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Fulltext Effect of sago and tapioca starches on the physicochemical and textural properties of expanded rice product coloured with red beetroot (Beta vulgaris) powder

Abdul Alam, N. A., Karim, R., Muhammad, K.

International Food Research Journal, 2018;25(101):21-27.
MyJurnal

Colour plays an important role in food especially in increasing the aesthetic value of food products. However, the increasing awareness on health implications of synthetic colourants has led to increased market for natural colourants. In this study, the retention of colourant from red beetroot powder in extruded rice flour containing 20% sago or tapioca starch was investigated. The moisture content of the rice flour-starch blends and 100% rice flour (control) was adjusted to 10% and the samples were extruded at 80ºC - 160ºC, with 120 rpm screw speed and 40 rpm feeder speed. The expansion, density, water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI), hardness, crispness, colour, and betanin content of the extrudates were measured. The results showed that rice flour-sago starch extrudates (RSE) and rice flour-tapioca starch extrudate (RTE) had better expansion compared to the control (100% rice flour) extrudate. The expansion of RTE was not significantly different from that of RSE and no significant difference was found in the densities of these two extrudates. Presence of sago or tapioca starch decreased the WAI and increased the WSI of the extrudates. The WAI of RSE, however, did not differ significantly from that of RTE. The hardness (18.37 kg) and crispness (126.55 kg.sec) of the control extrudate were higher than that of the RSE (16.97 kg, 110.07 kg.sec) and RTE (14.84 kg, 92.77 kg.sec). There was no significant difference between the redness values of the extrudates. However, retention of betanin in the extrudates was highest in RTE (36.06% retention), followed by RSE (34.14%) and lowest in the control extrudate (27.82%). Addition of tapioca starch or sago starch can help to improve the physical and textural properties of betanin coloured rice extrudates with tapioca starch giving higher betanin retention.
Fulltext Expression of a key gene involved in the biosynthetic pathway of vitamin E in red pericarp and white rice grains

Fasahat, P., Abdullah, A., Muhammad, K., Wickneswari, R.

International Food Research Journal, 2013;20(6):3395-3401.
MyJurnal

Tocochromanols (tocopherols and tocotrienols) unitedly known as vitamin E, are the necessary antioxidant components of both human and animal diets. There is a considerable interest in plants with increased or customized vitamin E content, due to their potential health benefits. To quantify the tocochromanol content and determine the expression of a key tocotrienol biosynthesis gene among a set of contrasting red pericarp and light brown rice genotypes of advanced breeding lines together with their parents; expression pattern of homogentisate geranylgeranyl transferase (HGGT), the key gene was studied by semi-quantitative RT-PCR in milky and matured grain stages. Vitamin E analysis was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The chloroform-methanolic extracts prepared from red pericarp and light brown rice advanced breeding lines showed significant differences for vitamin E content. Averaged across all samples, the content of γ-tocotrienol > α-tocopherol > α-tocotrienol > γ-tocopherol > δ-tocotrienol, and total E vitamin content ranged from 10.30 to 31.65 µg/g. Genotype G37 (red pericarp) was found to have higher expression than G7 (light brown) and G33 (red pericarp) at both grain development stages but lower than both parents whereas their transcript levels were comparatively lower in mature grain, which indicates their possible regulation by plant growth stage. HPLC results of γ-tocotrienol content supported gene expression results with the exception of the recurrent parent MR219.
Fulltext New red rice transgressive variants with high antioxidant capacity

Fasahat, P., Wickneswari, R., Abdullah, A., Musa, K.H., Muhammad, K.

International Food Research Journal, 2013;20(3):1497-1501.
MyJurnal

Red coloured rice, has been shown to contain high levels of bioactive properties. The aim of this study was to quantify the major antioxidant compounds in the whole grain of two new red rice transgressive variants together with their parents which was determined by the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) method, measured in methanol extract. A Thailand commercial red rice was used as a control. Although, the ORAC values for some red rice samples were similar, they were higher than light brown rice control, MR219. The antioxidant capacity was also evaluated by ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay. FRAP result was well correlated with ORAC (r = 0.94).
Fulltext Identification of introgressed alien chromosome segments associated with grain quality in Oryza rufipogon x MR219 advanced breeding lines using SSR markers

Fasahat P, Muhammad K, Abdullah A, Wickneswari R

Genet. Mol. Res., 2012;11(3):3534-46.
PMID: 23079848 DOI: 10.4238/2012.September.26.10

A limited backcross procedure was utilized to introgress genes associated with grain quality traits from Oryza rufipogon (Accession No. IRGC 105491), a wild rice from Malaysia, to the cultivated rice O. sativa cv. MR219, a popular high yielding Malaysian rice cultivar. A set of 10 BC(2)F(7) progenies were selected based on the field performance and phenotypic appearance in BC(2)F(5) and BC(2)F(6) generations, which initially started with 266 progenies in the BC(2)F(2) generation. These 10 advanced breeding lines are similar to each other but differ in several important grain quality traits, which can be traced to O. rufipogon introgressions. Phenotyping and genotyping of BC(2)F(7) variants were considered for QTL analysis. The introgressed lines did not show any significant changes compared to the recurrent parent MR219 for the traits grain density and milled rice percentage. All 10 progenies showed significantly higher head rice percentages (70-88%) than the recurrent parent MR219. Variants G13 and G15 had higher amylose contents than MR219. All variants were analyzed using polymorphic SSR markers. Of the 34 SSR markers, only 18 showed introgression from O. rufipogon for chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, and 11. Graphical genotypes were prepared for each variant, and association between the introgression regions and the traits that increased grain quality was visualized. Based on marker trait association, some of the QTLs are stable across environments and genetic backgrounds and could be used universally.
Pasting and leaching properties of irradiated starches from various botanical sources

Mohd Adzahan, N., Mat Hashim, D., Muhammad, K., Abdul Rahman, R., Ghazali, Z., Hashim, K.

International Food Research Journal, 2009;16(3):415-429.
MyJurnal

Changes to the physicochemical properties of wheat, sago and tapioca starches subjected to gamma ray, electron beam and microwave irradiations and the conditions that lead to wheat starch having leaching behaviour similar to sago or tapioca starch were studied. The properties were characterised through swelling and leaching behaviours of the starch granules and retrogradation following pasting. The leaching of wheat starch increased tremendously and resulted in amylose to amylopectin ratios in the leachate similar to that of native sago and tapioca starches. This observation is significant as wheat starch is known to have a leachate composition of mostly amylose. This opens up the possibility of utilising wheat starch in snacks where tapioca and sago starch are commonly used. It was observed that the required conditions for such changes were exposure to microwave for 8 and 10 minutes, electron beam at 5 and 10 kGy and gamma ray at 5 kGy.
Fulltext Self-Efficacy Levels Regarding Interprofessional Learning Skills Among Undergraduate Healthcare Students in Malaysia

Nurumal MS, Diyono NQH, Che Hasan MK

Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J, 2020 Nov;20(4):e374-e379.
PMID: 33414944 DOI: 10.18295/squmj.2020.20.04.015

Objectives: Self-efficacy is an important factor in determining the ability of students to execute tasks or skills needed in the implementation of interprofessional learning (IPL). This study aimed to identify levels of self-efficacy with regards to IPL skills among undergraduate healthcare students and to investigate differences according to gender, programme of study and year of study.
Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted between January and March 2018 at the International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Malaysia. The Self-Efficacy for Interprofessional Experiential Learning scale was used to evaluate the self-efficacy of 336 students from five faculties including nursing, medicine, dentistry, pharmacy and allied health sciences.
Results: Significant differences in self-efficacy scores for the interprofessional interaction subscale were identified according to programme of study, with pharmacy students scoring significantly lower than allied health students (mean score: 54.1 ± 10.4 versus 57.4 ± 10.1; P = 0.014). In addition, there was a significant difference in self-efficacy scores for the interprofessional interaction subscale according to year of study, with first-year students scoring significantly lower compared to fifth-year students (mean score: 52.8 ± 10.4 versus 59.9 ± 11.9; P = 0.018). No statistically significant differences in self-efficacy scores were identified with regards to gender or for the interprofessional team evaluation and feedback subscale.
Conclusion: These findings may contribute to the effective implementation of IPL education in healthcare faculties. Acknowledging the influence of self-efficacy on the execution of IPL skills is crucial to ensure healthcare students are able to adequately prepare for future interprofessional collaboration in real clinical settings.
Fulltext Coronavirus outbreaks: prevention and management recommendations

Khan Z, Muhammad K, Ahmed A, Rahman H

Drugs Ther Perspect, 2020 Mar 07.
PMID: 32218651 DOI: 10.1007/s40267-020-00717-x
Fulltext Fortification of Rice Noodles with Vitamin A: Quality, Sensory Evaluation, and Enhancement of Vitamin A Intakes

Malahayati N, Muhammad K, Bakar J, Karim R

J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo), 2020;66(Supplement):S179-S183.
PMID: 33612590 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.66.S179

Vitamin A deficiency is common in many countries where rice is the staple food. Food fortification is an important strategy to address this problem. As rice noodle is the second principal form of rice products widely consumed in Asia, rice noodles could be a potential vehicle for fortification of vitamin A. In this study, rice noodles were prepared from 0, 300, 600, 1,050, and 1,500 μg of vitamin A per 100 g of rice flour. Samples were analyzed for quality, sensory evaluation, and enhancement of vitamin A intakes. Increasing level of vitamin A fortification did not influence quality and sensory properties of the rice noodles, except for the ash content, color, and appearance of the noodles. Rice noodle that was fortified with the highest level of vitamin A was found to be the darkest in color. However, this sample received scores higher than 6 (like slightly) for appearance. Furthermore, sample fortified with the highest level of vitamin A produced rice noodles with the highest level of vitamin A retention suggesting that noodles were good vehicle for vitamin A fortification. Fortification of rice flour with 1,500 μg of vitamin A produced rice noodles with 24.88% of the RDI for vitamin A per serving and provided an effective means of enhancing vitamin A intake.
Techno-functional properties and in vitro bile acid-binding capacities of tamarillo (Solanum betaceum Cav.) hydrocolloids

Gannasin SP, Adzahan NM, Mustafa S, Muhammad K

Food Chem, 2016 Apr 1;196:903-9.
PMID: 26593571 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.09.081

Hydrocolloids were extracted from seed mucilage and the pulp fractions from red tamarillo (Solanum betaceum Cav.) mesocarp, and characterisation of their techno-functional properties and in vitro bile acid-binding capacities was performed. The seed mucilage hydrocolloids that were extracted, using either 1% citric acid (THC) or water (THW), had a good foaming capacity (32-36%), whereas the pulp hydrocolloids that were extracted, using 72% ethanol (THE) or 20mM HEPES buffer (THH), had no foaming capacity. The pulp hydrocolloid, however, possessed high oil-holding and water-holding capacities in the range of 3.3-3.6 g oil/g dry sample and 25-27 g water/g dry sample, respectively. This enabled the pulp hydrocolloid to entrap more bile acids (35-38% at a hydrocolloid concentration of 2%) in its gelatinous network in comparison to commercial oat fibre and other hydrocolloids studied. The exceptional emulsifying properties (80-96%) of both hydrocolloids suggest their potential applications as food emulsifiers and bile acid binders.
Fulltext Effect of roasting conditions on color development and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR) analysis of Malaysian-grown tropical almond nuts (Terminalia catappa L.)

Ng S, Lasekan O, Muhammad K, Sulaiman R, Hussain N

Chem Cent J, 2014;8(1):55.
PMID: 25317204 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-014-0055-2

Proper roasting is crucial to flavor, color, and texture development in the final product. In recent years, several research studies have been carried out to establish the best optimum roasting conditions for some common edible nuts such as; hazelnut, peanut, and pistachio nut. Although roasting is an important process for nuts and oilseeds, there is little or no information on the development of color, aroma, and textural changes in Terminalia catappa nuts during roasting.
Determination of trans- and cis-urocanic acid in relation to histamine, putrescine, and cadaverine contents in tuna (Auxis Thazard) at different storage temperatures

Zare D, Muhammad K, Bejo MH, Ghazali HM

J Food Sci, 2015 Feb;80(2):T479-83.
PMID: 25586500 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12752

Scombroid fish poisoning is usually associated with consumption of fish containing high levels of histamine. However, reports indicate that some cases have responded to antihistamine therapy while ingested histamine levels in these cases were low. Potentiation of histamine toxicity by some biogenic amines, and release of endogenous histamine by other compounds such as cis-urocanic acid (UCA) are some hypotheses that have been put forth to explain this anomaly. Very little is known about the effects of storage conditions on the production of both UCA isomers and biogenic amines in tuna. Thus, the production of trans- and cis-UCA, histamine, putrescine, and cadaverine in tuna during 15 d of storage at 0, 3, and 10 °C and 2 d storage at ambient temperature were monitored. The initial trans- and cis-UCA contents in fresh tuna were 2.90 and 1.47 mg/kg, respectively, whereas the levels of putrescine and cadaverine were less than 2 mg/kg, and histamine was not detected. The highest levels of trans- and cis-UCA were obtained during 15 d storage at 3 °C (23.74 and 21.79 mg/kg, respectively) while the highest concentrations of histamine (2796 mg/kg), putrescine (220.32 mg/kg) and cadaverine (1045.20 mg/kg) were obtained during storage at room temperature, 10 and 10 °C, respectively. Histamine content increased considerably during storage at 10 °C whereas trans- and cis-UCA contents changed slightly. The initial trans-UCA content decreased during storage at ambient temperature. Thus, unlike histamine, concentrations of trans- and cis-UCA did not result in elevated levels during storage of tuna.
Fulltext Sol-gel synthesized zinc oxide nanorods and their structural and optical investigation for optoelectronic application

Foo KL, Hashim U, Muhammad K, Voon CH

Nanoscale Res Lett, 2014;9(1):429.
PMID: 25221458 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276X-9-429

Nanostructured zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods (NRs) with hexagonal wurtzite structures were synthesized using an easy and low-cost bottom-up hydrothermal growth technique. ZnO thin films were prepared with the use of four different solvents, namely, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and 2-methoxyethanol, and then used as seed layer templates for the subsequent growth of the ZnO NRs. The influences of the different solvents on the structural and optical properties were investigated through scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and photoluminescence. The obtained X-ray diffraction patterns showed that the synthesized ZnO NRs were single crystals and exhibited a preferred orientation along the (002) plane. In addition, the calculated results from the specific models of the refractive index are consistent with the experimental data. The ZnO NRs that grew from the 2-methoxyethanol seeded layer exhibited the smallest grain size (39.18 nm), largest diffracted intensities on the (002) plane, and highest bandgap (3.21 eV).
Tocopherol and tocotrienol contents of different varieties of rice in Malaysia

Shammugasamy B, Ramakrishnan Y, Ghazali HM, Muhammad K

J Sci Food Agric, 2015 Mar 15;95(4):672-8.
PMID: 24841131 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6742

The present study examined the contents of tocopherols and tocotrienols and their distribution in 58 different varieties of whole rice cultivated in Malaysia. The analytical method used was saponification of samples followed by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography.
Changes in urocanic acid, histamine, putrescine and cadaverine levels in Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) during storage at different temperatures

Zare D, Muhammad K, Bejo MH, Ghazali HM

Food Chem, 2013 Aug 15;139(1-4):320-5.
PMID: 23561112 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.12.040

Histamine, putrescine cadaverine and cis-urocanic acid (UCA) have all been implicated or suggested in scombroid fish poisoning. However, there is little information on UCA especially during storage. Changes in their contents during storage of whole Indian mackerel at 0, 3±1, 10±1 for up to 15 days and 23±2°C for up to 2 days were monitored. Fresh muscles contained 14.83 mg/kg trans-UCA, 2.23 mg/kg cis-UCA and 1.86 mg/kg cadaverine. Histamine and putrescine were not detected. After 15 days at 0 and 3°C, trans-UCA content increased to 52.83 and 189.51 mg/kg, respectively, and decreased to <2 mg/kg at the other two temperatures. Storage at 10°C also resulted in an increase in trans-UCA after 3 days, only to decrease after 6 days. The concentration of cis-UCA increased nearly 13-fold after 15 days at 0 and 3°C, decreased at 10°C and remained unchanged at 23°C. Histamine, putrescine and cadaverine levels increased significantly (P value<0.05) at all temperatures especially at 23°C.
Combination of saponification and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of tocopherols and tocotrienols in cereals by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography

Shammugasamy B, Ramakrishnan Y, Ghazali HM, Muhammad K

J Chromatogr A, 2013 Jul 26;1300:31-7.
PMID: 23587317 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.03.036

A simple sample preparation technique coupled with reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography was developed for the determination of tocopherols and tocotrienols in cereals. The sample preparation procedure involved a small-scale hydrolysis of 0.5g cereal sample by saponification, followed by the extraction and concentration of tocopherols and tocotrienols from saponified extract using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME). Parameters affecting the DLLME performance were optimized to achieve the highest extraction efficiency and the performance of the developed DLLME method was evaluated. Good linearity was observed over the range assayed (0.031-4.0μg/mL) with regression coefficients greater than 0.9989 for all tocopherols and tocotrienols. Limits of detection and enrichment factors ranged from 0.01 to 0.11μg/mL and 50 to 73, respectively. Intra- and inter-day precision were lower than 8.9% and the recoveries were around 85.5-116.6% for all tocopherols and tocotrienols. The developed DLLME method was successfully applied to cereals: rice, barley, oat, wheat, corn and millet. This new sample preparation approach represents an inexpensive, rapid, simple and precise sample cleanup and concentration method for the determination of tocopherols and tocotrienols in cereals.
Fulltext Functional and preliminary characterisation of hydrocolloid from tamarillo (Solanum betaceum Cav.) puree

Gannasin SP, Ramakrishnan Y, Adzahan NM, Muhammad K

Molecules, 2012 Jun 05;17(6):6869-85.
PMID: 22669042 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17066869

Hydrocolloid from tamarillo (Solanum betaceum Cav.) puree was extracted using water and characterised for the first time. Proximate compositions of the extracted hydrocolloid were also determined. Functional characteristics such as water-holding capacity, oil-holding capacity, emulsifying activity, emulsion stability, foaming capacity and stability of the hydrocolloid were evaluated in comparison to that of commercial hydrocolloids. Its functional groups and degree of esterification were determined using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Monosaccharide profiling was done using reverse-phase high pressure liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Screening of various fruits for high hydrocolloid yield after water extraction resulted in tamarillo giving the highest yield. The yield on dry weight basis was 8.30%. The hydrocolloid constituted of 0.83% starch, 21.18% protein and 66.48% dietary fibre with 49.47% degree of esterification and the monosaccharides identified were mannose, ribose, rhamnose, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose and arabinose. Higher oil-holding capacity, emulsifying activity and emulsion stability compared to commercial hydrocolloids propose its possible application as a food emulsifier and bile acid binder. Foaming capacity of 32.19% and good foam stabilisation (79.36% of initial foam volume after 2 h of foam formation) suggest its promising application in frothy beverages and other foam based food products. These findings suggest that water-extracted tamarillo hydrocolloid can be utilised as an alternative to low methoxyl pectin.
Development and validation of an ion-pair chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of trans- and cis-urocanic acid in fish samples

Zare D, Muhammad K, Bejo MH, Ghazali HM

J Chromatogr A, 2012 Sep 21;1256:144-9.
PMID: 22885043 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.083

Urocanic acid (UCA) has been reported to be a mast cell degranulator and has also been suggested as a complementary agent in implicated scombroid fish poisoning. In this research, a new method is described to extract, clean up and perform simultaneous ion-pair chromatographic analysis of trans- and cis-urocanic acid (UCA) in fish samples. UCA was extracted using 0.05 M HCl and protein was removed from the extract by precipitation with 10% trisodium citrate and 10% citric acid. The HPLC method that is developed showed a rapid, precise and sensitive method with short retention time for simultaneous separation of UCA isomers in fish samples. Estimation of trans- and cis-UCA in the muscle of Indian mackerel, tuna and sardine showed that, as expected, no cis-UCA existed in fish muscles and the highest concentration of trans-UCA was found in Indian mackerel with 118.8 mg kg(-1) while the highest concentrations of trans-UCA in tuna and sardine were 12.1 and 17.5 mg kg(-1), respectively.
Growth of Bifidobacterium longum BB536 in medida (fermented cereal porridge) and their survival during refrigerated storage

Kabeir BM, Abd-Aziz S, Muhammad K, Shuhaimi M, Yazid AM

Lett Appl Microbiol, 2005;41(2):125-31.
PMID: 16033508

To develop medida, a Sudanese fermented thin porridge as a probiotic dietary adjunct with high total solids.
Fulltext Effects of Enzymatic Liquefaction, Drying Techniques, and Wall Materials on the Physicochemical Properties, Bioactivities, and Morphologies of Zinc-Amaranth (Amaranthus viridis L.) Powders

Amin SFM, Karim R, Yusof YA, Muhammad K

Int J Food Sci, 2021;2021:1819104.
PMID: 34722754 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1819104

The demand for vegetable powder has been escalating considerably due to its various health benefits and higher shelf life compared to fresh green leafy vegetables. Thus, much research emphasised manufacturing vegetable powder at a lower operational cost and higher efficiency while preserving the nutritive values of the vegetables. In this study, zinc- (Zn-) amaranth puree was liquefied with three types of cell wall degrading enzymes (i.e., Viscozyme L, Pectinex Ultra SP-L, and Rapidase PAC) with varying concentrations (0-3% v/w) and incubation time (0.5-24 h) at pH 5 and 45°C before the drying process. The results showed that enzymatic liquefaction using 1% (v/w) of Viscozyme L for 3 h was the optimal procedure for the reduction of the viscosity of the puree. The liquefied puree was then microencapsulated through either spray- or freeze-drying with different wall materials, e.g., 10% of maltodextrin (MD) DE 10, resistant maltodextrin (RMD), N-octenyl succinate anhydride (OSA) starches from waxy maize, HI CAP 100 (HICAP), Capsul (CAP), and gum Arabic (GA). The results showed that all freeze-dried powders generally had higher process yield (except for that encapsulated by HICAP), higher moisture content (but similar water activities), higher retention of total Zn-chlorophyll derivatives, lower hygroscopicity with slab-like particles, larger particle size, and lower bulk density than those of spray-dried powders. In contrast, the spray-dried powders exhibited irregular spherical shapes with relatively high encapsulation efficiency and antioxidant activities. Nonetheless, encapsulation using different wall materials and drying methods had no significant effect on the powder's cohesiveness and flowability.
Fulltext Comparison of cardiovascular protective effects of tropical seaweeds, Kappaphycus alvarezii, Caulerpa lentillifera, and Sargassum polycystum, on high-cholesterol/high-fat diet in rats

Matanjun P, Mohamed S, Muhammad K, Mustapha NM

J Med Food, 2010 Aug;13(4):792-800.
PMID: 20482284 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2008.1212

This study was designed to investigate the comparative in vivo cardiovascular protective effects of red, green, and brown tropical seaweeds, namely, Kappaphycus alvarezii (or Eucheuma cottonii), Caulerpa lentillifera, and Sargassum polycystum, in rats fed on high-cholesterol/high-fat (HCF) diets. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (weighing 260-300 g) on the HCF diet had significantly increased body weight, plasma total cholesterol (TC), plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), plasma triglycerides (TG), lipid peroxidation, and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase levels after 16 weeks. Supplementing 5% seaweeds to HCF diet significantly reduced plasma TC (-11.4% to -18.5%), LDL-C (-22% to -49.3%), and TG (-33.7% to -36.1%) levels and significantly increased HDL-C levels (16.3-55%). Among the seaweeds, S. polycystum showed the best anti-obesity and blood GSH-Px properties, K. alvarezii showed the best antihyperlipemic and in vivo antioxidation effects, and C. lentillifera was most effective at reducing plasma TC. All seaweeds significantly reduced body weight gain, erythrocyte GSH-Px, and plasma lipid peroxidation of HCF diet rats towards the values of normal rats.

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