Displaying publications 141 - 160 of 2561 in total

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  1. Afifah-radiah Fauzi, Mariati Abdul Rahman, Saliana A. Aziz, Norashikin Hamzah, Badiah Baharin, Norzana Abdul Ghafar
    Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:1923-1930.
    Periodontitis adalah penyakit kronik yang melibatkan kehilangan tulang dan inflamasi pada tisu periodontium. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) dan Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) merupakan penanda pro-inflamasi yang penting yang terlibat dalam periodontitis. Sebanyak 20 ekor tikus Sprague-Dawley dibahagikan kepada empat kumpulan iaitu: Kumpulan kawalan dengan salin normal (CS); kumpulan kawalan dengan madu Gelam 3 g/mL (CH); kumpulan ujian periodontitis dengan salin normal (TS); dan kumpulan ujian periodontitis dengan madu Gelam 3 g/mL (TH). Benang bersaiz 4/0 diikat pada molar pertama gigi tikus sebelah kiri bagi tujuan rangsangan penyakit periodontitis. Madu Gelam diberi secara paksa oral selama 15 hari. Selepas 15 hari, sampel plasma dan tisu dianalisis menggunakan kaedah Elisa dan pewarnaan histologi. Kehilangan tulang alveolar pada kumpulan TS adalah paling tinggi berbanding dengan kumpulan kawalan, CS dan CH namun, tiada perbezaan yang signifikan berbanding dengan kumpulan TH. Berdasarkan ujian imunohistokimia, ekspresi IL-6 dan TNF-α pada tisu periodontium adalah tinggi secara signifikan pada kumpulan TS berbanding dengan kumpulan lain. Namun, tiada perubahan aras IL-6 dan TNF-α yang signifikan pada plasma ke semua tikus kajian.
  2. Al-Sharabi A, Sarah Yasmin Tajuddin, Au Diya Fatihah Wan Saffiey, Syazana Jasman, Alwi H, Jumali M, et al.
    Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:1959-1968.
    Kesan penambahan PbO dengan saiz 10 hingga 30 nm terhadap kekondukisan lebihan YBa2Cu3O7-δ telah dikaji. Kekonduksian lebihan ialah fluktuasi kekonduksian elektrik disebabkan oleh interaksi pasangan Cooper dengan elektron biasa berhampiran suhu genting, Tc. Sampel dengan komposisi permulaan YBa2Cu3O7-δ(PbO)x untuk x = 0.00- 0.45 peratus berat (% bt.) telah disediakan melalui tindak balas keadaan pepejal. Analisis fluktuasi dan kekonduksian lebihan menggunakan teori Aslamazov-Larkin (AL) untuk menentukan dimensi kekonduksian l telah dijalankan. Teori Lawrence-Donaich (LD) pula digunakan untuk menentukan panjang koheren ξc(0), gandingan Josephson J dan anisotropi γ = (ξab(0)/ξc(0)). Suhu genting mula adalah tertinggi (Tc mula = 94 K) untuk sampel x = 0.35. Analisis kekonduksian menunjukkan PbO menyebabkan peralihan kekonduksian daripada 2 dimensi ke 3 dimensi dengan suhu peralihan, T2D–3D tertinggi bagi sampel x = 0.20 (120 K). Model Lawrence-Donaich menunjukkan panjang koheren ξc(0) adalah terpanjang dan anisotropi terendah bagi sampel x = 0.25. Sampel ini juga menunjukkan gandingan Josephson tertinggi, J = 0.296. Dua kesan yang mungkin berlaku akibat penambahan PbO ialah pembentukan bahan bukan superkonduktor dalam sampel dan peningkatan hubungan antara butiran yang meningkatkan sifat-sifat kesuperkonduksian.
  3. Zainora Mohammed, Siti Zawiyah Mansor, Saadah Mohamed Akhir, Bariah Mohd-Ali, Norhani Mohidin
    Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:1393-1398.
    The first aim of this study was to determine the refractive error and visual acuity of Chinese elderly age 60 and above in Selangor and Johor, Malaysia. The second aim was to determine the percentage of elderly with vision impairment. Participants of this study were from the on-going population-based longitudinal study on neuroprotective model for healthy longevity (TUA) among Malaysian older adults using multistage random sampling. A total of 259 Chinese elderly aged 60 and above from state of Selangor and Johor agreed to participate. Refractive error was determined using autorefractometer Retinomax K-plus followed by subjective refraction. Best corrected visual acuity (VA) was measured using logMAR chart. Analysis was performed on data of 202 participants and the remaining 57 were excluded. Overall percentage of refractive error was higher for hyperopia (54%) compared to myopia (23.2%). High percentage of astigmatism was noted for all age groups (> 50%). Both gender showed similar distribution of refractive status. Mean overall VA was 0.24 ± 0.17 logMAR (≅ 6/9-) and mean VA declined with age. Overall, the percentage of elderly having at least mild vision impairment (> 0.3 logMAR or 6/12) was higher (62.9%) compared to normal vision (≤ 0.3 logMAR). However, percentage of vision impairment (VI) was highest in the mild category compared to others and only one participant had severe VI. This study found a high percentage of Chinese elderly with refractive error. The most common type of refractive error was hyperopia. A high proportion of them had mild vision impairment followed by moderate VI even with best correction. Vision impairment could affect daily life functioning and this effect can be further explored in the future.
  4. Dhiman Gain, Mahfuj M, Islam S, Minar M, Goutham-Bharathi M, Simon Kumar Das
    Sains Malaysiana, 2017;46:695-702.
    Wild stocks of endangered mrigal carp, Cirrhinus cirrhosus (Bloch 1795), continues to decline rapidly in the Indo-Ganges river basin. With an objective to evaluate its population status, landmark-based morphometric and meristic variations among three different stocks viz., hatchery (Jessore), baor (Gopalganj) and river (Faridpur) in Bangladesh were studied. Significant differences were observed in 10 of the 15 morphometric measurements viz., head length, standard length, fork length, length of base of spinous, pre-orbital length, eye length, post-orbital length, length of upper jaw, height of pelvic fin and barbel length, two of the 8 meristic counts viz., scales above the lateral line and pectoral fin rays and 10 of the 22 truss network measurements viz., 1 to 10, 2 to 3, 2 to 8, 2 to 9, 2 to 10, 3 to 4, 3 to 8, 4 to 5, 4 to 7 and 9 to 10 among the stocks. For morphometric and landmark measurements, the 1st discriminant function (DF) accounted for 58.1% and the 2nd DF accounted for 41.9% of the among-group variability. In discriminant space, the river stock was isolated from the other two stocks. On the other hand, baor and hatchery stocks formed a very compact cluster. A dendrogram based on the hierarchical cluster analysis using morphometric and truss distance data placed the hatchery and baor in one cluster and the river in another cluster and the distance between the river and hatchery populations was the highest. Morphological differences among stocks are expected, because of their geographical isolation and their origin from different ancestors. The baseline information derived from the present study would be useful for genetic studies and in the assessment of environmental impacts on C. cirrhosus populations in Bangladesh.
  5. Lay-Wen Tan, Hoe-Han Goh, Zuraida A. Rahman, Duk-Ju Hwang, Ismanizan Ismail, Zamri Zainal
    Sains Malaysiana, 2017;46:703-711.
    Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of indica rice is undoubtedly a challenging task due to the rice recalcitrant nature to transformation process. Therefore, optimization of the transformation protocol is important for specific indica rice cultivar to ensure effectiveness of the transformation. In this study, crucial parameters affecting Agrobacteriummediated transformation were optimized to obtain transgenic rice of local rice cultivar (indica MR219). Embryogenic calli were chosen for inoculation with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 harbouring a binary vector pH2GW7ABP57 containing gene of interest, Auxin binding protein 57 (Abp57). The parameters that have been optimized were the immersion time, co-cultivation period, acetosyringone concentration and co-cultivation temperature. A total of four days co-cultivation period and 30 min immersion of embryogenic callus are optimum for the transformation of MR219 with transformation efficiency of 26.4% and 16.0%, respectively. Acetosyringone at 200 μM and co-cultivation at 28°C also gave the highest transformation efficiency (14.4 and 18.4%, respectively). Meanwhile, inclusion of 20 g/L maltose+20 g/L sorbitol into the regeneration media has significantly improve the transformed somatic embryos growth and increase the regeneration efficiency up to 40.0%. The results of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) indicated that the transgene was successfully integrated and overexpressed in transgenic rice of MR219. In conclusion, significant improvement in transformation efficiency for rice cv. MR219 has been obtained by using the optimised protocol for transformation and regeneration developed in this study.
  6. Arda Yildirim, Zafer Uluta?, Nuh Ocak, Muhammet Kaptan
    Sains Malaysiana, 2017;46:429-437.
    In order to investigate the changes in meat quality characteristics and some serum metabolites as well as carcass yield,
    non-carcass parts, internal organs of lambs as influenced by birth weight (BtW) and feeding system (FS), 28 Karayaka
    male lambs (150 days of age) obtained from four comparable groups that consisted of seven replicates according to a 2 ×
    2 factorial arrangement for 2 BtW (low, 4.1 ± 0.06 kg and high, 5.0 ± 0.09 kg) and 2 FS (total mixed ration, TMR and free
    choice feeding, FCF) were used. After weaning (90 days of age), lambs with low BtW and high BtW were fed individually
    a TMR ad libitum or fed on the same ingredients (FCF) as that of TMR. The TMR was consisted of 80% of a compound feed
    and 20% of roughage based on a dry matter basis (140 g crude protein and 10.7 ME MJ/kg). The carcass weight and yield
    of lambs were not affected by the BtW, FS and BtWxFS interaction. The slaughter body weight, cold carcass weight and
    yield of FCF-fed lambs were higher than those of TMR-fed animals. The pH45 and shear force of semitendinosus muscle
    decreased and increased by the FCF systems, respectively. These results showed that BtW of lambs did not affect the
    studied parameter and that feeding system created more differences in terms of some parameters due to the fact that the
    FCF lead to improvement in carcass and some meat quality traits.
  7. Zahidah Ayob, Shajarahtunnur Jamil, Siti Pauliena Mohd Bohari, Farediah Ahmad, Azman Abd Samad
    Sains Malaysiana, 2017;46:457-461.
    Justicia gendarussa methanolic leaves extract from four different locations in Southern region of Malaysia and distribution
    of two flavonoids, naringenin and kaempferol in plant organs (young and mature leaves) were determined using gas
    chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) analysis. Naringenin and kaempferol contents were detected
    and quantified in leaves extract. The results indicated that mature leaves contained more naringenin and kaempferol
    compared to young leaves. The highest concentration of naringenin and kaempferol were recorded in mature leaves from
    Skudai and Muar regions which were 507.692 and 1226.964 mgkg-1, respectively. Data analysis showed that naringenin
    content was directly proportional to the amount of kaempferol in the leaf extracts. In conclusion, this study suggested
    geographical variation among plant samples and physiological stage of organ parts could contribute to variation in
    flavonoids concentration in a plant species.
  8. Emel Ba?ar
    Sains Malaysiana, 2017;46:469-476.
    The Cox proportional hazards model is most widely used in survival analysis for modeling censored survival data. In
    this model, the effect of the covariates is assumed to act multiplicatively on the baseline hazard rate and the ratio of the
    hazards is constant over survival time. This is an important assumption and sometimes may not hold in some survival
    studies. The Cox model can lead to biased results when the proportionality assumption is not satisfied. In such a situation,
    the additive hazards regression models have been an alternative to proportional hazards models. The Aalen model
    allows for time-varying covariate effects. In some situations, some covariate effects may be constant but the others may
    not. In such cases, the Cox-Aalen model is a better alternative since it allows to combine both kinds of covariates in
    the same model. In this study the Cox proportional hazards model, Aalen’s additive hazards model and the Cox-Aalen
    model have been considered. These models have been applied to kidney transplant data and the differences in estimates
    of the unknown parameters obtained by the Aalen’s model, the Cox model and the Cox-Aalen model are investigated.
  9. Ling TY, Soo CL, Phan TP, Lee Nyanti, Sim SF, Jongkar Grinang
    Sains Malaysiana, 2017;46:401-411.
    This study was carried out to examine the water quality of Batang Rajang at Pelagus area, Sarawak, Malaysia. Water
    quality was determined at 12 stations along Batang Rajang and its tributaries in terms of in-situ and ex-situ water
    quality parameters. The results showed that most stations at main river were categorized as slightly polluted while
    most tributaries were clean according to the Water Quality Index. The river is suffering from organic pollution where
    almost all stations along the river contained high chemical oxygen demand (≈ 43.1 mg/L) and total ammonia nitrogen
    (≈ 0.520 mg/L) and were classified as Class III and IV at most of the stations. High suspended solids (218.3 mg/L) and
    low dissolved oxygen (4.6 mg/L) were observed at the main river. The low dissolved oxygen content from the Bakun
    dam upstream of the study area has an impact on the river particularly during dry season where DO dropped below the
    minimum required for sensitive aquatic organisms. As seven tributaries are within Class II indicating healthy freshwater
    ecosystems, they should be conserved as habitats for sensitive aquatic organisms. Conversely, proper management need
    to be initiated in particular, Sungai Merit tributary and the main river where DO were below the minimum required for
    sensitive aquatic organisms.
  10. M. Hamid Ch, M. Ashraf, Qudsia Hamid, Syed Mansoor Sarwar, Zulfiqar Ahmad Saqib
    Sains Malaysiana, 2017;46:413-420.
    Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are widely used for change detection in rivers caused
    by erosion and accretion. Digital image processing techniques and GIS analysis capabilities are used for detecting
    temporal variations of erosion and accretion characteristics between the years 1999 and 2011 in a 40 km long Marala
    Alexandria reach of River Chenab. Landsat satellite images for the years 1999, 2007 and 2011 were processed to analyze
    the river channel migration, changes in the river width and the rate of erosion and accretion. Analyses showed that the
    right bank was under erosion in both time spans, however high rate of deposition is exhibited in middle reaches. The
    maximum erosion was 1569843 m2
    and 1486160 m2
    along the right bank at a distance of 24-28 km downstream of the
    Marala barrage in the time span of 1999-2007 and 2007-2011, respectively. Along right bank mainly there is trend of
    accretion but erosion is much greater between 20 and 28 km reach. Maximum accretion was 5144584 m2
    from 1999-2007
    and 2950110 m2
    from 2007-2011 on the right bank downstream of the Marala Barrage. The derived results of channel
    migration were validated by comparing with SRTM data to assess the accuracy of image classification. Integration of remote
    sensing data with GIS is efficient and economical technique to assess land losses and channel changes in large rivers.
  11. Abdullahi A, Choudhury I, Azuddin M, Nahar N
    Sains Malaysiana, 2017;46:477-483.
    A suitable and cost-effective microfabrication technique for processing aluminum micropart is required, as the choice
    of aluminum microparts for aerospace, electronics and automobile components is preferred over other metals due to its
    excellent properties. Meanwhile, powder injection molding (PIM) is identified as an economical manufacturing technique
    for processing ceramic and micro-metal powders into microparts and or components. Therefore, this study investigates
    formulation and processing of aluminum PIM feedstock using a custom-made machine. The investigation is focused on
    the effect of mixing process parameters (powder loading, rotor speed and mixing temperature) and the suitability of
    the backbone polymer. The formulated PIM feedstock constituents are paraffin wax (PW), stearic acid (SA), high-density
    polyethylene (HDPE)/ medium-density polyethylene (MDPE) alternatively and aluminum micro-metal powder. Taguchi
    method is used for the design of experiments (DOEs) and analysis. In addition, response surface methodology (RSM) is
    employed to develop empirical viscosity models. The optimum powder-binder mixing ratio of 58:42 vol. % with rotor
    speed of 43 rpm were determined for preparing aluminum PIM feedstock using mini-lab mixer developed. The empirical
    model developed for aluminum PIM feedstock viscosity shows a good fit with R2
    values of 0.84 using HDPE and 0.96 for
    MDPE binder system. This investigation demonstrates preparation and suitability of aluminum PIM feedstock using waxbased
    binder system.
  12. Nur Hanis Adila Azhar, Nur Hanis Adila Azhar Hamizah Md Rasid, Siti Fairus M. Yusoff
    Sains Malaysiana, 2017;46:485-491.
    Liquid natural rubber (LNR) was functionalized into liquid epoxidized natural rubber (LENR) and hydroxylated LNR (LNROH)
    via oxidation using a Na2
    WO4
    /CH3
    COOH/H2
    O2
    catalytic system. Microstructures of LNR and functionalized LNRs
    were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopies. The
    effect of CH3
    COOH, H2
    O2
    , Na2
    WO4
    , reaction time and temperature. reaction time and temperature on epoxy content were
    investigated. LNR-OH was obtained when oxidation reaction was conducted at a longer reaction time, higher temperature
    or excess amount of catalyst. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) reported the thermal behavior of functionalized LNRs.
    Molecular weight and polydispersity index (PDI) were determined using gel permeation chromatography (GPC).
  13. Say-Gee Sia, Wan Hasiah Abdullah
    Sains Malaysiana, 2017;46:387-392.
    Ash and sulphur are the two main variables that influence coal quality and are therefore very important contractual
    parameters in a coal supply agreement. Coal which is low in ash yield and sulphur content is considered as ‘cleaned
    coal’. Nonetheless, combustion of coal is also known to release toxic trace elements, which are known or suspected to
    be carcinogenic and may also cause respiratory problems, pregnancy complications, premature mortality and possibly
    a wide range of health problems. The two traditionally used coal quality parameters have proven to be insufficient for
    defining ‘cleaned coal’. This is evidenced by the low ash and low sulphur Balingian coals that is seen as relatively safe
    in environmental terms, but still contains high concentrations of potentially hazardous trace elements which may pose
    health and environmental threats during coal combustion. Therefore, a comprehensive assessment of coal quality should
    also include information on concentration, spatial distribution and modes of occurrence of trace elements, particularly
    the 15 potentially hazardous trace elements identified by the United States Clean Air Act Amendments (1990).
  14. Fikriah Faudzi, Mohd Fuad Miskon, Kamaruzzaman Yunus, Mokhlesur Rahman
    Sains Malaysiana, 2017;46:393-399.
    It is important to monitor the concentration of toxic metals in the Sungai Kuantan as it serves many communities in terms of domestic, fisheries and agriculture purpose. In order to determine the distributions of dissolved and particulate As and Hg in Sungai Kuantan and evaluate its changes temporally and spatially, water samples were collected from the surface and bottom layers in a grid of 9 stations from estuary towards the upstream of Sungai Kuantan from May 2012 till October 2012. The dissolved metals were pre-concentrated using Chelex-100 while particulate metals were digested using Teflon bomb and subsequently were analyzed using ICP-MS. Dissolved As ranging from 4.650 to 36.894 µg L-1 while dissolved Hg ranging from BDL to 0.011 µg L-1. Particulate As and Hg varied from 0.650 to 86.087 mg L-1 and BDL to 5.873 mg L-1, respectively. Higher concentration of the dissolved elements were found mainly in October 2012 and particulate elements concentration mostly higher in May 2012. The source of the studied metals in the river may be the run-off from the effluent discharges and other natural sources. The toxic elements studied in Sungai Kuantan waters were still below the Interim Marine Water Quality Standard (INWQS) permissible limits.
  15. Goh Thian Lai, Nur Amanina Mazlan, Mohd Shahrul Mohd Nadzir, Azimah Hussin, Abdul Ghani Rafek, Ailie Sofyiana Serasa, et al.
    Sains Malaysiana, 2017;46:677-684.
    The uniaxial compressive strength test is a destructive and time consuming test. A number of non-destructive methods using portable testing equipment are more applicable and easier to conduct. This paper presents the results of a systematic approach to determine the uniaxial compressive strength of rock material using the Schmidt hammer rebound test. A total of five distinct locations (Graham Coast, Davis Coast, Nanson Island, Danco Coast and Trinity Island) were tested using the Schmidt rebound hammer test. Peninsula Antarctic located at northwest of Antarctic region comprising of igneous and metamorphic rocks. Statistical analysis of the results at 95% confidence level showed the Schmidt rebound value of the Graham Coast ranges from 40±1.7 to 41±1.3 with standard deviation of 8.2 to 6.4. The rebound value for Davis Coast was 39±1.6 with standard deviation of 7.7. Rocks from Nanson Island and Danco Coast have the Schmidt rebound value of 54±1.7 with standard deviation of 8.0 and 36±1.3 with standard deviation of 6.2, respectively. The Schmidt rebound value of rocks at Trinity Island ranges from 29±1.4 to 32±1.7 with standard deviation of 6.8 to 8.1. Thus, the respective uniaxial compressive strengths of rock materials from Graham Coast, Davis Coast, Danco Coast, Nanson Island and Trinity Island were 73-108, 50, 59, 164 and 45-59 MPa. The respective ISRM strength classification of rock materials of Graham Coast, Davis Coast, Danco Coast, Nanson Island and Trinity Island were strong (R4) to very strong rock (R5), medium strong rock (R3), strong rock (R4), very strong rock (R5) and medium strong (R3) to strong rock (R4). The results showed a mean of quantification of rock material strength based on the Schmidt Hammer rebound test in Antarctic Peninsula.
  16. WAN HANNA MELINI WAN MOHTAR, SITI AMINAH BASSA, MOJTABA PORHEMMAT
    Sains Malaysiana, 2017;46:685-693.
    Grain size spectrum and textural parameters for the fluvial sediment bed in seven tropical rivers of Kelantan, Malaysia are presented in this article. The samples were collected from six tributaries to the main Sungai Kelantan spanning approximately 248 km stretch of water streams. Sand or gravel dominated river was identified for each river using the sediment composition analysis. Textural pattern shows complicated profiles of mean size and no consistent decreasing grain size and gradation parameter were observed towards the downstream flow. Most of the samples fall under the category of either very poorly sorted or poorly sorted and has very platykurtic kurtosis distributions. CM diagram (C=one percentile in microns and M = median grain size in microns) suggested that the deposition of fine-grained sediment for samples with median grain size d50 <1 mm are either by rolling, rolling and saltation or saltation and suspension.
  17. Dewi Hidayati, Norela Sulaiman, Ismail B, M. Shuhaimi-Othman, De Bellard M
    Sains Malaysiana, 2017;46:373-380.
    The Sidoarjo mud is the first visible phenomenon of a mud volcano that occurs in a human settlement and which is
    subsequently channelled into a river. Clay, aluminium and iron were reported to be the dominant contaminants that could
    possibly come into contact with and accumulate on the surface of local fish and initiate alteration in scale microstructure.
    The aim of this study was to evaluate the extent of water body contamination in the Sidoarjo mud by evaluating the
    chromatophore density and microstructure deformation of fish scales that act as biomarkers. Scale samples were
    obtained from caged Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) fish that were placed downstream and upstream
    of the Sidoarjo mud spillway pipes. With respect to melanophore density, it was found that the scales of fish exposed in
    the downstream section were significantly lower in chromatophores (<50 chr/mm²) than the control scales in fish from
    the upstream station (>100 chr/mm²). This study suggested that the density of chromatophores was closely related to
    the concentration of total suspended solids (r = 0.69), which was possibly enhanced by iron (r = 0.56). Using scanning
    electron microscopy analysis, some deformation, i.e. irregularity of spherule shape and increasing pits in the space
    between ridges, were observed.
  18. Sedat Kele?
    Sains Malaysiana, 2017;46:381-386.
    This study presents the optimum cutting ages in Turkish pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) plantations including timber production
    and carbon sequestration values in Turkey. Four different growing spaces are considered. The study also evaluates the
    effects of different discount rates and carbon prices on the optimum cutting ages using net present value approach. The
    growth and yield curves, biomass equations and carbon conversion factors as well as forest plantation costs and timber
    assortments revenues for Turkish pine plantations are used to determine the optimum cutting ages. The results of the
    case study showed that the integration of carbon sequestration benefits into timber production increased the optimum
    cutting ages of Turkish pine plantations for each growing spaces in order to sequester more carbon. The optimum cutting
    ages decreased depending on the increase in discount rates. When carbon prices increased the optimum cutting ages
    also increased.
  19. Young-Tack Lee, Pradeep Puligundla, Paul B. Schwarz
    Sains Malaysiana, 2017;46:713-718.
    β-Glucan, the representative dietary fibre component of barley, has received much attention, primarily due to its nutritional significance. In this study, β-glucans prepared from barley pearling byproducts were characterized with respect to their molecular weight, solubility and viscosity. Following the initial alkaline extraction, the crude β-glucan extract (45% purity) was further purified to approximately 90%. The isolated β-glucans exhibited a wide molecular weight range with peak molecular weight of less than 1 × 106 daltons. Solubilities of crude and purified β-glucans in water were lower than that of β-glucan in the native barley pearling byproducts. However, the aqueous solubility of purified β-glucan from pearlings was substantially higher than that of commercial β-glucan. Compared to the latter, purified β-glucan exhibited low apparent viscosity in aqueous solutions.
  20. Mst Kamrun Nahar, Uda Hashim, Zarina Zakaria, Md Fazlul Bari
    Sains Malaysiana, 2017;46:719-724.
    This study examined the influence of pH and salt concentration on the protein solubility of slaughtered and non-slaughtered broiler chicken meat. Three types of salt (NaCl, Na2SO4, and (NH4)2SO4), five different pH levels (5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0 and 9.0) and five salt concentrations (0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, and 2.0 M) were examined. Each type of salt showed distinctive activities for slaughtered and non-slaughtered meat protein solubility. Soluble protein concentration increased as pH increased (p<0.05) from pH5.0 to 8.0 and decreased from pH8.0 to 9.0. It was also observed that protein solubility increased as the salt concentration increased. Protein solubility significantly increased (p<0.05) in the non-slaughtered meat compared to the slaughtered meat at pH8.0 for Na2SO4 at 1.2 M.
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