2(8295):422-3.
    PMID: 6124812
    Matched MeSH terms: Government Regulation
  9. Jomo KS, Chowdhury A
    Development (Rome), 2020 Nov 16.
    PMID: 33223764 DOI: 10.1057/s41301-020-00262-0
    This review draws pragmatic lessons for developing countries to address COVID-19-induced recessions and to sustain a developmental recovery. These recessions are unique, caused initially by supply disruptions, largely due to government-imposed 'stay-in-shelter lockdowns'. These have interacted with falling incomes and demand, declining exports (and imports), collapsing commodity prices, shrinking travel and tourism, decreasing remittances and foreign exchange shortages. Highlighting implications for employment, wellbeing and development, it argues that governments need to design comprehensive relief measures and recovery policies to address short-term problems. These should prevent cash-flow predicaments from becoming full-blown solvency crises. Instead of returning to the status quo ante, developing countries' capacities and capabilities need to be enhanced to address long-term sustainable development challenges. Multilateral financial institutions should intermediate with financial sources at low cost to supplement the International Monetary Fund's Special Drawing Rights to lower borrowing costs for relief and recovery.
    Matched MeSH terms: Government
  10. Omar A, Jalil JA, Shakrin NM, Ngu LH, Yunus ZM
    Data Brief, 2019 Aug;25:104377.
    PMID: 31516928 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2019.104377
    This article contains information related to a recent study "Selective screening for detection of mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) in Malaysia; A Two-year Study" Affandi et al., 2019. Any patient registered under government healthcare facilities in Malaysia and fit at least two inclusion criteria were included in this selective screening. Urine and blood from these high risk patients were obtained and analysed for glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) level before characterization using high resolution electrophoresis (HRE). Thereafter, enzyme assay for different types of MPS based on result of HRE were determined using specific substrate. Demographic data as well as laboratory findings were tabulated and analysed. The data of this study demonstrate between clinical presentation and laboratory findings among high risk patients of MPS and can be employed to improve diagnosis of MPS.
    Matched MeSH terms: Government
  11. Yew WL, Zhu Z
    J Environ Manage, 2019 Mar 15;234:28-35.
    PMID: 30599327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.12.081
    Much of the environmental policy literature tends to focus on democratic contexts where environmental innovation is a product of pluralistic interactions among state and non-state actors. By bringing the (authoritarian) politics into the analysis, this article seeks to discover the processes leading to environmental innovation under nondemocratic conditions. We utilise case studies in China and then-nondemocratic Malaysia, both grappling with the twin imperatives of rapid development and social control, where the governments initiated environmental innovations to expand space for public participation and monitoring against noxious plants. We adapt the conceptual framework of "environmental innovation strategies" to illustrate the mechanisms underpinning innovative practices that address environmental issues by going beyond pre-existing public regulatory provisions. We highlight aspects distinguishing the interactive processes under authoritarianism. First, the drivers of environmental innovation are contingent on the government's role and concerns over social control and state legitimacy. Second, due to limits over political space, environmental nongovernmental organisations (ENGOs) act as issue entrepreneurs-instead of policy entrepreneurs-who turn conditions into problems deserving government attention and solution, as they engage in conflictual interactions with state authorities. Third, such innovations can strengthen nondemocratic governance while not fully plugging the gaps in existing environmental regulations. This contributes to illuminating the behaviours of state-based environmental innovators under illiberal political regimes, potentially offering lessons to activists on how to stimulate further innovations in such contexts.
    Matched MeSH terms: Government
  12. Puppim de Oliveira JA
    J Environ Manage, 2019 Mar 01;233:481-488.
    PMID: 30594113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.097
    Institutions for environmental governance evolve differently across sectors. They also vary in the same sector when governments at two levels (national and subnational) have different political alignments. As the policy environment becomes more complex, with global problems like climate change, and politics more dividing, better coordination among various levels of government is a tough governance challenge. Scholars and practitioners need to realize how best to build institutions to bridge the various levels of government in different political environments and environmental sectors. This research analyzes the influence of intergovernmental relations in two environmental sectors in two localities with contrasting political alignments between two levels of government. It draws lessons from solid waste management and climate policy in two Malaysian states (Johor and Penang). In an evolving State and new policy arenas, when formal institutions for intergovernmental relations may not be effectively in place, politics play an even larger role through the discretionary power of federal and subnational authorities. An open political process can help with the engagement of different political groups and civil society to bring legitimacy, resources and efficiency to environmental management, if it is done with robust intergovernmental institutions; otherwise, intergovernmental relations can also become a tool for zero-sum games, cronyism and patrimonialism, which can undermine policies, and result in inefficiencies and ineffectiveness in environmental management.
    Matched MeSH terms: Government
  13. NOORIHA ABDULLAH, MOHD FAIZOL RIZAL MOHD RASID, NURHAFIZAH NORMAN@ZAKARIA
    MyJurnal
    This paper describes the Malaysian car owners’ preference to purchase their car through car lease swap arrangement. Since owning a car nowadays is a necessity for most individuals, people will try to find the easiest and fastest way to own a car. Hence, the aim of this paper is to describe the issues of car lease swap businesses conducted in Malaysia, in particular to understand the reasons, business mechanism, and benefits of buying a car via this method. Due to limited empirical studies on car lease swap arrangement in Malaysia, the research adopted a qualitative approach, which utilises the snowball method to identify its participants. Interviews were conducted with relevant parties, who were directly involved in car lease swap business, which include the car lease dealers, the car owners and third parties (buyers). The findings indicate that the car lease dealers were the most to gain out of this business, meanwhile the car owners were worse off. Compared to the third parties, the car owners benefited from the convenient arrangement of the business. Nevertheless, due to its vague legality, it is possible to have negative implications on all parties involved. As such, future research should look at all parties involved in investigating the issues of this car lease swap business, such as relevant government agencies and all other stakeholders.
    Matched MeSH terms: Government Agencies
  14. Rose Irnawaty Ibrahim, Norazmir Mohd Nordin
    MATEMATIKA, 2020;36(3):209-216.
    MyJurnal
    Aging is a good indicator in demographic and health areas as the lifespan
    of the elderly population increases. Based on the government’s Economic Outlook 2019,
    it was found that an aging population would increase the government pension payments
    as the pensioners and their beneficiaries have longer life expectancy. Due to mortality
    rates decreasing over time, the life expectancy tends to increase in the future. The
    aims of this study are to forecast the mortality rates in the years 2020 and 2025 using
    the Heligman-Pollard model and then analyse the effect of mortality improvement on
    the pension cost (annuity factor) for the Malaysian population. However, this study
    only focuses on estimating the annuity factor using life annuities through the forecasted
    mortality rates. The findings indicated that the pension cost is expected to increase if
    the life expectancy of the Malaysian population increases due to the aging population
    the near future. Thus, to reduce pension costs and help the pensioners from insufficient
    financial income, the government needs to consider an extension of the retirement age in
    future.
    Matched MeSH terms: Government
  15. Ahmad S, Ullah A, Shah K, Salahshour S, Ahmadian A, Ciano T
    Adv Differ Equ, 2020;2020(1):472.
    PMID: 32922446 DOI: 10.1186/s13662-020-02934-0
    In this paper, a novel coronavirus infection system with a fuzzy fractional differential equation defined in Caputo's sense is developed. By using the fuzzy Laplace method coupled with Adomian decomposition transform, numerical results are obtained for better understanding of the dynamical structures of the physical behavior of COVID-19. Such behavior on the general properties of RNA in COVID-19 is also investigated for the governing model. The results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed approach to address the uncertainty condition in the pandemic situation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Government
  16. Noorhaire Sumarlie Nordin, Abdul Shukor Salha, Don Ismail Mohamed,, Saidatul Norbaya Buang
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: Learning disability (LD) is a neurologically related processing problem which can interfere with basic and higher learning skill. The prevalence of learning disability was estimated to be ranging from 5 and 9 percent in general population. The aim of this study was to describe the trend of LD among lower primary school children particularly among Year 3 school children from 2013 to 2018. Methods: Data were taken from the Ministry of Health database on LD among lower primary school children particularly among Year 3 school children in Malaysia from 2013 until 2018. These data were collected from the assessment of LD school children who were referred from schools nationwide to the government medical practitioners. Results: There were approximately 2.6 million Year 3 school children in Malaysia from 2013 until 2018. Of these, a total of 9,063 school children were diagnosed to have LD. There was an increase trend in the incidence of LD from 13 per 10,000 school children in 2013 to 77 per 10,000 school children in 2016. From 2017 onwards there was a reduction in the incidence which consistently remained at 35 per 10,000 school children. Of these, the highest incidence was seen in school children with Intellectual Disabil-ity (ranging from 18 to 36 per 10,000 school children) followed by those with Specific Learning Disability (ranging from 1 to 23 per 10,000 school children) from 2013 until 2018. Conclusion: Learning disability although not as common as other disabilities in general population is still an important issue that need to be tackled to improve the well-being of those affected.
    Matched MeSH terms: Government
  17. Erdiwansyah, Mamat R, Sani MSM, Sudhakar K
    Sci Total Environ, 2019 Jun 20;670:1095-1102.
    PMID: 31018425 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.273
    Southeast Asian countries stand at a crossroads concerning their shared energy future and heavily rely on fossil fuels for transport and electricity. Within Asia, especially India and China lead the world renewable energy generation undergoing a period of energy transition and economic transformation. Southeast Asian countries have huge potentials for sustainable energy sources. However they are yet to perform globally in renewable energy deployment due to various challenges. The primary objective of the study is to examine the renewable energy growth and analyse the government policies to scale up the deployment of renewables for power generation substantially. The study also offers policy recommendations to accelerate renewable energy exploitation sustainably across the region. To achieve the ambitious target of 23% renewables in the primary energy mix by 2025, ASEAN Governments should take proactive measures like removal of subsidies of fossil fuels, regional market integration and rapid implementation of the existing project. Eventually, each of this strategy will necessitate sustained leadership, political determination, and concrete actions from stakeholders, in particular, increased cooperation across the region.
    Matched MeSH terms: Government
  18. Sia, Chin Chin, Duraisingam T. J.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: The obesity rate in Malaysia is increasing exponentially. This is alarming as obesity in a population is likely to lead to health complications and negatively impact national economic productivity. The quality of health of our country is of paramount importance to a sustainable nation. To safeguard the health of our population in this country, there are current laws and potential laws to be implemented to combat obesity. In Malaysia, the government have introduced ‘soft policies’ approach such as Healthy life style programmes and campaigns as means to curb obesity yet its impact is questionable. ‘Hard policies’, such as regulations (e.g. imposing a tax, removal of subsidies, reduction of operational hours of eateries, menu-labelling, curbing of marketing of unhealthy food, implementation of pedestrian and bicycle paths, metabo laws) may be used as legitimate interventions to combat obesity in Malaysia. The aims of this paper is to (i) analyse the legal justifications for implementation of obesity prevention regulations, (ii) to compare and contrast the pros and cons of current and potential obesity prevention regulations to reduce obesity. Results and Conclusion: The law could be used to facilitate promotion of public health. In light of new scientific advances, gaps in the current regulatory framework, and the increasingly obesogenic environment, this paper proposes
    potential legal approaches to address obesity in Malaysia. It is important for legal scholars to devise innovative strategies to address obesity from new perspectives. The great potential for the law to rectify the status quo has yet to be fully explored. With reduction of obesity, the fiscal burden of the nation on medical bills could be reduced and productivity could be increased.
    Matched MeSH terms: Government
  19. Tang KHD
    Z Gesundh Wiss, 2020 Jun 13.
    PMID: 32837842 DOI: 10.1007/s10389-020-01316-w
    Aim: The first Covid-19 cases were reported in Malaysia on 25 January 2019 followed by a quiescent period before an upward swing of the cases at the end of February 2020, partly attributed to mass gathering during a religious event. This short communication aims to provide an overview of the measures taken by the Malaysian Government in response to Covid-19, and of the effectiveness of the Movement Control Order.

    Subjects and methods: This short communication reviews articles and government announcements related to containment measures and the Movement Control Order of Malaysia, and graphically presents data pertinent to Covid-19 in Malaysia in order to show the relationship between fluctuations in Covid-19 cases and movement control.

    Results: At the onset of the Covid-19 outbreak, Malaysia had initiated travel restrictions and quarantine; but with a persistent increase in new Covid-19 cases, the Movement Control Order was finally rolled out on 18 March 2020, requiring closure of all businesses except those providing essential services and items. Enforcement of the order was tightened progressively, resulting in significant improvement of compliance, while other interventions such as tracking of potential contacts and medical screening were underway, and the media continued to provide updates and general advices. The numbers of new and active Covid-19 cases started showing evident downtrends from mid-April, thus indicating the effectiveness of movement control and its compliance.

    Conclusion: The article provides insight into crucial factors contributing to the success of movement control to effectively contain Covid-19, and highlights the need to prevent future upsurge through continuous monitoring and enforcement.

    Matched MeSH terms: Government
  20. Loke, Shuet Toh
    Malaysian Dental Journal, 2010;31(1):25-34.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: The peer assessment rating (PAR) index was used to self-audit 4 years of completed pre-adjusted edgewise appliance cases treated by a single orthodontist in a government clinic. The objectives of this study were to evaluate orthodontic treatment standards and factors which may influence treatment outcomes and treatment time.

    Methodology: Pre and post-treatment study models were scored using the PAR index by the author. 17 models were re-examined for intra-examiner reliability using intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). ICC was excellent for pretreatment (0.96), post-treatment (0.98) and reduction in PAR (0.96) scores.

    Results: There were 173 cases (51 males; 122 females) with mean age 17.6 (SD 5.75) years. Mean treatment time was 18.6 (SD 6.47) months with range between 5-40 months. There was no statistically significant difference between one-arch and two-arch cases and between routine and compromised cases. Treatment time in extraction cases (mean 19.5, SD 6.17) was significantly different (p=0.000) compared with non-extraction cases (mean 11.6, SD 4.10) although this accounted for 15% of the variation only (r=0.388). 76.3% cases were ‘greatly improved’, 22.0% ‘improved’ and 1.7% ‘worst/ no different’. Mean pretreatment, post-treatment and reduction in PAR score was 34.1(SD 9.68), 6.4 (SD 6.84) and 27.9 (SD 9.69) respectively. Mean percentage PAR score reduction was 82.0% (SD 1.96). Pretreatment (p=0.000), post-treatment (p=0.000) and reduction (p=0.489) in PAR scores was significantly different between routine and compromised cases. There was significant difference (p=0.000) between category of improvement and pretreatment scores but not with treatment time.

    Conclusion: Severe malocclusions had larger reduction in PAR scores and required longer treatment time. Extraction cases took longer to complete and routine cases had better outcomes than compromised cases with severe skeletal discrepancy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Government
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