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  1. Nik Muhamad NA, Nidzwani S
    Med J Malaysia, 2012 Jun;67(3):278-83.
    PMID: 23082417 MyJurnal
    Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) has been standard treatment for all cardiac arrest patients that arrive at the Emergency Department. However it is unclear whether prolonging resuscitation among the elderly victims will provide any benefit or improve outcome. This study is to evaluate factors that can influence outcome of CPR among the elderly, such as time of arrest, duration of CPR, lactate levels and age (among elderly age groups). 89 patients fit the inclusion criteria from January 2007 to January 2009, and all underwent CPR. Lactate levels (p=0.047) and duration of CPR performed (p=0.019) had significant relation to outcome. Time of arrest to CPR and age had no significance. Of 89 patients studied, 4 (4.5%) survived to hospital discharge. The remaining 85 (95.5%) died either in the emergency department, the wards or the Intensive Care Unit. Among the survivors, only 2 (2.3%) functional (independent on activities of daily life) patients were identified. Among the survivors, the mean lactate level was 4.0 mmol/L. The mean lactate levels among the dead were 9.84 mmol/L. The mean length of CPR among the survivors was 5.42 minutes and for the non-survivors, 19.28 minutes. This study reports certain factors such as duration of resuscitation and initial lactate levels that can be valuable tools in decision making when resuscitating an elderly.
  2. Nik Muhamad NA, Kwong LJ
    Medicine & Health, 2016;11(1):22-28.
    MyJurnal
    The objectives were to identify factors associated with early revisit of adult patients with acute asthma exarcebation discharged from the Emergency Department (ED). It was a retrospective cohort study with patients aged 12 years or more within a period of 1 month and who were treated for acute asthma and discharged from the ED of Sarawak General Hospital. A total of 397 patients fulfilled sampling criteria and out of this number, 13.9% had revisit to the ED within 2 weeks. In all of these revisit cases, 9.1% were actually admitted. Prescription rate of oral corticosteroid was found to be low (24.9%) and abscond rate was high (25.1%). Patients who absconded from the ED and their concurrent infection were associated with early ED revisit.
  3. Nik Muhamad NA, Hawari R, Shafie H
    Med J Malaysia, 2016 Aug;71(4):213-214.
    PMID: 27770125 MyJurnal
    Aluminium phosphide (ALP) is highly toxic and poisoning can result in high mortality rates. A 26-year-old female who allegedly ingested a toxic dose of ALP presented with vomiting and diarrhoea. She developed cardiac arrest with refractory pulseless ventricular tachycardia. Despite aggressive resuscitation, she succumbed to death seven hours following ingestion. In cases like this, a better outcome can be achieved with early arrival, prompt diagnosis, aggressive resuscitation and intensive monitoring.
  4. Nik Muhamad NA, Safferi RS, Robertson CE
    Med J Malaysia, 2015 Apr;70(2):63-6.
    PMID: 26162379 MyJurnal
    OBJECTIVE: To determine the correlation between central venous pressure (CVP) measured by conventional central venous access and ultrasonographic measurement of internal jugular vein (IJV) height and inferior vena cava (IVC) diameter.
    METHODS: A prospective, cross-sectional, convenience sampling observational study.
    RESULTS: 25 patients from the Emergency Department (ED) Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC) were studied between 1st March and 30th April 2013. The median age was 63 years (95% CI 54-67). There was a significant correlation between IJV height and CVP using central venous access (r=0.64 p<0.001). Correlation between IVC diameter in end expiration and CVP was 0.74 (p<0.001). An IJV height measurement >8cm predicted a CVP >8cm H2O (sensitivity 71.4%, specificity of 83.3%).
    CONCLUSION: Measurement of IJV height and IVC diameter by ultrasonography correlates well with invasive CVP and is useful for the assessment of volume status in critically ill patients in the ED.
    Study site: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur
  5. Ismail AK, Abdul Ghafar MA, Shamsuddin NS, Roslan NA, Kaharuddin H, Nik Muhamad NA
    J Emerg Med, 2015 Sep;49(3):287-93.
    PMID: 26022936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2015.02.043
    Prehospital care (PHC) pain evaluation is an essential patient assessment to be performed by paramedics. Pain intensity is frequently assessed using Verbal Numerical Rating Scale (VNRS) or Visual Analog Scale (VAS).
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