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Fulltext Human coronaviruses: ophthalmic manifestations

Abdul-Kadir MA, Lim LT

BMJ Open Ophthalmol, 2020;5(1):e000630.
PMID: 33195813 DOI: 10.1136/bmjophth-2020-000630

The 2019 novel coronavirus which causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) known as SARS-CoV-2 still remains as a global pandemic since its discovery and continues to spread across the world, given how highly contagious the virus is. We reviewed various articles that explore eye involvement in COVID-19 and other human coronaviruses, its human manifestations in comparison to animal studies and potential mechanism of viral entry into the eye surface. Evidence of animal studies depicted various complications of coronaviruses infection into the eyes, in both anterior and posterior segments of the eye. Conjunctival inflammation remains uncommon in association with COVID-19, with other ophthalmic findings. The risk of transmission via the ocular surface remains likely low, though it is inarguably present based on preliminary finding of viral load in ocular samples and expression of ACE2 on the ocular surface. Testing the tears sample for diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 was unreliable due to limitations of the testing kits and conflicting evidence of the viral titre in the ocular samples. Further larger, more precise and specific studies are required to allow us to better understand the pattern of virulence underlying the associations of SARS-CoV-2 in the eye despite its rare occurrence. This review article aims to enhance better awareness among clinicians regarding ocular manifestations associated with COVID-19 and necessary precautions should be implemented to minimise the risk of person-to-person especially in the nosocomial setting.
Update on surgical management of complex macular holes: a review

Abdul-Kadir MA, Lim LT

Int J Retina Vitreous, 2021 Dec 20;7(1):75.
PMID: 34930488 DOI: 10.1186/s40942-021-00350-4

Modern surgical interventions effectively treat macular holes (MHs) more than 90%. Current surgical treatment for MHs is pars plana vitrectomy with epiretinal membrane, internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling, gas endotamponade, and prone posturing postoperatively. However, a small subset of MHs imposes challenges to surgeons and frustrations on patients. A narrative review was performed on the surgical treatment of challenging MHs including large and extra-large MHs, myopic MHs with or without retinal detachment, and chronic and refractory MHs. There are robust data supporting inverted ILM flap as the first-line treatment for large idiopathic MHs and certain secondary MHs including myopic MHs. In addition, several studies had shown that ILM flap manipulations in combination with surgical adjuncts increase surgical success, especially in difficult MHs. Even in eyes with limited ILM, surgical options included autologous retinal graft, human amniotic membrane, and creation of a distal ILM flap that can assist in MH closure even though the functional outcome may be affected by the MH chronicity. Despite relative success anatomically and visually after each technique, most techniques require a long-term study to analyze their safety profile and to establish any morphological changes of the MH plug in the closed MHs.
Fulltext Orbital cellulitis complicated with subperiosteal abscess following post-nasopharyngeal swab for COVID-19: A case report

Abdul-Kadir MA, Rosli AH

Clin Case Rep, 2023 May;11(5):e7324.
PMID: 37180319 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.7324

KEY CLINICAL MESSAGE: The nasopharyngeal swab for COVID-19 is associated with low risks of severe complications, but it is important to consider the patient's medical history and anatomy of the nasal cavity to ensure safety and accuracy of the test. Orbital complications can occur up to 85% secondary to acute sinusitis, and prompt treatments are crucial, particularly in the pediatric group. A conservative approach is effective for subperiosteal abscess if certain criteria are met, and it is not an absolute indication for immediate surgical intervention. However, timely management of orbital cellulitis is essential for better outcomes.
ABSTRACT: Pre-septal and orbital cellulitis are more commonly seen in children than in adults. The incidence of pediatric orbital cellulitis is 1.6 in 100,000. The impact of COVID-19 has led to the increasing practice of nasopharyngeal swab surveillance. We presented a case of rare pediatric orbital cellulitis complicated with subperiosteal abscess secondary to severe acute sinusitis following a nasopharyngeal swab. A 4-year-old boy was brought in by his mother with increasing painful left eye swelling and redness. Three days prior, the patient developed a fever and mild rhinitis with loss of appetite which raised concerns about COVID-19. He had a nasopharyngeal swab on that same day and tested negative. Clinically, there was marked erythematous and tender periorbital and facial oedema involving the left nasal bridge, maxilla extended to the left upper lip with a deviation of the left nasal tip contralaterally. Computed tomography confirmed left orbital cellulitis with left eye proptosis, fullness of left maxillary and ethmoidal sinuses and left subperiosteal abscess. The patient received empirical antibiotics and surgical intervention promptly and recovered well with improvements in ocular symptoms. The nasal swabbing techniques may vary among practitioners, and it is associated with extremely low risks of severe complications from 0.001% to 0.16%. Whether the swab had aggravated the underlying rhinitis or traumatized the turbinates leading to sinus drainage obstruction; a nasal swab may impose the risk of severe orbital infection in a susceptible pediatric patient. Any health practitioner conducting the nasal swab should be vigilant about this potential complication.
Comparative analysis of realistic CT-scan and simplified human airway models in airflow simulation

Johari NH, Osman K, Helmi NH, Abdul Kadir MA

Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin, 2015;18(1):48-56.
PMID: 23521065 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2013.776548

Efforts to model the human upper respiratory system have undergone many phases. Geometrical proximity to the realistic shape has been the subject of many research projects. In this study, three different geometries of the trachea and main bronchus were modelled, which were reconstructed from computed tomography (CT) scan images. The geometrical variations were named realistic, simplified and oversimplified. Realistic refers to the lifelike image taken from digital imaging and communications in medicine format CT scan images, simplified refers to the reconstructed image based on natural images without realistic details pertaining to the rough surfaces, and oversimplified describes the straight wall geometry of the airway. The characteristics of steady state flows with different flow rates were investigated, simulating three varied physical activities and passing through each model. The results agree with previous studies where simplified models are sufficient for providing comparable results for airflow in human airways. This work further suggests that, under most exercise conditions, the idealised oversimplified model is not favourable for simulating either airflow regimes or airflow with particle depositions. However, in terms of immediate analysis for the prediction of abnormalities of various dimensions of human airways, the oversimplified techniques may be used.
Fulltext Bis{N-[methoxy(4-methylbenzamido)methyl]-2,4-dimethylanilinido-κ²N,O}copper(II)

Yusof MS, Kadir MA, Yamin BM

Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online, 2012 Jul 1;68(Pt 7):m894.
PMID: 22807736 DOI: 10.1107/S1600536812025081

In the centrosymmetric mononuclear title complex, [Cu(C₁₈H₂₀N₂O₂)₂], the Cu(II) atom is four-coordinated in a trans-CuN₂O₂ square-planar geometry with the N-Cu-O chelate angle being 89.97 (11)°. The dihedral angles made by the planes defined by the aromatic ring carbons of the 4-methyl-benzene and 2,4-dimethyl-benzene fragments with the plane defined by the chelate ring are 13.43 (15) and 82.69 (13)° respectively. The angle between the planes defined by the aromatic carbons of the two rings is 89.40 (16)°. A a weak intra-molecular C-H⋯N hydrogen bond occurs.
Proliferation potential of 18-month-old callus of Ananas comosus L. cv. Moris

De Silva AE, Kadir MA, Aziz MA, Kadzimin S

ScientificWorldJournal, 2006 Feb 17;6:169-75.
PMID: 16493521

Differential effect of plant growth regulators and additives in proliferation of 18-month-old calli of Ananas comosus L. cv. Moris were assessed in vitro. The proliferation of callus relied on the growth regulators and additives. Of the different auxins supplemented in the Murashige and Skoog (MS) media, 32.22 microM alpha-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) gave the highest mean fresh weight of callus (46.817 g). Medium supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) was inferior to NAA, while b-naphthoxy acetic acid (BNOA) and p-chlorophenoxy acetic acid (4-CPA) were not effective in proliferating 18-months old callus. Addition of casein hydrolysate and coconut water to NAA supplemented medium showed better proliferation and production of callus. However, in terms of callus production, NAA at 32.22 microM was economically better.
Fulltext Experimental and DFT data of p-chlorocalix[4]arene as drugs receptor

Kadir MA, Abdul Razak FI, Haris NSH

Data Brief, 2020 Oct;32:106263.
PMID: 32905010 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2020.106263

The data in this article provide information on spectroscopic and theoretical data for p-chlorocalix[4]arene when combined with selected drugs, such as paracetamol, ibuprofen, and cetirizine. The present spectroscopic data are generated from Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR and 13C NMR), and Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) as the key tools for molecular characterization. The measurement of the optimization energy, interaction energy, and the band gap energy between the molecules was calculated by Gaussian 09 software. It is interesting to note that of the three titled drugs identified, p-chlorocalix[4]arene showed the highest interaction energy with paracetamol, followed by ibuprofen and cetirizine.
Fulltext Spectroscopic data of 6-(N-methyl-pyridin-2-ylcarbamoyl)-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester isomers

Kadir MA, Mansor N, Osman MU, Haris NSH

Data Brief, 2019 Aug;25:104266.
PMID: 31453284 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2019.104266

This paper provided spectroscopic data that is relevant with research article entitled "Synthesis and structural characterization of 6-(N-methyl-pyridin-2-ylcarbamoyl)-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester Isomer" (Kadir et al., 2017) [1]. From the reported study, four new ligand of monoamide isomers were successfully synthesized using acyl chloride methods. The monoamide compounds namely 6-(3-methyl-pyridin-2-ylcarbamoyl)-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester (L1), 6-(4-methyl-pyridin-2-ylcarbamoyl)-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester (L2), 6-(5-methyl-pyridin-2-ylcarbamoyl)-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester (L3) and 6-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-ylcarbamoyl)-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester (L4) were fully characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (13C NMR), Ultraviolet Visible (UV-Vis) and elemental analyzer (CHNS).
Fulltext Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Leptospirosis Hotspot Areas and Its Association With Hydroclimatic Factors in Selangor, Malaysia: Protocol for an Ecological Cross-sectional Study

Ab Kadir MA, Abdul Manaf R, Mokhtar SA, Ismail LI

JMIR Res Protoc, 2023 May 15;12:e43712.
PMID: 37184897 DOI: 10.2196/43712

BACKGROUND: Leptospirosis is considered a neglected zoonotic disease in temperate regions but an endemic disease in countries with tropical climates such as South America, Southern Asia, and Southeast Asia. There has been an increase in leptospirosis incidence in Malaysia from 1.45 to 25.94 cases per 100,000 population between 2005 and 2014. With increasing incidence in Selangor, Malaysia, and frequent climate change dynamics, a study on the disease hotspot areas and their association with the hydroclimatic factors would further enhance disease surveillance and public health interventions.
OBJECTIVE: This study aims to examine the association between the spatio-temporal distribution of leptospirosis hotspot areas from 2011 to 2019 with the hydroclimatic factors in Selangor using the geographical information system and remote sensing techniques to develop a leptospirosis hotspot predictive model.
METHODS: This will be an ecological cross-sectional study with geographical information system and remote sensing mapping and analysis concerning leptospirosis using secondary data. Leptospirosis cases in Selangor from January 2011 to December 2019 shall be obtained from the Selangor State Health Department. Laboratory-confirmed cases with data on the possible source of infection would be identified and georeferenced according to their longitude and latitudes. Topographic data consisting of subdistrict boundaries and the distribution of rivers in Selangor will be obtained from the Department of Survey and Mapping. The ArcGIS Pro software will be used to evaluate the clustering of the cases and mapped using the Getis-Ord Gi* tool. The satellite images for rainfall and land surface temperature will be acquired from the Giovanni National Aeronautics and Space Administration EarthData website and processed to obtain the average monthly values in millimeters and degrees Celsius. Meanwhile, the average monthly river hydrometric levels will be obtained from the Department of Drainage and Irrigation. Data are then inputted as thematic layers and in the ArcGIS software for further analysis. The artificial neural network analysis in artificial intelligence Phyton software will then be used to obtain the leptospirosis hotspot predictive model.
RESULTS: This research was funded as of November 2022. Data collection, processing, and analysis commenced in December 2022, and the results of the study are expected to be published by the end of 2024. The leptospirosis distribution and clusters may be significantly associated with the hydroclimatic factors of rainfall, land surface temperature, and the river hydrometric level.
CONCLUSIONS: This study will explore the associations of leptospirosis hotspot areas with the hydroclimatic factors in Selangor and subsequently the development of a leptospirosis predictive model. The constructed predictive model could potentially be used to design and enhance public health initiatives for disease prevention.
INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): PRR1-10.2196/43712.
Morpho-molecular analysis as a prognostic model for repulsive feedback of the medicinal plant "Andrographis paniculata" to allogamy

Valdiani A, Talei D, Javanmard A, Tan SG, Kadir MA, Maziah M

Gene, 2014 Jun 1;542(2):156-67.
PMID: 24680780 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.03.039

Andrographis paniculata Nees. (AP) is a self-pollinated medicinal herb with a wide range of pharmaceutical properties, facing a low diversity in Malaysia. Cross-pollination of AP accessions leads to considerable rates of heterosis in the agro-morphological characteristics and anticancer phytochemicals of this eminent medicinal herb. However, the poor crossability of the plant at the interpopulation or intraspecific levels is an obstacle from the evolutionary and breeding points of view as an average of 4.56% crossability was recorded for AP in this study. Hence, this research aimed to elicit the impact of parental genetic distances (GDs) on the rate of crossability of AP using seven accessions in 21 possible cross combinations. To this end, a set of 55 randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers and a total of 13 agro-morphological markers were employed to test the hypothesis. Twenty-two out of the 55 RAPD primers amplified a total of 257 bands of which 107 bands were found to be polymorphic. The principal component analysis (PCA) based on the RAPD markers revealed that the studied AP accessions were distributed to three distinct groups. Furthermore, it was noticed that even a minor increase in GD between two parents can cause a decline in their crossability. Unlike, the morphological-based GDs acted neutrally to crossability. This finding suggests that, despite the low genetic diversity among the Malaysian APs, a population prescreening using RAPD markers would be useful to enhance the rate of fruit set through selecting the genetically adjacent parents.
Microsatellite-based evidences of genetic bottlenecks in the cryptic species "Andrographis paniculata Nees": a potential anticancer agent

Valdiani A, Javanmard A, Talei D, Tan SG, Nikzad S, Kadir MA, et al.

Mol Biol Rep, 2013 Feb;40(2):1775-84.
PMID: 23086278 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2231-6

Andrographis paniculata (AP) is a medicinal plant species introduced into Malaysia. To address the genetic structure and evolutionary connectedness of the Malaysian AP with the Indian AP, a DNA sequence analysis was conducted based on 24 microsatellite markers. Out of the 24 primer sets, seven novel microsatellite primers were designed and amplified intra-specifically according to the available Indian AP sequences at the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), where 17 of them were amplified using the cross-species strategy by employing the primers belonging to Acanthus ilicifolius Linn (Acanthaceae) and Lumnitzera racemosa Wild (Combretaceae). The primers were then applied on the Malaysian AP accessions. Sixteen of the new microsatellite loci were amplified successfully. Analysis of these microsatellite sequences, revealed some significant differences between the Indian and Malaysian AP accessions in terms of the size and type of the repeat motifs. These findings depicted the cryptic feature of this species. Despite identifying several heterozygous alleles no polymorphism was observed in the detected loci of the selected accessions. This situation was in concordance with the presence of "fixed heterozygosity" phenomenon in the mentioned loci. Accordingly, this was fully consistent with the occurrence of the genetic bottleneck and founder effect within Malaysian AP population. Apart from the amplification of new microsatellites in this species, our observations could be in agreement with the risk of genetic depletion and consequently extinction of this precious herb in Malaysia. This issue should be taken into consideration in the future studies.
Intra-specific hybridization: generator of genetic diversification and heterosis in Andrographis paniculata Nees. A bridge from extinction to survival

Valdiani A, Kadir MA, Saad MS, Talei D, Tan SG

Gene, 2012 Aug 15;505(1):23-36.
PMID: 22683537 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.05.056

Andrographis paniculata (AP) has been stated as a low-diverse, endangered and red-listed plant species. Self-pollinated mating system, being an introduced species and experiencing a bottleneck as well as over exploitation cause such a consequence. Inter and intra-specific hybridizations have been suggested as essential techniques for generating genetic diversity. To test the effect of intra-specific hybridization on diversification and heterosis of AP, seven accessions were outcrossed manually in all 21 possible combinations. Three types of markers including morphological, phytochemical and RAPD markers were employed to evaluate the mentioned hypothesis. The results revealed that hybridization acted as a powerful engine for diversification of AP as it caused heterotic expression of the studied traits, simultaneously. Initially, it seems that additive and non-additive gene effects both can be considered as the genetic basis of heterosis in AP for the investigated traits. Agronomic and morphological traits were differentiated from each other, while positive heterosis was recorded mainly for agronomic traits but not for the morphological traits. Intra-specific hybridization increased the genetic diversity in AP population. Nevertheless, a part of this variation could also be attributed to the negative heterosis. The current exploration demonstrated the first ever conducted manual intra-specific hybridization among AP accessions in a mass scale. However, the 17 RAPD primers produced a monomorph pattern, but perhaps increasing the number of markers can feature a new genetic profile in this plant.
Nain-e Havandi Andrographis paniculata present yesterday, absent today: a plenary review on underutilized herb of Iran's pharmaceutical plants

Valdiani A, Kadir MA, Tan SG, Talei D, Abdullah MP, Nikzad S

Mol Biol Rep, 2012 May;39(5):5409-24.
PMID: 22198549 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1341-x

Nain-e Havandi (Andrographis paniculata Nees.) (AP) is an annual herbaceous plant belonging to the family Acanthacea. Only a few species of Andrographis genus out of 28 are medicinally concerned of which AP is the most important. Knowledge about the arrival of AP to Iran is extremely lacking but most probably it has been imported from India. However, evidence implies the familiarity of Iran's folkloric medicine with this plant, but it has been disappeared from contemporary medicine for unknown reasons. Presence of active ingredients from diterpenoids group such as andrographolide, neoandrographolide and 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide has given incredible unique medicinal properties to the plant. Traditionally, Nain-e Havandi has been used in the role of a non-farm plant as a remedy for skin problems, flu, respiratory disease, and snakebite in East and Southeast Asia for centuries. Recently, it has been utilized as a treatment for HIV, hepatitis, diabetes, cancer and kidney disorders. Intensive cultivation of the herb started only in the past decade in countries such as China, India, Thailand, Indonesia, West Indies, Mauritius and to some extent, in Malaysia. Availability of different ecological zones in Iran complies with reestablishment of AP in tropical and temperate regions of the country. This is killing two birds with one stone, supporting the conservational and economic aspects.
Fulltext Chemical and antibacterial data of synthesized thioureido derivatives

Kadir MA, Ramli R, Yusof MSM, Ismail N, Ngah N, Haris NSH

Data Brief, 2019 Dec;27:104651.
PMID: 31700958 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2019.104651

This paper provided comprehensive data on spectroscopic and antibacterial activities of thioureido compounds which are relevant with research article entitled "Synthesis, Spectroscopic Studies and Antibacterial Activity of New Lauroyl Thiourea Amino Acid Derivatives" [1]. Based on the reported study, four new thioureido derivatives, namely 3-(3-dodecanoyl-thioureido)propionic acid (R1), 2-(3-dodecanoyl-thioureido)-3-methyl butyric acid (R2), (3-dodecanoyl-thioureido)acetic acid (R3) and 2-(3-dodecanoyl-thioureido)-3-phenyl propionic acid (R4) were characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (13C NMR), and Ultraviolet Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis). The preliminary results from antibacterial assay which were tested against Gram-positive bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium are also described.
Correlation data of (Z)-1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)benzylidene]thiosemicarbazide via spectroscopic methods and Density Functional Theory studies

Osman UM, Farizal ASN, Kadir MA, Razali MH, Rozaini MZH, Arshad S

Data Brief, 2019 Dec;27:104673.
PMID: 31720328 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2019.104673

New compound, namely (Z)-1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)benzylidene]thiosemicarbazide was successfully synthesized using thiosemicarbazide with 4-(trifluoromethyl)-benzaldehyde in ethanol solution. The data presented in this articles is related to our research articles entitled "Crystal Structure of (Z)-1-[4-(Trifluoromethyl)benzylidene]thiosemicarbazide" (Osman et al., 2017) [1]. This work shows the continue data from experimental spectroscopic measurement which are Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (13C NMR). Assessment on the correlation with theoretical computational data was also carried out through GaussView 5.0.9 and Gaussian09 software. Molecular Electrostatic Potential (MEP) and Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital-Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital (HOMO-LUMO) were also illustrated.
Fulltext Dataset of spectroscopic, crystallography and DFT of novel 1,2-bis[N,N'-6-(4-pyridylmethylamido)pyridyl-2-carboxyamido]butane

Kadir MA, Haris NSH, Yusof MSM, Kassim K, Abdul Razak FI

Data Brief, 2023 Dec;51:109635.
PMID: 37840994 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2023.109635

This paper provided the dataset obtained from spectroscopic, crystallography and DFT of a new compound namely 1,2-bis[N,N'-6-(4-pyridylmethylamido)pyridyl-2-carboxyamido]butane. This compound is prepared from the reaction between N-6-[(4-pyridylmethylamino)carbonyl]-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester with butane-1,4-diamine. The preparation of this compound is modified from the method described in our article [1]. In this work, we present data characterization of 1,2-bis[N,N'-6-(4-pyridylmethylamido)pyridyl-2-carboxyamido]butane from Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1 H NMR), NOESY NMR, 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (13C NMR), and elemental analysis (CHNS). The structure of this molecule is also analysed by X-ray crystallography and DFT studies. A single-crystal X-ray diffraction investigation was carried out by using Bruker SMART Apex II Duo CCD area-detector diffractometers with MoKα radiation (wavelength of λ = 0.71073 Å). The optimized energy was indicated with GaussView 5.0 and Gaussian 16 software package programme.
Fulltext Bangla Sign Language (BdSL) Alphabets and Numerals Classification Using a Deep Learning Model

Podder KK, Chowdhury MEH, Tahir AM, Mahbub ZB, Khandakar A, Hossain MS, et al.

Sensors (Basel), 2022 Jan 12;22(2).
PMID: 35062533 DOI: 10.3390/s22020574

A real-time Bangla Sign Language interpreter can enable more than 200 k hearing and speech-impaired people to the mainstream workforce in Bangladesh. Bangla Sign Language (BdSL) recognition and detection is a challenging topic in computer vision and deep learning research because sign language recognition accuracy may vary on the skin tone, hand orientation, and background. This research has used deep machine learning models for accurate and reliable BdSL Alphabets and Numerals using two well-suited and robust datasets. The dataset prepared in this study comprises of the largest image database for BdSL Alphabets and Numerals in order to reduce inter-class similarity while dealing with diverse image data, which comprises various backgrounds and skin tones. The papers compared classification with and without background images to determine the best working model for BdSL Alphabets and Numerals interpretation. The CNN model trained with the images that had a background was found to be more effective than without background. The hand detection portion in the segmentation approach must be more accurate in the hand detection process to boost the overall accuracy in the sign recognition. It was found that ResNet18 performed best with 99.99% accuracy, precision, F1 score, sensitivity, and 100% specificity, which outperforms the works in the literature for BdSL Alphabets and Numerals recognition. This dataset is made publicly available for researchers to support and encourage further research on Bangla Sign Language Interpretation so that the hearing and speech-impaired individuals can benefit from this research.
Robust biometric system using session invariant multimodal EEG and keystroke dynamics by the ensemble of self-ONNs

Rahman A, Chowdhury MEH, Khandakar A, Tahir AM, Ibtehaz N, Hossain MS, et al.

Comput Biol Med, 2022 Mar;142:105238.
PMID: 35077938 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105238

Harnessing the inherent anti-spoofing quality from electroencephalogram (EEG) signals has become a potential field of research in recent years. Although several studies have been conducted, still there are some vital challenges present in the deployment of EEG-based biometrics, which is stable and capable of handling the real-world scenario. One of the key challenges is the large signal variability of EEG when recorded on different days or sessions which impedes the performance of biometric systems significantly. To address this issue, a session invariant multimodal Self-organized Operational Neural Network (Self-ONN) based ensemble model combining EEG and keystroke dynamics is proposed in this paper. Our model is tested successfully on a large number of sessions (10 recording days) with many challenging noisy and variable environments for the identification and authentication tasks. In most of the previous studies, training and testing were performed either over a single recording session (same day) only or without ensuring appropriate splitting of the data on multiple recording days. Unlike those studies, in our work, we have rigorously split the data so that train and test sets do not share the data of the same recording day. The proposed multimodal Self-ONN based ensemble model has achieved identification accuracy of 98% in rigorous validation cases and outperformed the equivalent ensemble of deep CNN models. A novel Self-ONN Siamese network has also been proposed to measure the similarity of templates during the authentication task instead of the commonly used simple distance measure techniques. The multimodal Siamese network reduces the Equal Error Rate (EER) to 1.56% in rigorous authentication. The obtained results indicate that the proposed multimodal Self-ONN model can automatically extract session invariant unique non-linear features to identify and authenticate users with high accuracy.

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