Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 194 in total

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  1. Fulltext Response to Article "Ultrasensitive Hierarchical AuNRs@SiO2@Ag SERS Probes for Enrichment and Detection of Insulin and C-Peptide in Serum" [Letter]
    Gopinath SCB
    Int J Nanomedicine, 2024;19:11161-11162.
    PMID: 39502634 DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S502364
  2. Polymer Conjugated Gold Nanoparticles in Biomedical Applications
    Anniebell S, Gopinath SCB
    Curr Med Chem, 2018;25(12):1433-1445.
    PMID: 28093984 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170116123633
    BACKGROUND: Research interest on the properties of polymer conjugated gold nanoparticle (GNP) in biomedicine is rapidly rising because of the extensive evidences for their unique properties. In the field of biomedicine, GNPs have been widely used because of their inertness and low levels of cytotoxicity. Therefore, when exposed to cells, they are less prone to exert damaging effects. GNPs are capable of being functionalized as desired and are ideal as they do not encourage undesired side reactions that might counter react with the intention of the functionalization. Biofouling is an occurrence that takes place at cellular and biological molecular level, binds non-specifically on the detection surface and forms a wrong output. This undesired incidence can be avoided by conjugating the surface of biomolecules with polymers. Densely packed repeating chains of polymers such as polyethylene glycol are capable of decreasing non-specific reactions. Applications of polymer conjugated GNPs in the field of biomedicine are as biosensors, delivery and therapeutic agents.

    CONCLUSION: Therefore, the properties and applications of polymer conjugated GNPs are studied widely as overviewed here.

  3. DNA-RNA complementation on silicon wafer for thyroid cancer determination
    Gopinath SCB, Xuan S
    Biotechnol Appl Biochem, 2021 Jun;68(3):554-559.
    PMID: 32460382 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1961
    One of the current issues with thyroid tumor is early diagnosis as it makes the higher possibility of curing. This research was focused to detect and quantify the level of specific target sequence complementation of miR-222 with capture DNA sequence on interdigitated electrode (IDE) sensor. The aluminum electrode with the gap and finger sizes of 10 µm was fabricated on silicon wafer, further the surface was amine-functionalized for accommodating carboxylated-DNA probe. With DNA-target RNA complementation, the detection limit was attained to be 1 fM as estimated by a linear regression analysis [y = 1.5325x - 2.1171 R² = 0.9065] and the sensitivity was at the similar level. Current responses were higher by increasing the target RNA sequence concentrations. Control experiments with mismatched/noncomplementary sequences were failed to complement the capture DNA sequence immobilized on IDE, indicating the specific target validation. This research helps diagnosing and identifying the progression with thyroid tumor and miRNA being a potential "marker" in atypia diagnosis.
  4. Potential blood clotting factors and anticoagulants
    Jin NZ, Gopinath SCB
    Biomed Pharmacother, 2016 Dec;84:356-365.
    PMID: 27668535 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.09.057
    Hemostasis initiates a wound healing process and stops bleeding of blood within a damaged tissue, an important process in human and animal systems. However, this process needs to revert temporarily during surgery and analyze the clotting mechanism. In the past decade, heparin has been used widely as an anticoagulant in surgery to prevent unwanted blood clotting as it is not expensive, not difficult to control, lack of suitable replacement as well as less harmful to the human. However, heparin has several disadvantages, which include thrombocytopenia and non-specific plasma binding. Moreover, using heparin it may lead dysfunction and platelet aggregation. In this overview, potential clotting factors and anticoagulants are reviewed and special focus was given to get more insights.
  5. Drug Encapsulated Nanoparticles for Treating Targeted Cells
    Suk KH, Gopinath SCB
    Curr Med Chem, 2017;24(30):3310-3321.
    PMID: 28464786 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170502122444
    BACKGROUND: Drug encapsulated nanoparticle has the potency to act as an effective antidote for various diseases. It is possible to enhance the bioavailability of drug encapsulated nanoparticle, whereby the yield is significantly higher compared to the standard formulation. The development with drug encapsulated nanoparticle has been improved drastically after demonstrating its capability of showing the enhanced thermophysical properties and stability of the drug. It is also utilized widely in cancer diagnoses, whereby the surface of the nanoparticle can be modified to enable the nanocarriers to reach the targeted location. Thus, the encapsulated nanoparticle can reveal neural stem cell differentiation due to the multifaceted nature and the biophysical cues to control the cell differentiation.

    OBJECTIVE: In this overview, different advantages of the drug encapsulated nanoparticle for the downstream applications are narrated with its appealing characteristics.

    CONCLUSION: The application of the drug encapsulated nanoparticle is unrestricted as it can be customized to the specific target cell in the living system.

  6. Feasibility of graphene in biomedical applications
    Foo ME, Gopinath SCB
    Biomed Pharmacother, 2017 Oct;94:354-361.
    PMID: 28772213 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.122
    Nanotechnology is the developing field, bringing the materials in the nanoscale level, has been applied in the interdisciplinary sciences. Different nanomaterials, such as gold, silver, zinc, copper and graphene are shown to have a wide range of applications. Among these, graphene is one of the faster upcoming two-dimensional nanomaterials utilized in various fields due to its positive features including the properties of thermal, electrical, strength and elasticity. Biomedical applications of graphene have been widely attested to be popular among academician and industrial partners for creating next generation medical systems and therapies. In this review, we selectively revealed the current applications of graphene in the interdisciplinary medical sciences.
  7. Zinc oxide and gold textured Janus nanowire integration in an impedimetric sensor for leptospirosis DNA-biomarker recognition
    Haarindraprasad R, Gopinath SCB, Veeradassan P
    Biotechnol Appl Biochem, 2022 Dec;69(6):2698-2712.
    PMID: 34997977 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2316
    A "Janus particle" refers to the production of two materials in a single system and shows a difference in physical characteristics, and two surfaces participate in the formation with different chemistries. This research generated the Janus using a hybrid of zinc oxide (ZnO) and gold (Au) on the sensor surface toward making high-performance DNA sensors. The Janus ZnO/Au-textured film was synthesized via the one-step sol-gel method, which involves a suitable ratio of a mixture of ZnO sol seed solution. The synthesized Janus ZnO/Au-textured film undergoes a low-temperature aqueous hydrothermal route to synthesize quasi-one-dimensional nanowires. The average grain size in the Janus ZnO/Au nanotextured wire was 41.60 nm. The fabricated nanotextured wire was further optimized by tuning the thickness and characterized by XRD and high-resolution microscopy. Electrical characterization was conducted on the Janus ZnO/Au nanotextured wire coupled with an interdigitated electrode sensor to detect the specific leptospirosis DNA strand. The generated device is capable of detecting lower DNA concentration at 1 × 10-13 M with a sensitivity of 8.54 MΩ M-1 cm-2 . The high performance is attained on linear concentrations of 10-6 -10-13 M with the determination coefficient, "I = 135437.63C-3609.07" R2 = 0.9551. A potential strategy is proposed as a base for developing different high-performance sensors.
  8. Molecular Mechanism of Breast Cancer and Predisposition of Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus Propagation Cycle
    Ghosh A, Gopinath SCB
    Curr Med Chem, 2024 May 08.
    PMID: 38721792 DOI: 10.2174/0109298673286234240123100955
    Over the past few decades, women have been troubled by grave diseases such as breast cancer, which are biologically and molecularly classified as hereditary diseases. Even though the risk of other cancers is relatively different and the downstream pathway of genetic mutation differs from breast cancer, the continued transformation of genes such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 leads to breast cancer malignancy. Notably at the molecular level, a parallel connection between the normal growth of breast and the progression of mammary cancer where the breast cancer stem cells play a crucial role in the advancement of mammary carcinoma. Arguably, several significant signaling pathways, for instance, ER signaling, HER2 signaling, and Wnt signaling control the typical breast development as well as breast stem cells, thereby cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and cell motility are involved. Incidentally, the Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus (MMTV) is notable among the unexplained viral components influenced by virus-corrupting mammary carcinomas. According to the genesis, MMTV proviral DNA is integrated into mammary epithelial cells, and genomic lymphoid cells during viral replication and triggers the progression of cellular oncogenesis. This overview reveals the deadliest theories on breast cancer, molecular mechanisms, and the MMTV transmission cycle. To establish prevention therapies that are both acceptable and efficacious, addressing apprehensions related to the toxicity of these interventions must be a preliminary hurdle to overcome.
  9. Sodium alginate/Hydroxyapatite/nanocellulose composites: Synthesis and Potentials for bone tissue engineering
    Iswarya S, Theivasanthi T, Gopinath SCB
    J Mech Behav Biomed Mater, 2023 Dec;148:106189.
    PMID: 37852086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106189
    Sodium alginate/hydroxyapatite/Nano cellulose (SA/HA/NC) nanocomposite films that possess good biocompatibility for bone tissue engineering are prepared by a simple solution casting. HA is one of the most frequently used bioceramic materials to achieve a high biocompatibility. The bionanocomposite films are analysed by XRD, SEM, EDAX and FTIR studies. XRD confirms the existence of fillers in the polymer. FTIR spectrum shows the different functional modes in the bionanocomposite films. The morphology of fillers and bionanocomposite films are obtained through SEM. The inclusion of NC with different concentrations into the biopolymer film improves the tensile strength. As a result, the loading of 5 wt % of NC and 10 wt% of HA in the SA polymer shows high tensile strength when compared to the pure SA, SA filled with 10 wt% of HA and SA loaded with 10 wt% of HA and inclusion of NC (0.5 and 2.5 wt%). The tensile strength (TS) of bionanocomposite film with 10 wt % of HA is increased by 17%. TS of bionanocomposite film with 0.5 and 2.5 wt% of NC is increased by 177 and 277%, whereas TS of bionanocomposite film loaded 5 wt% of NC is increased by 331%. The swelling, biodegradation and biomineralization tests suggest that this bionanocomposite films are hopeful biomaterials for bone tissue engineering.
  10. Analysis of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 interaction on aptamer-probed interdigitated electrode for breast cancer diagnosis
    Hao Y, Gopinath SCB
    Biotechnol Appl Biochem, 2024 Feb 26.
    PMID: 38409854 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2566
    Breast cancer has been reported to be high in its incidence with women, and early identification of breast cancer helps to improve and provide an effective treatment. Tumor markers are active substances; in particular, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is over-expressed at the level of 20%-30%. This research work developed a highly sensitive HER2 biosensor on the interdigitated electrode (IDE) by using aptamer as a detection probe. To enhance the analytical performances, aptamer was attached to the gold nanoparticle and immobilized on the IDE through a chemical linker [(3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane]. On the aptamer conjugation, HER2 was quantified through current-volt measurements, and the limit of detection of HER2 was calculated as 1 pg/mL on a linear range from 0.1 to 3000 pg/mL at an R2 (regression coefficient) of 0.9657. Further, a selective performance with human serum increased the current responses by increasing HER2 concentrations. Specific experiments with control protein and complementary aptamer sequence failed to enhance the current responses. This HER2 biosensor reflects the occurrence of breast cancer at its lower abundance and helps to identify the associated complications.
  11. Fulltext Quantification of cortisol for the medical diagnosis of multiple pregnancy-related diseases
    Zhang J, Gopinath SCB
    3 Biotech, 2020 Feb;10(2):35.
    PMID: 31988829 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-2030-z
    Cortisol is a stress hormone released from the adrenal glands and is responsible for both hyperglycemia and hypertension during pregnancy. These factors make it mandatory to detect the levels of cortisol during pregnancy to identify and treat hypoglycemia and hypertension. In this study, cortisol levels were quantified with an aptamer-conjugated gold nanorod using an electrochemical interdigitated electrode sensor. The surface uniformity was analyzed by high-power microscopy and 3D-nanoprofiler imaging. The detection limit was determined to be 0.01 ng/mL, and a linear regression indicated that the sensitivity range was in the range of 0.01-0.1 ng/mL, based on a 3σ calculation. Moreover, the specificity of the aptamer was determined by a binding analysis against norepinephrine and progesterone, and it was clearly found that the aptamer specifically recognizes only cortisol. Further, the presence of cortisol was detected in the serum in a dose-dependent manner. This method is useful to detect and correlate multiple pregnancy-related diseases by quantifying the levels of cortisol.
  12. UCH-L1 and GFAP: Efficient biomarkers for diagnosing traumatic brain injury
    Lakshmipriya T, Gopinath SCB
    Brain Spine, 2024;4:102913.
    PMID: 39229482 DOI: 10.1016/j.bas.2024.102913
  13. Brain-spine interface for movement restoration after spinal cord injury
    Lakshmipriya T, Gopinath SCB
    Brain Spine, 2024;4:102926.
    PMID: 39247724 DOI: 10.1016/j.bas.2024.102926
  14. A potent anticoagulant hybrid of snake venom derived FIX-binding protein and anti-factor IX RNA aptamer: Assessed by in-silico and electrochemical analyses
    Krishnan H, Gopinath SCB
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2023 Aug 30;247:125740.
    PMID: 37423441 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125740
    Anticoagulant therapies are crucial in the management of surgical complications as well as the prophylaxis of thrombosis. Many studies are being conducted on the Habu snake-venom anticoagulant, FIX-binding protein (FIX-Bp), for its greater potency and strong affinity to FIX clotting factor. On the other hand, the capacity to promptly reverse such acute anticoagulation is equally important. Combining a reversible anticoagulant with FIX-Bp may be advantageous in maintaining the balance between adequate anticoagulation and repealing when necessary. In this study, authors integrated FIX-Bp and RNA aptamer-based anticoagulants into a single target, FIX clotting factor, in order to achieve a robust anticoagulant effect. An in-silico and electrochemical approach were used to investigate the combination of FIX-Bp and RNA aptamers as a bivalent anticoagulant and to verify the competing or predominant binding sites of each anticoagulant. The in-silico analysis discovered that both the venom- and aptamer-anticoagulant had a strong affinity for the FIX protein at the Gla-domain and EGF-1 domain by holding 9 conventional hydrogen bonds with the binding energy of -34.859 kcal/mol. The electrochemical technique verified that both anticoagulants had different binding sites. The impedance load upon RNA aptamer binding to FIX protein was 14 %, whereas the addition of FIX-Bp caused a significant impedance rise of 37 %. This indicates that the addition of aptamers prior to FIX-Bp is a promising strategy for the conception of a hybrid anticoagulant.
  15. Nanomaterials in food industry for the protection from mycotoxins: an update
    Thirugnanasambandan T, Gopinath SCB
    3 Biotech, 2023 Feb;13(2):64.
    PMID: 36718411 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03478-2
    The storage of food grains against the fungal infection has been a great challenge to the farmers, but nanotechnology provides a solution to address this problem. The application of nanotechnology for the storage of food grains replaces synthetic fungicides in agriculture. Inorganic nanoparticles such as silver and zinc oxide are well-known for their antifungal activity. Green synthesized nanoparticles show enhanced antimicrobial activity than the chemically synthesized nanoparticles. Extracts and essential oils derived from plants exhibit very good antifungal properties. The synthesized nanoparticles can be impregnated in packaging materials, which are used to store food grains. Natural materials are having advantages like non-toxicity and easier to degrade and are suitable for food safety. This overview discusses the nanomaterials-mediated protection of food materials from mycotoxin and its releases into the open environment.
  16. Immune Checkpoint Protein for Monitoring Head and Neck Cancer Prognosis
    Lakshmipriya T, Gopinath SCB
    Curr Med Chem, 2024 Aug 16.
    PMID: 39161150 DOI: 10.2174/0109298673331754240806054935
  17. Current state of green reduction strategies: Solution-processed reduced graphene oxide for healthcare biodetection
    Taniselass S, Md Arshad MK, Gopinath SCB
    Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2019 Mar;96:904-914.
    PMID: 30606604 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.11.062
    Reduction of graphene oxide becomes an alternative way to produce a scalable graphene and the resulting nanomaterial namely reduced graphene oxide (rGO) has been utilized in a wide range of potential applications. In this article, the level of green reduction strategies, especially the solution-based reduction methods are overviewed based on recent progression, to get insights towards biomedical applications. The degrees of gaining tips with the solution-based green reduction methods, conditions, complexity and the resulting rGO characteristics have been elucidated comparatively. Moreover, the application of greenly produced rGO in electrochemical biosensors has been elucidated as well as their electrical performance in term of linear range and limit of detections for various healthcare biological analytes. In addition, the characterization scheme for graphene-based materials and the analyses on the reduction especially for the solution-based green reduction methods are outlined for the future endeavours.
  18. Fulltext Amine-Aldehyde Chemical Conjugation on a Potassium Hydroxide-Treated Polystyrene ELISA Surface for Nanosensing an HIV-p24 Antigen
    Wang C, Lakshmipriya T, Gopinath SCB
    Nanoscale Res Lett, 2019 Jan 14;14(1):21.
    PMID: 30644016 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-018-2848-z
    The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been widely used for disease surveillance and drug screening due to its relatively higher accuracy and sensitivity. Fine-tuning the ELISA is mandatory to elevate the specific detection of biomolecules at a lower abundance. Towards this end, higher molecular capture on the polystyrene (PS) ELISA surface is crucial for efficient detection, and it could be attained by immobilizing the molecules in the correct orientation. It is highly challenging to immobilize protein molecules in a well-aligned manner on an ELISA surface due to charge variations. We employed a 3-(aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES)- and glutaraldehyde (GLU)-coupled PS surface chemical strategy to demonstrate the high performance with ELISA. A potassium hydroxide treatment followed by an equal ratio of 1% APTES and GLU attachment was found to be optimal, and a longer incubation with GLU favored maximum sensitivity. p24 is a vital early secreting antigen for diagnosing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and it has been used for efficient detection with the above chemistry. Three different procedures were followed, and they led to the improved detection of the HIV-p24 antigen at 1 nM, which is a 30-fold higher level compared to a conventional ELISA surface. The surface chemical functionalization shown here also displays a higher specificity with human serum and HIV-TAT. The above approach with the designed surface chemistry could also be recommended for disease diagnosis on other sensing surfaces involving the interaction of the probe and the analyte in heterogeneous test samples.
  19. D-glucosamine chitosan base molecule-assisted synthesis of different shape and sized silver nanoparticles by a single pot method: A greener approach for sensor and microbial applications
    Ranjani B, Pandian K, Kumar GA, Gopinath SCB
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2019 Jul 15;133:1280-1287.
    PMID: 31051204 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.196
    Silver nanoparticle was synthesized using D-glucosamine chitosan base as green reducing agent at elevated temperature in alkaline pH ranges. The excess of D-glucosamine chitosan base was used as it is both stabilizing and reducing agent at different pHs, regulates the shape and size of the silver nanoparticles. The progressive growth of silver nanoparticles was monitored by UV-Visible spectral studies. A sharp peak at 420 nm indicates the formation of spherical silver nanoparticles. The size and shape of silver nanoparticles were observed from Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) methods. The anisotropically grown nanoparticles were used as probe for Surface Enhanced Raman Studies (SERS) using ATP (4-aminothiophenol) as a model system. The catalytic behavior of silver nanoparticles was exploited for 4-nitrophenol reduction and observed that the reduction reaction follows pseudo first order kinetics with a rate constant 0.65 min. The antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles was also tested for both gram-positive and -negative microorganisms, in which higher zone of inhibition was observed for gram negative microorganism.
  20. Room Temperature Ionic Liquids-Based Electrochemical Sensors: An Overview on Paracetamol Detection
    Rama R, Meenakshi S, Pandian K, Gopinath SCB
    Crit Rev Anal Chem, 2021 Feb 23.
    PMID: 33622098 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1882834
    Paracetamol (PAR) is an effective antipyretic and analgesic drug utilized worldwide, safer at therapeutic levels but over-dosing and the chronic usage of PAR results in accumulation of toxic metabolites, which leads to kidney and liver damages. Hence, a simple, rapid, cost-effective, and sensitive analytical technique is needed for the accurate determination of PAR in pharmaceutical and biological samples. Though numerous techniques have been reported for PAR detection, electrochemical methods are being receiving more interest due to their advantages. Moreover, in the past few decades, room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) have been utilized in electrochemical sensors due to their attractive properties. In this present review, authors gathered research findings available for the determination of PAR using RTIL-based electrochemical sensors and discussed. The advantages and limitations in these systems as well as the future research directions are summarized.
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