The lymphocyte subset expressing the gamma delta T cell receptor is increased in several infectious diseases including HIV infection. In this study the expression on gamma delta lymphocytes of the T cell activation markers CD25, HLA-DR and CD38, as well as the two isoforms of CD45, namely CD45RA and CD45RO, was determined in the peripheral blood of 56 HIV-infected intravenous drug users and 34 HIV-seronegative blood donors by two-colour flow cytometry. The percentage of gamma delta lymphocytes expressing HLA-DR and CD38 was higher than those in HIV-seronegative controls (P < 0.001 and P < 0.0001, respectively). Furthermore the HLA-DR+gamma delta+ lymphocytes correlated inversely with CD4+ T lymphocyte absolute count (P < 0.02 for both). The levels of gamma delta lymphocytes expressing CD25, CD45RA and CD45RO were similar to those in HIV-seronegative controls. Activated gamma delta lymphocytes may play a role in the HIV disease process and could provide a useful marker for disease progression.
The biological examination of pulp injury, repair events and response of dental pulp stem cells to dental restorative materials is important to accomplish restorative treatment, especially to commonly used dental materials in paediatric dentistry, such as glass ionomer cement (GIC) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)(2)) lining cement.