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Fulltext An inpatient study of psychiatric illnesses in later life

Nair V

Med J Malaysia, 1980 Sep;35(1):77-85.
PMID: 7254005

This was a retrospective study of 177 patients above the age of 45 who were admitted to the Psychiatric Unit, University Hospital Petaling Jaya during the period October 1975 to October 1978. The available socio-demographic and clinical data from the case files were studied. The patients were divided into two groups - those with effective illnesses and those with non-affective illnesses. The differences in socio-demographic background and clinical symptomatology between the two groups and how the data compares with that in other studies was reported. The sick elderly person is an economic and psychological liagility to .his family and society. Absence of illness in the elderly not only fosters their continued independence but also improves the quality of their individual life. Though no definite correlations or conclusions could be arrived at, this study has sought to bring into awareness the necessity of delineating possible illness precipitating stress factors in the social and domestic environment of patients in later life.

Matched MeSH terms: Marriage
Genetic microdifferentiation in the Semai Senoi of Malaysia

Fix AG, Lie-injo LE

Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 1975 Jul;43(1):47-55.
PMID: 1155591

Blood samples, demographic and cultural data were collected from seven settlements of Semai Senoi, a swidden farming ethnic group of Malaysia. Three genetic loci (ABO blood group, hereditary ovalcytosis, and hemoglobin) were analyzed in a total sample of 546 individuals. These data indicate a considerable degree of genetic microdifferentiation in this area of the Semai distribution. Parent-offspring birthplace data (analyzed by means of a migration matrix) and settlement histories show that settlements are not strongly isolated. Genetic differences in the study area demonstrate a reasonable correspondence with migration and the history of the settlements. Genetic convergence also occurs through the addition of migrant groups to established populations leading to new patterns of marriage between donor and recipient groups. The genetic structure of the total Semai population through time thus comprises a mosaic of shifiting allele frequencies in a series of semi-isolated local populations.

Matched MeSH terms: Marriage
Fulltext Acculturative stress and intention to dropout from the university among new postgraduate international student in publicuniversities, Malaysia

Musheer AL-Jaberi, Muhamad Hanafiah Juni, Hayati Kadir Shahar, Siti Irma Ismail

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(104):65-65.
MyJurnal

Introduction: With the increasing number of international students joining various universities worldwide, including Malaysia, acculturative stress resulting from their attempts to adjust to the cultures of host countries is one of the most challenging issues affecting their life in general and academic life in particular. The purpose of this study is to determine the level of acculturative stress and intention to dropout among new postgraduate international students in public universities, Malaysia. Methods: a cross-sectional study was conducted among 522 new international post-graduate students joining Malaysian public universities on their first semester. A multistage sampling method was adapted, and data were collected via self-administered questionnaire by using a validated questionnaire. Results: Out of the overall number of 522 respondents, (68.60%) of them were males while (31.40%) were females, the mean age of respondents was 28.95 ±5.91 years. The majority of the participants 60.54% (326) were single, whereas those who are married students represented 205 (39.3%). This study showed that 410 (78.5%) of the new postgraduate international students experienced a moderate level of acculturative stress with a median value of 107.00, while 63 (12.1 %) high level of stress and 49 (4.9 %) experience low level of acculturative stress .Consequently224 ,42.1 % of the participants students they have intention to dropout from the university for any reason , while 298 (57.1 % ) they don’t have any intention to dropout from the university Conclusions: This study showed the importance of educational intervention program among new international postgraduate students towards adapting to the Malaysian culture, in relation with increasing their cultural knowledge and interaction with host nationals and to reduce their acculturative stress and their intention to dropout from the university.

Matched MeSH terms: Marriage
Fulltext An Illustration of Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Perinatal Depression

Tan HJR

Case Rep Psychiatry, 2020;2020:8820849.
PMID: 33110667 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8820849

This is a case of a 38-year-old married woman presenting with major depressive disorder one month after the birth of her third child. The depressive episode began in the context of interpersonal difficulties with her husband. In addition, she was also battling an internal conflict of continuing to pursue her career dream as an obstetrician and fulfilling her responsibility as a wife and a mother. Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) was selected as the treatment choice as an evidence-based peripartum treatment that could specifically address the two presenting problem areas, i.e., marital interpersonal dispute and role transition. This paper provides an illustration of IPT sessions conducted with verbatim selections of the sessions.

Matched MeSH terms: Marriage
Fulltext Why so stressed? A comparative study on stressors and stress between hospital and non-hospital nurses

Muhamad Robat R, Mohd Fauzi MF, Mat Saruan NA, Mohd Yusoff H, Harith AA

BMC Nurs, 2021 Jan 04;20(1):2.
PMID: 33390159 DOI: 10.1186/s12912-020-00511-0

BACKGROUND: Stress, which can be attributed to household and workplace stressors, is prevalent among nurses. However, these stressors' attribution may differ between hospital and non-hospital nurses. It is currently unknown whether there are significant differences in the sociodemographic and occupational characteristics between hospital and non-hospital nurses which may potentially influence the type and magnitude of stressors, and subsequently the stress status. Therefore, this study aims to estimate the prevalence of stress and compare the roles of sociodemograhic characteristics, occupational profiles, workplace stressors and household stressors in determining the stress status between hospital and non-hospital female nurses in Malaysia.
METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted among randomly-selected 715 female nurses in Malaysia using pencil-and-paper self-reported questionnaires.
RESULTS: The majority of participants were ever married (87.0%), having children (76.2%), and work in hospital setting (64.8%). The level of household stressors was generally similar between hospital and non-hospital nurses. However, hospital nurses significantly perceived higher level of workplace stressors. Shift work is significantly associated with higher level of household and workplace stressors among nurses in both groups. The level of stress was significantly higher among hospital nurses. Both household and workplace stressors explained about 40% of stress status in both hospital and non-hospital nurses.
CONCLUSION: Hospital nurses are at higher risk of having stressors and stress as compared to non-hospital nurses, probably due to higher proportion of them involved in shift work. Hospital nurses should be given high priority in mitigating stress among nurses.

Matched MeSH terms: Marriage
Fulltext Postpartum depression among Malay women from a rural area in Kedah, north-west of Peninsular Malaysia: prevalence and risk factor

Wan Mahmud WMR, Hayati MR, Bashah B, Amir A, Mahmood NM

Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry, 2005;13:3-19.

Background: Community based epidemiological data on postpartum depression in Malaysia is scarce. Aim: To determine the prevalence and risk factors for developing postpartum depression among Malay women from a rural area in Kedah, North West of Peninsular Malaysia. Method: We screened 185 women at 4-12 weeks postpartum attending the selected health centers using the Malay versions of Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-11). Those scoring 12 and / or 9/10 on BDI-11 were interviewed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) and the 17-items Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HDRS-17). All diagnoses were based on the Tenth Edition of the International Classification for Disease: Diagnostic Criteria for Research (ICD-I0: DCR-10). Results: The prevalence of postpartum depression was 21.08%. The condition was found to be significantly linked to polygamous marriages, high number of life events and financial problems over the last one year prior to delivery, and low scores on the Malay version of the MOS Social Support Survey and all its components (overall support index, informational support, affectionate support/ positive social interactions and instrumental support). Conclusions: Postpartum depression is indeed a reality among Malay women in rural areas In Kedah, North West of Peninsular Malaysia. These findings have implications for policies regarding maternal and childcare programs.

Matched MeSH terms: Marriage
Fulltext Does good knowledge on dengue correlates to the practice of dengue prevention? a survey among a rural community in Negeri Sembilan

Nuurain Amirah Mohd Razi, Nizam Baharom, Zairina A. Rahman, Nadeeya Mohamad Nor, Mohd Dzulkhairi Mohd Rani, Akmal Aizat Rosman, et al.

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(106):2-2.
MyJurnal

Introduction: The persistently increasing number of dengue cases costs a significant amount of health financial ex-penditure by the government. Communities throughout the country should be equipped with adequate knowledge and have a good practice in the avenue of reducing dengue infection incidence. This study aims to describe the knowledge and practice levels on dengue fever and their associated factors among adults in a rural village in Negeri Sembilan. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in a village of Tampin District using a pretested struc-tured questionnaire. Face-to-face interview was conducted among participants whose houses were randomly select-ed. The questionnaire consisted of sections identifying the socio-demographic factors and assessing their knowledge and practice on dengue fever. Knowledge that was assessed includes the sign and symptoms of dengue fever, knowl-edge on the vector, preventive measures and legislation related to it while practice includes their routine action in preventing dengue fever. Results: A total of 221 respondents responded to the questionnaire. The prevalence of re-spondents ever had dengue fever was 10.4% (n=23). Out of 100, the mean (s.d.) knowledge and practice score was 77.2(13.1) and 75.8(16.7) respectively. Good knowledge and practice on dengue fever was found among 52.0% and 47.5% of the respondents respectively. Good knowledge was associated with being middle aged (p=0.001), married (p=0.010) and having higher household income (p= 0.037). There was a significant but weak positive correlation between knowledge and practice of dengue fever (r=0.237, p

Matched MeSH terms: Marriage
Fulltext Prevalence and associated factors of depression, anxiety and stress among doctors in North Borneo

Syarifah Nurul Ain, Chua Sze Hung, Aida Nurbaini Arbain, Sarah Marilyn Amin, Teoh Eu Vin, Ferro Firdaus Ibrahim, et al.

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2020;16(3):124-131.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Doctors are known to deal with high occupational stress, causing increased risk of depression, anxi- ety and stress.Nevertheless, the prevalence and associatedfactors of depression, anxiety and stress among registered doctorsworking in 24 public hospitals in Sabah, Malaysia are not known yet. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted using convenient sampling from September-October 2018. The data of 21-item Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21) was collected via online link anonymously. Results: Among 314 doctors, majority of them were females (62.1%), mean age 29 (SD 2.72), non-Sabahan (82.8%), Malays (46.8%), not married (78.3%) and medical officers (93.6%). Prevalence of severe/extremely severe anxiety symptoms was 27.4%,depression (22.9%) and stress (18.5%). Doctors perceiving themselves to be depressed, anxious and/or stressed were more likely to develop the corresponding symptoms. Females and Chinese were twice more likely to report anxiety symptoms. Being married had protective effect against depressive symptoms, while working in same hospital for longer time had a significant but weak protective effect against anxiety and stress symptoms. Conclusions: Mental health issue among doctors is substantial and need to be addressed effectively for the benefit of their life, patients and country.

Matched MeSH terms: Marriage
Fulltext Sociodemographic factors associated with waist circumference among male and female adults: findings of the Malaysian adult nutrition survey 2014

Yong Kang Cheah, Mohd Azahadi, Noor Safiza Mohamad Nor, Siew Nooi Phang, Noor Hazilah Abd Manaf

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2020;16(3):207-215.
MyJurnal

Introduction: This study examined how waist circumference (WC) varied across sociodemographic characteristics of Malaysian adults using a nationally representative data. Methods: Data from the Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey 2014 (n = 2696) was used. In the sample, 46.55% were males and 53.45% were females. The outcome variable was WC. Waist circumference was categorised into four ordinal outcomes: very low, low, high and very high. The ex- planatory variables were age, monthly individual income, education, gender, marital status, ethnicity, employment status and household location. Ordered probit models were utilised. Results: The majority of males had a low WC (54.66%), and only a small proportion had a very high WC (0.96%). Similarly, a high proportion of females had a low WC (55.59%), and only 1.94% had a very high WC. Younger males were more likely to have a high WC than their older counterparts. Males who had monthly income of RM2000-2999 or RM3000-3999 were more likely to have a high WC compared with those who had monthly income of RM999. Chinese and Indian males were more likely to have a high WC than Bumiputera males. For females, those who were married, widowed/divorced and Bu- miputera were likely to have a high WC. Conclusion: WC was associated with various sociodemographic profiles of males and females. In particular, there were positive associations between the likelihoods of having a high WC and younger age group, higher income, Chinese, Indian, and being married. Our findings provided policy makers with better information on formulating intervention measures.

Matched MeSH terms: Marriage
Fulltext Grandparents - Grandchildren Relationship in Iran, 2017

Momtaz YA, Vidouje MM, Foroughan M, Sahaf R, Laripour R

Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health, 2018;14:296-303.
PMID: 30972129 DOI: 10.2174/1745017901814010296

Introduction: With the continuing growth of aged populations, it is imperative to find ways to maintain and improve the quality of life in old age. It has been documented that grandparents-grandchildren relationship is significantly contributed to quality of life of older adults. This study was conducted to identify the status and associated factors of grandparents-grandchildren relationship in a sample of Iran.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 377 community dwelling older adults 60 years and over living in Kashan, Iran. A multistage proportional random sampling technique was applied to obtain the sample. The grandparent -grandchildren relationship was measured by a researcher-developed 16-item scale. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 23 and AMOS 23.
Results: The mean age of the respondents was 70.42(SD = 8.20) years. About 62% of the respondents were female and 60.7% were married. The average score of grandparents-grandchild relationship was 67.60(SD = 12.47). The multiple linear regression analysis revealed a significant model (F (11, 365) = 19.05, P < 0.001), where information communication technology of grandparents, geographical distance between grandparents and grandchildren, and the quality of relationship between grandparents and parents of grandchildren were the most important predictors of the grandparents-grandchildren relationship.
Conclusion: The findings from the current study showed that status of grandparents-grandchildren relationship is moderate to high and influenced by some factors. It is, therefore, suggested that policymakers pay more attention to strengthening grandparent-grandchild relationship by providing educational programs for families and encouraging the elderly to learn and use information communication technology.

Matched MeSH terms: Marriage
Fulltext Malaysian Hybridity: Issues of Kinship Practices and Identity Crisis

ALICIA LOH CHUI YINN, NWANESI PETER KARUBI

Trends in Undergraduate Research, 2018;1(1):0-0.
MyJurnal

This article explores the issues of hybridity and its impacts and bearing to identity crisis in relation to kinship practices among the Euro-Asian families in Malaysia. To demonstrate the empirical and scientific nature of this study, qualitative methods were used whereby respondents were interviewed either face to face interview or through audio interviews. Furthermore, focus Group Discussion and empirical observation were fully utilized to obtain and analyzed for both quality and logical conclusion. Indeed, the data from the field demonstrate that the offspring of mixed marriages had either conscious identity crisis, unconscious or denied identity crisis or no identity crisis due to factors such as religion, socializing, education, and exposure by parents. Thus, the majority of the research respondents identified themselves based on “Others” but there are complexities to this when it comes to formal and informal identification.

Matched MeSH terms: Marriage
Fulltext Stress and coping strategies among retired people in Malaysia: a qualitative study

Al-Naggar, Redhwan Ahmed, Chen, Robert

ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 2011;12(2):0-0.
MyJurnal

Objective: This study explored the stress and coping strategies among retired people in Malaysia. Methods: In-depth interviews were conducted with 36 elderly Malaysian subjects. This protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Management and Science University. The data obtained were sorted into various categories. Results: A total number of 36 retired elderly people participated in this study. The majority of them were in the age group of 55-59 years old, females, Malay and married. The majority defined stress as pressure or tension. Financial difficulties, family and work problems were the main causes of stress in the majority. Also, the majority of respondents mentioned that they coped with stress by sharing problems with others, by resting and relaxing, and/or by doing housework during their free time. A few of them coped with stress by hanging out with friends, going shopping,
doing photography, travelling, going fishing, and doing sports. Conclusion: Financial difficulties, family and work problems were the main causes of stress among elderly people. They coped with stress by sharing problems with others, resting and relaxing, and/or doing housework during their free time.

Matched MeSH terms: Marriage
Fulltext Sexual function of malay women with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a preliminary study

Kamaralzaman S, Sidi H, Yau M, Budin SB, Sani A, Mohamed J

ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 2010;11(1):64-71.
MyJurnal

Objective: Female sexual dysfunction is a known complication of diabetes mellitus. The aims of this study is to estimate the prevalence of sexual dysfunction and the types of sexual dysfunction experienced by Malay women with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Methods: Cross sectional study was conducted on married Malay women with type 2 diabetes mellitus, receiving treatment from two community clinics in Selangor, Malaysia. Female sexual function was assessed using Malay version of Female Sexual Function Index.
Results: This study found that sexual dysfunction was present among 18.2% women. Lack of libido was the commonest symptom among these women and was observed in 40.9% of women followed by sexual dissatisfaction (36.4%). Sexual arousal disorder was observed in 22.7%, 18.2% complained of lack of lubrication, and 22.7% had vaginal discomfort. Orgasmic dysfunction was found in only 4.5% of these women.
Conclusion: This preliminary research showed sexual desire disorder was the commonest type of sexual disorder among diabetic women.

Matched MeSH terms: Marriage
Fulltext Unmet needs for contraception in married women in a tribal area of India

Patil SS, Abdul Rashid K, Narayan KA

Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2010;10(2):44-51.
MyJurnal

Background and Objectives: Unmet need for contraception is the gap between women's reproductive intentions and their contraceptive behavior. This community based interventional study was carried out to determine the unmet needs for contraception, the reasons for this and to assess the impact of interventional measures on acceptance of contraception.
Subjects and Methods: This study was conducted in 52 villages in the state of Maharashtra, India, among 363 married women selected by cluster sampling. Data was collected using an interview guide. An intervention was done for the women who had an unmet need and an assessment of the change was done subsequently. Data was analyzed by using SPSS.
Results The prevalence of contraceptive usage was 59.2% and the prevalence of unmet need for contraception was 44% (160). The unmet need for spacing births was 53.8%, 38.7% for limiting births and 7.5% women were dissatisfied with the current contraceptive method. The reasons ranged from side effects to contraceptives to source of obtaining contraceptives. Age of the respondents, education and number of living children showed statistically significant association with unmet needs. Post intervention, the contraceptive prevalence rate increased significantly 85.7% and there was a significant reduction in the unmet needs for spacing and limiting births, equally there was a significant reduction of dissatisfaction with using contraception.
Conclusion: Improvement in the use of contraception and addressing the unmet need for contraception requires community involvement and ongoing, sustained efforts by health workers to ensure quality care to the beneficiaries.

Matched MeSH terms: Marriage
Fulltext Husbands’ experience with their wives’ breast cancer: a qualitative study

Yusoff, N., Reiko Yap, K.M., Ahmad, A.

Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2012;12(1):31-38.
MyJurnal

This study aims to explore the life experience of the husbands of women who survived breast cancer for more than five years following breast removal. Basic interpretative of qualitative methodology was applied in order to construct the phenomenon of breast cancer from the perspective of husbands. This approach allowed researchers to explore in-depth the experience of husbands in facing breast cancer of their wives. Four themes were identified. These are marital
challenges, pattern of life, supportive atmosphere and psychological defenses. Health strategies should direct the family member to the specific pathway in order to facilitate them towards the effective action of healthcare at their level. Evidence from this study is a direction for future research and health planning for better health policy.

Matched MeSH terms: Marriage
Fulltext Prevalence of Psychological Distress and Depressive Disorders among Married Working Women in Malaysia

Umi Adzlin, S., Marhani, M., salina, A.A., Ruzanna, Z., Rosdinom, R., Rozhan Sharif, M.R., et al.

Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry, 2011;20(1):1-12.
MyJurnal

This two-phase study examined the prevalence of depressive disorders among married working women in a sub-urban area in Malaysia. The Malay version of the General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) was used for initial screening. Using multistage cluster sampling, there were 700 subjects from 25 workplaces that were approached, of which 307 filled out GHQ-12 in the initial phase. The prevalence of psychological distress (GHQ 2/3 cut off) is 22.8% (n=70, 95% CI 18.1-27.5). In the second phase, all 49 consenting patients who were screened positive for severe psychological distress (GHQ 3/4 cut off point) were telephone-interviewed by a trained psychiatrist with the Malay version of Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I) to diagnose depressive disorders. The prevalence of depressive disorders was 5.5% (n=17, 95% CI 3.5-7.5). The prevalence of depressive disorders is comparable to those found in the working population worldwide.

Matched MeSH terms: Marriage
Fulltext Amalan perancang keluarga dan faktor hubungkait bagi penduduk wanita daerah Hulu Langat, Selangor

Jamsiah, M., Rahmah, M.A., Sh Ezat, W.P., Shamsul, A.S.

Malaysian Journal of Community Health, 2009;15(1):57-63.
MyJurnal

Background : Family planning is a method to control family size and to increase the intervals between chidbirths using multiple methods of contraceptives.
Objectives : This study aims to determine the pravelance of family planning practice among married women (wife less than 55 years old) and its related factors and also to determine the husbands knowledge on family planning and their support.
Methodology : This is a cross sectional study done through direct interviews amongst 118 married couples in Kampung Sesapan Batu Mingkabau, Hulu Langat Selangor.
Results : On family planning practise, 43.2% of couples is currently practising, 22.0% have practiced but stopped and 34.8% have never used any types of family planning methods. As high as 75% of wives received support from their husband to pratice family planning. There is a significant association between family planning practice and wife’s age, husband’s age, wife’s occupation, wife’s education, wife’s knowledge and husband’s support. Husband’s knowledge , number of live children and husband’s education have no significant assocation in influencing family planning practice.
Conclusion : To achieve better knowledge and family planning practises, husband’s involvement and support must be encouraged to ensure the correct informations and support are delivered to both couples. Approach through husbands is regarded as one of the key factors to the success of rural women family planning practice.

Matched MeSH terms: Marriage
Fulltext Factor influencing knowledge concerning pap smear among married women in Daerah Hulu Langat, Selangor. [Faktor penentu tahap pengetahuan mengenai calitan pap dalam kalangan wanita berkahwin di Daerah Hulu Langat, Selangor]

Jamsiah, M.

Malaysian Journal of Community Health, 2009;15(1):1-6.
MyJurnal

Introduction : Cervical cancer can be prevented through pap smear screening and its proper management of high risk cases. High level of knowledge regarding pap smear screening will encourage women to do pap smear as recommended.
Methadology : A cross sectional study was carried out in Jun 2007 to find out the level of knowledge regarding pap smear among married women in Kg. Sesapa Kelubi, Hulu Langat Selangor. Universal sampling was conducted using guided questionnaire and data was analysed using SPSS version 12.
Result : A total of 154 women participated in this study. Only 3.9% of respondents practiced pap smear as recommended and only 51.3% of them have high level of knowledge with 27.9% has no knowledge regarding pap smear. Women between the ages of 20-35 years old have higher level of knowledge (77.9%). The only factor that showed significant association with level of knowledge in this study is level of education. Age, income, gravida and occupation did not show any significant association.
Conclusion : The effectiveness of pap smear screening program should be regularly evaluated to determine the problem of its low coverage. Proper strategy should be planned to increase knowledge among women and their participation in pap smear program.

Matched MeSH terms: Marriage
Fulltext Pap smear screening practice among women in mukim Jaya Setia, Kelantan

Asmani AR, Aziah D, Group 8

Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2007;7(1):20-24.
MyJurnal

Undergoing a Pap smear screening is widely accepted as a costeffective screening for detection of cervical abnormalities. In Peninsular Malaysia, cervical cancer was the second commonest cancer among women with incidence rate of 17.8 per 100,000 populations in 2002. Despite the high incidence of cervical cancer, only 26% of eligible woman had undergone Pap smear screening. To determine the prevalence of Pap smear screening, reasons for not undergoing the screening as well as the associated sociodemographic factors among women in Mukim Jaya Setia, a crass-sectional study was conducted in ]anuary 2005. Two hundred and ninety five from 350 households were randomly selected by using a Random Digit Table. Two hundred and eighty consented married women, aged 18 years and above were interviewed by the trained interviewers using structured
questionnaires. The questionnaires consisted of socio-demographic characteristic, Pap smear screening practice and risk factors of cervical cancer. There were 280 women who responded to the questionnaires. Majority of them were housewives (75%) and with low income (84.3%). Most ofthe women completed their education up to lower secondary school only (95%). Only 144 (51.4%) women undergo Pap smear screening but not on a regular basis. Most of them were screened only once, which was more than 3 years ago. Lack of knowledge, no accommodation, feel unnecessary and shy and no time were among the reasons that deterred the women from Pop smear screening. Women who were younger and with higher education level had more Pap smear screening compared to the older and with low education level. The practices of Pap smear screening among women in these villages were still low and was associated with age and educational level.

Matched MeSH terms: Marriage
Fulltext The prevalence of depressive symptoms and potential risk factors that may cause depression among adult women in Selangor.

Sherina, M.S., Rampal, L., Azhar, M.Z.

Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry, 2008;17(2):1-9.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Women are exposed to stress such as working full time while still being responsible for the family and house.
Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of depressive symptoms among adult women in Selangor, and to determine the potential risk factors associated with depression.
Method: A community based cross sectional study was conducted in all districts of Selangor state, Malaysia in July 2004. Multi stage stratified proportionate to size sampling method was used to collect data. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was used to determine the presence or absence of depressive symptoms among the respondents. All respondents aged 20 to 59 years old in the selected households were interviewed.
Results: Out of 1032 women, 972 agreed to participate in this study, giving a response rate of 94.2%. The mean age of the respondents was 37.91 ± 10.91. Majority were Malays (54.9%), married (83.8%) and had secondary education (54.5%). The results showed that the prevalence of depressive symptoms was 8.3% in Selangor. Race, religion, education level, history of having a miscarriage within the last 6 months and history of difficulty in getting pregnant were significantly associated with depressive symptoms (p<0.05). Women with history of a miscarriage within the last 6 months and absence of formal education were potential risk factors for depressive symptoms (OR, CI = 2.576 (1.165-5.696), p<0.01 and OR, CI = 5.766 (1.949-17.053), p < 0.01).
Conclusion: Depressive symptoms among adult women in Selangor was 8.3% and was associated with race, religion, education, history of miscarriage and difficulty in getting pregnant. The main potential risk factors were having a miscarriage within the last 6 months and absence of formal education.
Keywords: Depressive symptoms, Prevalence and Risk Factors, Selangor Women

Matched MeSH terms: Marriage

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