Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 101 in total

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  1. Tang YQ, Lee SH, Sekaran SD
    JUMMEC, 2014;17(2):1-8.
    MyJurnal
    The plants of the genus Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae) are distributed in most tropical and subtropical regions of world. This plant has been long used as a traditional medicine to treat problems such as stomach, intestinal infections, kidney and urinary bladder disturbances, diabetes, and hepatitis B. There has been considerable interest in these plants in recent years. This review discusses the antiviral and anticancer aspects of Phyllanthus species. Scientific studies have demonstrated that extracts and purified isolated compounds (flavonoids, lignans, phenols, and terpenes) obtained from these plants possess antiviral effects against herpes simplex (HSV) and dengue virus infections (DENV). These observations are associated with the disruption of essential proteins needed during viral cycle, thus halting the viral replication. In addition, the Phyllanthus species have also been shown to exert inhibitory effects against selected cancers types. In these studies anti-proliferative, anti-metastatic, anti-angiogenic effects and induced apoptosis of human cancers cell lines were observed. These may be explained by the disruption of multiple survival pathways and differential protein expression. CONLCUSION:As a conclusion, tThe Phyllanthus plant possesses multiple medicinal properties, including antiviral and anticancer activities which may potentially be used as a medicinal source for many disease locally.
  2. Brianna, Lee SH
    Med Oncol, 2023 Feb 03;40(3):88.
    PMID: 36735206 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-01954-6
    Chemotherapy is one of the widely used anticancer treatments that involves the use of powerful cytotoxic drugs to stop tumor growth by targeting rapidly dividing cells through various mechanisms, which will be elucidated in this review. Introduced during the early twentieth century, chemotherapy has since lengthened the longevity of innumerable cancer patients. However, the increase in lifespan is at the expense of quality of life as patients are at risk of developing short-term and long-term side effects following chemotherapy, such as alopecia (hair loss), chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, cardiotoxicity, diarrhea, infertility, and chemo brain. Currently, a number of these chemotherapy-induced adverse effects are managed through supportive care and approved treatments, while the rest of the side effects are unavoidable. Hence, chemotherapeutic drugs associated with inevitable side effects are only administered when their therapeutic role outweighs their chemotoxicity, thus severely limiting the potency of chemotherapy in treating malignancy. Therein, the potential approaches to alleviating side effects of chemotherapy ranging from pharmaceutical drugs to alternative therapies will be discussed in this review in hopes of increasing the tolerance and effectiveness of future chemotherapeutic treatments.
  3. Lee SH, Brianna
    Pathol Res Pract, 2024 Feb;254:155073.
    PMID: 38218039 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.155073
    Breast cancer has become the most diagnosed cancer worldwide in 2020 with high morbidity and mortality rates. The alarming increase in breast cancer incidence has sprung many researchers to focus on developing novel screening tests to identify early breast cancer which will allow clinicians to provide timely and effective treatments. With much evidence supporting the notion that the deregulation of miRNAs (a class of non-coding RNA) greatly contributes to cancer initiation and progression, the promising role of miRNAs as cancer biomarkers is gaining traction in the research world. Among the upregulated miRNAs identified in breast carcinogenesis, miR-21 was shown to be significantly expressed in breast cancer tissues and bodily fluids of breast cancer patients. Therein, this review paper aims to provide an overview of breast cancer, the role and significance of miR-21 in breast cancer pathogenesis, and its potential as a breast cancer biomarker. The paper also discusses the current types of tumor biomarkers and their limitations, the presence of miR-21 in extracellular vesicles and plasma, screening methods available for miRNA detection along with some challenges faced in developing diagnostic miR-21 testing for breast cancer to provide readers with a comprehensive outlook based on using miR-21 in clinical settings.
  4. Yip FW, Lee SH
    Aust N Z J Surg, 1992 Aug;62(8):638-42.
    PMID: 1642584
    Since it was first described in 1978 the abdominal cocoon continues to be a rare cause of intestinal obstruction. So far this rare condition where the small intestine is encased in a fibrous membrane has been reported only in females. Diagnosis is usually made at laparotomy and the treatment of choice is lysis of adhesions. Proper recognition of this benign condition will result in the correct management of it and prevent unnecessary bowel resections. Five new cases including one male patient, together with a review of previous reports in the English literature, are presented.
  5. Ng CX, Lee SH
    Curr Cancer Drug Targets, 2020;20(3):187-196.
    PMID: 31713495 DOI: 10.2174/1568009619666191111141032
    Peptides have acquired increasing interest as promising therapeutics, particularly as anticancer alternatives during recent years. They have been reported to demonstrate incredible anticancer potentials due to their low manufacturing cost, ease of synthesis and great specificity and selectivity. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among the leading cause of cancer death globally, and the effectiveness of current liver treatment has turned out to be a critical issue in treating the disease efficiently. Hence, new interventions are being explored for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Anticancer peptides (ACPs) were first identified as part of the innate immune system of living organisms, demonstrating promising activity against infectious diseases. Differentiated beyond the traditional effort on endogenous human peptides, the discovery of peptide drugs has evolved to rely more on isolation from other natural sources or through the medicinal chemistry approach. Up to the present time, the pharmaceutical industry intends to conduct more clinical trials for the development of peptides as alternative therapy since peptides possess numerous advantages such as high selectivity and efficacy against cancers over normal tissues, as well as a broad spectrum of anticancer activity. In this review, we present an overview of the literature concerning peptide's physicochemical properties and describe the contemporary status of several anticancer peptides currently engaged in clinical trials for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.
  6. Yip FW, Lee SH
    Singapore Med J, 1992 Dec;33(6):643-4.
    PMID: 1488683
    Renal angiomyolipoma is a benign tumour of the kidney which is often mistaken for a renal cell carcinoma resulting in an unnecessary nephrectomy. It can be diagnosed preoperatively and managed conservatively without surgery. Large symptomatic renal angiomyolipomas can often be treated by renal-sparing surgery. We report a case of a large renal angiomyolipoma diagnosed preoperatively and excised completely with preservation of the kidney.
  7. Wong YH, Lee SH
    PMID: 38409702 DOI: 10.2174/0115701638290855240207114727
    BACKGROUND: Cancer is a worldwide issue. It has been observed that conventional therapies face many problems, such as side effects and drug resistance. Recent research reportedly used marine-derived products to treat various diseases and explored their potential in treating cancers.

    OBJECTIVE: This study aims to discover short-length anticancer peptides derived from pardaxin 6 through an in silico approach.

    METHODS: Fragmented peptides ranging from 5 to 15 amino acids were derived from the pardaxin 6 parental peptide. These peptides were further replaced with one residue and, along with the original fragmented peptides, were predicted for their SVM scores and physicochemical properties. The top 5 derivative peptides were further examined for their toxicity, hemolytic probability, peptide structures, docking models, and energy scores using various web servers. The trend of in silico analysis outputs across 5 to 15 amino acid fragments was further analyzed.

    RESULTS: Results showed that when the amino acids were increased, SVM scores of the original fragmented peptides were also increased. Designed peptides had increased SVM scores, which was aligned with previous studies where the single residue replacement transformed the non-anticancer peptide into an anticancer agent. Moreover, in vitro studies validated that the designed peptides retained or enhanced anticancer effects against different cancer cell lines. Interestingly, a decreasing trend was observed in those fragmented derivative peptides.

    CONCLUSION: Single residue replacement in fragmented pardaxin 6 was found to produce stronger anticancer agents through in silico predictions. Through bioinformatics tools, fragmented peptides improved the efficiency of marine-derived drugs with higher efficacy and lower hemolytic effects in treating cancers.

  8. Rohela M, Johari S, Jamaiah I, Init I, Lee SH
    PMID: 17121288
    We are reporting a case of a 43-year-old Chinese male from Hong Kong, who came to see a doctor complaining of acute onset of severe upper abdominal pain. A diagnosis of acute cholecystitis was made and an emergency cholecystectomy was carried out. On opening the common bile duct, lancet-shaped worms were seen emerging from it. About 45 adult worms were collected and sent to the Department of Parasitology University of Malaya for identification. The worms were identified as Clonorchis sinensis. After the operation the patient was treated with praziquantel and he had an uneventful recovery.
  9. Koh KB, Lam HS, Lee SH
    Br J Urol, 1993 May;71(5):609-11.
    PMID: 8518872
    Four cases of emphysematous pyelonephritis are reported and the pathogenesis, surgical implications and preferred mode of management are discussed. We have not found percutaneous drainage to be useful, but feel there is an important place for surgical drainage alone because of the potential for renal recovery and the risks of emergency nephrectomy.
  10. Lee SH, Cheah DS, Poopalarachagan S, Sivanesaratnam V
    Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol, 1991 Nov;31(4):372-5.
    PMID: 1799358
    Major perineal injuries following obstetrical complications represent difficult problems of reconstruction. We describe 2 such patients with perineal injuries simulating infantile cloacas. Surgical repair using an abdominoperineal pullthrough procedure in 1 patient, and a Bricker loop type of repair in another resulted in successful restoration of function in both. The operative details and basis for the reconstruction are described.
  11. Lee SH, Yii NW, Hanifah YA
    J R Coll Surg Edinb, 1991 Oct;36(5):323-7.
    PMID: 1757914
    Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus has emerged as an important cause of nosocomial infections in recent years. During 1988 in the Department of Surgery of the University Hospital in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 148 patients were shown to be infected or colonized with these organisms. The patients at risk were those who stay in hospital for greater than 14 days, those over 50 years of age, patients who underwent neurosurgery, cardiothoracic surgery, or were admitted with major burns. Of the 148 patients, 78 (52.7%) were clinically infected, the remaining 70 being colonized. A total of 28 patients died (18.9%) but only five (3.4%) as a direct result of this infection. The estimated annual cost of controlling the organism was found to be approximately MR$250,000. (50,000 pounds). This nosocomial infection therefore represents a serious problem, especially in developing countries where health funding and health facilities are limited.
  12. Lee CH, Khalina A, Lee SH
    Polymers (Basel), 2021 Jan 29;13(3).
    PMID: 33573036 DOI: 10.3390/polym13030438
    Plant fibers have become a highly sought-after material in the recent days as a result of raising environmental awareness and the realization of harmful effects imposed by synthetic fibers. Natural plant fibers have been widely used as fillers in fabricating plant-fibers-reinforced polymer composites. However, owing to the completely opposite nature of the plant fibers and polymer matrix, treatment is often required to enhance the compatibility between these two materials. Interfacial adhesion mechanisms are among the most influential yet seldom discussed factors that affect the physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of the plant-fibers-reinforced polymer composites. Therefore, this review paper expounds the importance of interfacial adhesion condition on the properties of plant-fiber-reinforced polymer composites. The advantages and disadvantages of natural plant fibers are discussed. Four important interface mechanism, namely interdiffusion, electrostatic adhesion, chemical adhesion, and mechanical interlocking are highlighted. In addition, quantifying and analysis techniques of interfacial adhesion condition is demonstrated. Lastly, the importance of interfacial adhesion condition on the performances of the plant fiber polymer composites performances is discussed. It can be seen that the physical and thermal properties as well as flexural strength of the composites are highly dependent on the interfacial adhesion condition.
  13. Toh V, Tee SP, Lee SH
    Trop Med Int Health, 2021 06;26(6):664-671.
    PMID: 33590932 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13563
    OBJECTIVES: Melioidosis, caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, is prevalent in rural areas of Malaysia. The aim of this study is to delineate the epidemiology and predictors of mortality from melioidosis in Kapit district, Sarawak.

    METHODS: For this retrospective study of patients with culture-confirmed melioidosis admitted to Kapit Hospital, Sarawak, Malaysia, between July 2016 and July 2019, epidemiological, clinical and microbiological data were obtained. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to determine predictors of mortality.

    RESULTS: Seventy three patients met inclusion criteria. Diabetes mellitus (28.8%) and hypertension (27.4%) were primary co-morbidities. Clinical spectrum of melioidosis ranged from bacteraemia (64.4%), pneumonia (61.6%) and internal organ abscesses (49.3%) to localised soft tissue (21.9%) and joint abscesses (6.9%). Mortality rate was 12.3%. Bacteraemia and pneumonia were significantly associated with septic shock, whereas patients with soft tissue abscesses tended to present with a milder form of melioidosis without septic shock. Septic shock, mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit admission, serum urea, creatinine, bicarbonate, albumin and aspartate transaminase were all significantly associated with increased mortality on univariate analysis (all P 

  14. Lee SH, Choi H, Kim KW
    Environ Geochem Health, 2018 Oct;40(5):2119-2129.
    PMID: 29536286 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-018-0087-y
    To develop a novel granular adsorbent to remove arsenic and antimony from water, calcined Mg/Al-layered double-hydroxide (CLDH)-incorporated polyethersulfone (PES) granular adsorbents (PES-LDH) were prepared using a core-shell method having 25% PES in an N,N-dimethylformamide solution. The PES-LDH displayed a spherical hollow shape having a rough surface and the average particle size of 1-2 mm. On the PES-LDH surface, nanosized CLDH (100-150 nm) was successfully immobilized by consolidation between PES and CLDH. The adsorption of Sb(V) by PES-LDH was found to be more favorable than for As(V), with the maximum adsorption capacity of As(V) and Sb(V) being 7.44 and 22.8 mg/g, respectively. The regeneration results indicated that a 0.5 M NaOH and 5 M NaCl mixed solution achieved an 80% regeneration efficiency in As(V) adsorption and desorption. However, the regeneration efficiency of Sb(V) gradually decreased due to its strong binding affinity, even though the PES-LDH showed much higher Sb(V) adsorption efficiency than As(V). This study suggested that PES-LDH could be a promising granular adsorbent for the remediation of As(V) and Sb(V) contained in wastewater.
  15. Lee SH, Cheah DS, Krishnan MM
    Singapore Med J, 1990 Jun;31(3):217-20.
    PMID: 2392698
    Locally advanced or recurrent carcinoma of the breast poses difficult management problems. These fungating and discharging tumours severely impair the quality of life in these unfortunate patients. We report two cases successfully treated with omental transposition flaps and split skin grafts. The operation is described in detail and the results discussed. This technique was found to be safe, effective and rewarding.
  16. Lee SH, Moorthy R, Nagala S
    Br J Surg, 2022 May 16;109(6):497-502.
    PMID: 35576381 DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znac072
    BACKGROUND: The IDEAL Framework is a scheme for safe implementation and assessment of surgical innovation. The transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach (TOETVA) is a new innovation in thyroid surgery that eliminates the need for a cervical incision. Despite considerable interest and adoption worldwide, significant scepticism remains regarding the outcomes and cost-effectiveness for healthcare systems. The aim of this narrative review was to appraise the available literature and examine whether TOETVA has progressed in line with the IDEAL Framework.

    METHODS: A literature review of PubMed with a focus on historical and landmark studies was undertaken to classify the evidence according to the different stages of the IDEAL Framework.

    RESULTS: Several different transoral approaches were developed by a small of number of surgeon-innovators on animals and cadavers, and subsequently in first-in-human studies. The trivestibular approach emerged as the safest technique, with further refinements of this technique culminating in TOETVA. The basic steps and indications for this technique have been standardized and it is now being replicated by early adopters in many centres worldwide. The development of TOETVA has closely aligned with the IDEAL Framework, and is currently at stage 2B (Exploration).

    CONCLUSION: There is need for multi-institutional collaborations and international registry studies to plan high-quality randomized trials comparing TOETVA with other remote-access approaches and collect long-term follow-up data. In countries where TOETVA has yet to be adopted, the IDEAL Framework will be a useful roadmap for government regulators and professional societies to evaluate, regulate, and provide best practice recommendations for the adoption of this technique.

  17. Lee SH, Golinska M, Griffiths JR
    Cells, 2021 Sep 09;10(9).
    PMID: 34572020 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092371
    In solid tumours, cancer cells exist within hypoxic microenvironments, and their metabolic adaptation to this hypoxia is driven by HIF-1 transcription factor, which is overexpressed in a broad range of human cancers. HIF inhibitors are under pre-clinical investigation and clinical trials, but there is evidence that hypoxic cancer cells can adapt metabolically to HIF-1 inhibition, which would provide a potential route for drug resistance. Here, we review accumulating evidence of such adaptions in carbohydrate and creatine metabolism and other HIF-1-independent mechanisms that might allow cancers to survive hypoxia despite anti-HIF-1 therapy. These include pathways in glucose, glutamine, and lipid metabolism; epigenetic mechanisms; post-translational protein modifications; spatial reorganization of enzymes; signalling pathways such as Myc, PI3K-Akt, 2-hyxdroxyglutarate and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK); and activation of the HIF-2 pathway. All of these should be investigated in future work on hypoxia bypass mechanisms in anti-HIF-1 cancer therapy. In principle, agents targeted toward HIF-1β rather than HIF-1α might be advantageous, as both HIF-1 and HIF-2 require HIF-1β for activation. However, HIF-1β is also the aryl hydrocarbon nuclear transporter (ARNT), which has functions in many tissues, so off-target effects should be expected. In general, cancer therapy by HIF inhibition will need careful attention to potential resistance mechanisms.
  18. Wong RR, Kong C, Lee SH, Nathan S
    Sci Rep, 2016 06 07;6:27475.
    PMID: 27273550 DOI: 10.1038/srep27475
    Toxins are believed to play a crucial role in Burkholderia pseudomallei pathogenicity, however to date, only a few have been identified. The discovery of additional toxic molecules is limited by the lack of a sensitive indicator of B. pseudomallei toxicity. Previously, from a whole genome transcriptome analysis of B. pseudomallei-infected Caenorhabditis elegans, we noted significant overexpression of a number of worm genes encoding detoxification enzymes, indicating the host's attempt to clear bacterial toxic molecules. One of these genes, ugt-29, a family member of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases, was the most robustly induced phase II detoxification gene. In this study, we show that strong induction of ugt-29 is restricted to infections by the most virulent species among the pathogens tested. We also noted that ugt-29 is activated upon disruption of host protein synthesis. Hence, we propose that UGT-29 could be a promising biosensor to detect B. pseudomallei toxins that compromise host protein synthesis. The identification of bactobolin, a polyketide-peptide hybrid molecule, as a toxic molecule of B. pseudomallei further verifies the utilization of this surveillance system to search for bacterial toxins. Hence, a ugt-29 based reporter should be useful in screening for other molecules that inhibit host protein synthesis.
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