Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 52 in total

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  1. Asim Shahid M, Alam MM, Mohd Su'ud M
    PLoS One, 2023;18(4):e0284209.
    PMID: 37053173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284209
    The benefits and opportunities offered by cloud computing are among the fastest-growing technologies in the computer industry. Additionally, it addresses the difficulties and issues that make more users more likely to accept and use the technology. The proposed research comprised of machine learning (ML) algorithms is Naïve Bayes (NB), Library Support Vector Machine (LibSVM), Multinomial Logistic Regression (MLR), Sequential Minimal Optimization (SMO), K Nearest Neighbor (KNN), and Random Forest (RF) to compare the classifier gives better results in accuracy and less fault prediction. In this research, the secondary data results (CPU-Mem Mono) give the highest percentage of accuracy and less fault prediction on the NB classifier in terms of 80/20 (77.01%), 70/30 (76.05%), and 5 folds cross-validation (74.88%), and (CPU-Mem Multi) in terms of 80/20 (89.72%), 70/30 (90.28%), and 5 folds cross-validation (92.83%). Furthermore, on (HDD Mono) the SMO classifier gives the highest percentage of accuracy and less fault prediction fault in terms of 80/20 (87.72%), 70/30 (89.41%), and 5 folds cross-validation (88.38%), and (HDD-Multi) in terms of 80/20 (93.64%), 70/30 (90.91%), and 5 folds cross-validation (88.20%). Whereas, primary data results found RF classifier gives the highest percentage of accuracy and less fault prediction in terms of 80/20 (97.14%), 70/30 (96.19%), and 5 folds cross-validation (95.85%) in the primary data results, but the algorithm complexity (0.17 seconds) is not good. In terms of 80/20 (95.71%), 70/30 (95.71%), and 5 folds cross-validation (95.71%), SMO has the second highest accuracy and less fault prediction, but the algorithm complexity is good (0.3 seconds). The difference in accuracy and less fault prediction between RF and SMO is only (.13%), and the difference in time complexity is (14 seconds). We have decided that we will modify SMO. Finally, the Modified Sequential Minimal Optimization (MSMO) Algorithm method has been proposed to get the highest accuracy & less fault prediction errors in terms of 80/20 (96.42%), 70/30 (96.42%), & 5 fold cross validation (96.50%).
  2. Ali SM, Sovuthy C, Noghanian S, Ali Z, Abbasi QH, Imran MA, et al.
    Micromachines (Basel), 2021 Apr 22;12(5).
    PMID: 33922053 DOI: 10.3390/mi12050475
    The human body is an extremely challenging environment for wearable antennas due to the complex antenna-body coupling effects. In this article, a compact flexible dual-band planar meander line monopole antenna (MMA) with a truncated ground plane made of multiple layers of standard off-the-shelf materials is evaluated to validate its performance when worn by different subjects to help the designers who are shaping future complex on-/off-body wireless devices. The antenna was fabricated, and the measured results agreed well with those from the simulations. As a reference, in free-space, the antenna provided omnidirectional radiation patterns (ORP), with a wide impedance bandwidth of 1282.4 (450.5) MHz with a maximum gain of 3.03 dBi (4.85 dBi) in the lower (upper) bands. The impedance bandwidth could reach up to 688.9 MHz (500.9 MHz) and 1261.7 MHz (524.2 MHz) with the gain of 3.80 dBi (4.67 dBi) and 3.00 dBi (4.55 dBi), respectively, on the human chest and arm. The stability in results shows that this flexible antenna is sufficiently robust against the variations introduced by the human body. A maximum measured shift of 0.5 and 100 MHz in the wide impedance matching and resonance frequency was observed in both bands, respectively, while an optimal gap between the antenna and human body was maintained. This stability of the working frequency provides robustness against various conditions including bending, movement, and relatively large fabrication tolerances.
  3. Othman AS, Marin-Mogollon C, Salman AM, Franke-Fayard BM, Janse CJ, Khan SM
    Expert Rev Vaccines, 2017 Jul;16(7):1-13.
    PMID: 28525963 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2017.1333426
    INTRODUCTION: Transgenic malaria parasites expressing foreign genes, for example fluorescent and luminescent proteins, are used extensively to interrogate parasite biology and host-parasite interactions associated with malaria pathology. Increasingly transgenic parasites are also exploited to advance malaria vaccine development. Areas covered: We review how transgenic malaria parasites are used, in vitro and in vivo, to determine protective efficacy of different antigens and vaccination strategies and to determine immunological correlates of protection. We describe how chimeric rodent parasites expressing P. falciparum or P. vivax antigens are being used to directly evaluate and rank order human malaria vaccines before their advancement to clinical testing. In addition, we describe how transgenic human and rodent parasites are used to develop and evaluate live (genetically) attenuated vaccines. Expert commentary: Transgenic rodent and human malaria parasites are being used to both identify vaccine candidate antigens and to evaluate both sub-unit and whole organism vaccines before they are advanced into clinical testing. Transgenic parasites combined with in vivo pre-clinical testing models (e.g. mice) are used to evaluate vaccine safety, potency and the durability of protection as well as to uncover critical protective immune responses and to refine vaccination strategies.
  4. Asghar A, Tan YC, Shahid M, Yow YY, Lahiri C
    Front Microbiol, 2021;12:653562.
    PMID: 34276590 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.653562
    With a continuous threat of antimicrobial resistance on human health worldwide, efforts for new alternatives are ongoing for the management of bacterial infectious diseases. Natural products of land and sea, being conceived to be having fewer side effects, pose themselves as a welcome relief. In this respect, we have taken a scaffolded approach to unearthing the almost unexplored chemical constituents of Malaysian red seaweed, Gracilaria edulis. Essentially, a preliminary evaluation of the ethyl acetate and acetone solvent extracts, among a series of six such, revealed potential antibacterial activity against six MDR species namely, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Streptococcus pyogenes, and Bacillus subtilis. Detailed analyses of the inlying chemical constituents, through LC-MS and GC-MS chromatographic separation, revealed a library of metabolic compounds. These were led for further virtual screening against selected key role playing proteins in the virulence of the aforesaid bacteria. To this end, detailed predictive pharmacological analyses added up to reinforce Eplerenone as a natural alternative from the plethora of plausible bioactives. Our work adds the ongoing effort to re-discover and repurpose biochemical compounds to combat the antimicrobial resistance offered by the Gram-positive and the -negative bacterial species.
  5. Ullah I, Subhan F, Alam J, Shahid M, Ayaz M
    Front Pharmacol, 2018;9:231.
    PMID: 29615907 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00231
    Cannabis sativa
    (CS, familyCannabinaceae) has been reported for its anti-emetic activity against cancer chemotherapy-induced emesis in animal models and in clinics. The current study was designed to investigateCSfor potential effectiveness to attenuate cisplatin-induced vomiting in healthy pigeons and to study the impact on neurotransmitters involved centrally and peripherally in the act of vomiting. High-performance liquid chromatography system coupled with electrochemical detector was used for the quantification of neurotransmitters 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT), dopamine (DA) and their metabolites; Di-hydroxy Phenyl Acetic acid (Dopac), Homovanillic acid (HVA), and 5-hydroxy indole acetic acid (5HIAA) centrally in specific brain areas (area postrema and brain stem) while, peripherally in small intestine. Cisplatin (7 mg/kg i.v.) induce emesis without lethality across the 24 h observation period.CShexane fraction (CS-HexFr; 10 mg/kg) attenuated cisplatin-induced emesis ∼ 65.85% (P< 0.05); the reference anti-emetic drug, metoclopramide (MCP; 30 mg/kg), produced ∼43.90% reduction (P< 0.05). At acute time point (3rdh), CS-HexFr decreased (P< 0.001) the concentration of 5HT and 5HIAA in the area postrema, brain stem and intestine, while at 18thh (delayed time point) CS-HexFr attenuated (P< 0.001) the upsurge of 5HT caused by cisplatin in the brain stem and intestine and dopamine in the area postrema.CS-HexFr treatment alone did not alter the basal neurotransmitters and their metabolites in the brain areas and intestine except 5HIAA and HVA, which were decreased significantly. In conclusion the anti-emetic effect ofCS-HexFr is mediated by anti-serotonergic and anti-dopaminergic components in a blended manner at the two different time points, i.e., 3rdand 18thh in pigeons.
  6. Hasan SS, Yong CS, Babar MG, Naing CM, Hameed A, Baig MR, et al.
    BMC Complement Altern Med, 2011 Oct 13;11:95.
    PMID: 21992582 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-11-95
    BACKGROUND: In recent times the basic understanding, perceptions and CAM use among undergraduate health sciences students have become a topic of interest. This study was aimed to investigate the understanding, perceptions and self-use of CAM among pharmacy students in Malaysia.

    METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 500 systematically sampled pharmacy students from two private and one public university. A validated, self-administered questionnaire comprised of seven sections was used to gather the data. A systematic sampling was applied to recruit the students. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were applied using SPSS® version 18.

    RESULTS: Overall, the students tend to disagree that complementary therapies (CM) are a threat to public health (mean score = 3.6) and agreed that CMs include ideas and methods from which conventional medicine could benefit (mean score = 4.7). More than half (57.8%) of the participants were currently using CAM while 77.6% had used it previously. Among the current CAM modalities used by the students, CM (21.9%) was found to be the most frequently used CAM followed by Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) (21%). Most of the students (74.8%) believed that lack of scientific evidence is one of the most important barriers obstructing them to use CAM. More than half of the students perceived TCM (62.8%) and music therapy (53.8%) to be effective. Majority of them (69.3%) asserted that CAM knowledge is necessary to be a well-rounded professional.

    CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals a high-percentage of pharmacy students who were using or had previously used at least one type of CAM. Students of higher professional years tend to agree that CMs include ideas and methods from which conventional medicine could benefit.

  7. Othman AS, Franke-Fayard BM, Imai T, van der Gracht ETI, Redeker A, Salman AM, et al.
    PMID: 30073152 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00247
    Protection against a malaria infection can be achieved by immunization with live-attenuated Plasmodium sporozoites and while the precise mechanisms of protection remain unknown, T cell responses are thought to be critical in the elimination of infected liver cells. In cancer immunotherapies, agonistic antibodies that target T cell surface proteins, such as CD27, OX40 (CD134), and 4-1BB (CD137), have been used to enhance T cell function by increasing co-stimulation. In this study, we have analyzed the effect of agonistic OX40 monoclonal antibody treatment on protective immunity induced in mice immunized with genetically attenuated parasites (GAPs). OX40 stimulation enhanced protective immunity after vaccination as shown by an increase in the number of protected mice and delay to blood-stage infection after challenge with wild-type sporozoites. Consistent with the enhanced protective immunity enforced OX40 stimulation resulted in an increased expansion of antigen-experienced effector (CD11ahiCD44hi) CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in the liver and spleen and also increased IFN-γ and TNF producing CD4+ T cells in the liver and spleen. In addition, GAP immunization plus α-OX40 treatment significantly increased sporozoite-specific IgG responses. Thus, we demonstrate that targeting T cell costimulatory receptors can improve sporozoite-based vaccine efficacy.
  8. Ikhsan NI, Rameshkumar P, Pandikumar A, Mehmood Shahid M, Huang NM, Vijay Kumar S, et al.
    Talanta, 2015 Nov 1;144:908-14.
    PMID: 26452907 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.07.050
    In this report, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were successfully deposited on graphene oxide (GO) sheets to form GO-Ag nanocomposite using garlic extract and sunlight and the nanocomposite modified glassy carbon (GC) electrode was applied as an electrochemical sensor for the detection of nitrite ions. The formation of GO-Ag nanocomposite was confirmed by using UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, TEM, XRD and FTIR spectroscopy analyses. Further, TEM pictures showed a uniform distribution Ag on GO sheets with an average size of 19 nm. The nanocomposite modified electrode produced synergistic catalytic current in nitrite oxidation with a negative shift in overpotential. The limit of detection (LOD) values were found as 2.1 µM and 37 nM, respectively using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and amperometric i-t curve techniques. The proposed sensor was stable, reproducible, sensitive and selective toward the detection nitrite and could be applied for the detection of nitrite in real water sample.
  9. Abbasi MA, Ijaz M, Aziz-Ur-Rehman -, Siddiqui SZ, Ali Shah SA, Shahid M, et al.
    Pak J Pharm Sci, 2020 Jul;33(4):1609-1616.
    PMID: 33583794
    In the planned research work, the nucleophilic substitution reaction of 1-[(E)-3-phenyl-2-propenyl]piperazine (1) was carried out with different sulfonyl chlorides (2a-g) at pH 9-10 to synthesize its different N-sulfonated derivatives (3a-g). The structures of the synthesized compounds were characterized by their proton-nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), carbon-nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-NMR) and Infra Red (IR) spectral data, along with CHN analysis. The inhibition potential of the synthesized molecules was ascertained against two bacterial pathogenic strains i.e. Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. It was inferred from the results that some of the compounds were very suitable inhibitors of these bacterial strains. Moreover, their cytotoxicity was also profiled and it was outcome that most of these molecules possessed moderate cytotoxicity.
  10. Ahmed S, Shahid MM, Bakar SA, Arshed N, Basirun WJ, Fouad H
    J Nanosci Nanotechnol, 2020 12 01;20(12):7705-7709.
    PMID: 32711646 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2020.18570
    Herein, we report the synthesis of SnO, Cu₂O and SnO-Cu₂O mixed oxide thin films on fluorinedoped tin oxide (FTO) substrate by Aerosol-Assisted Chemical Vapour Deposition (AACVD) process using [Cu (dmae)₂(H₂O)] and [Sn (dmae) (OAc)]₂ as molecular precursors for SnO and Cu₂O, respectively at 400 °C. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern can be ascribed to the tetragonal phase of SnO crystals with space group P4 and cubic phase of Cu₂O crystals with space group Pn- 3m/nmm, respectively. The surface morphology characteristics of SnO, Cu₂O and SnO-Cu₂Omixed oxide have been investigated using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) which revealed that the SnO was grown homogeneously in cubical shape while Cu₂O possess nano balls shaped morphologies. The UV band gap values of SnO-Cu₂O mixed oxide thin film was found to be 2.6 eV appropriate for photoelectrochemical (PEC) applications. The synthesized material was proposed for PEC applications and has shown enhanced catalytic performance in the presence of light.
  11. Shahid M, Azfaralariff A, Law D, Najm AA, Sanusi SA, Lim SJ, et al.
    Sci Rep, 2021 01 15;11(1):1594.
    PMID: 33452398 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81026-9
    Xanthorrhizol (XNT), is a bioactive compound found in Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. This study aimed to determine the potential targets of the XNT via computational target fishing method. This compound obeyed Lipinski's and Veber's rules where it has a molecular weight (MW) of 218.37 gmol-1, TPSA of 20.23, rotatable bonds (RBN) of 4, hydrogen acceptor and donor ability is 1 respectively. Besides, it also has half-life (HL) values 3.5 h, drug-likeness (DL) value of 0.07, oral bioavailability (OB) of 32.10, and blood-brain barrier permeability (BBB) value of 1.64 indicating its potential as therapeutic drug. Further, 20 potential targets were screened out through PharmMapper and DRAR-CPI servers. Co-expression results derived from GeneMANIA revealed that these targets made connection with a total of 40 genes and have 744 different links. Four genes which were RXRA, RBP4, HSD11B1 and AKR1C1 showed remarkable co-expression and predominantly involved in steroid metabolic process. Furthermore, among these 20 genes, 13 highly expressed genes associated with xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, chemical carcinogenesis and steroid metabolic pathways were identified through gene ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway analysis. In conclusion, XNT is targeting multiple proteins and pathways which may be exploited to shape a network that exerts systematic pharmacological effects.
  12. Hussain G, Abbasi MA, Rehman A, Siddiqui SZ, Shah SAA, Ahmad I, et al.
    Pak J Pharm Sci, 2018 May;31(3):857-866.
    PMID: 29716866
    In this work, a new series of 2-[4-(2-furoyl)-1-piperazinyl]-N-aryl/aralkyl acetamides has been synthesized and evaluated for their antibacterial potential. The synthesis was initiated by the reaction of different aryl/aralkyl amines (1a-u) with 2-bromoacetylbromide (2) to obtain N-aryl/aralkyl-2-bromoacetamides (3a-u). Equimolar quantities of different N-aryl/aralkyl-2-bromoacetamides (3a-u) and 2-furoyl-1-piperazine (4) was allowed to react in acetonitrile and in the presence of K2CO3, to form 2-[4-(2-furoyl)-1-piperazinyl]-N-aryl/aralkyl acetamides (5a-u). The structural elucidation was done by EI-MS, IR and 1H-NMR techniques of all the synthesized compounds. All of the synthesized molecules were active against various Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial strains. Among them 5o and 5c showed very excellent MIC values. The cytotoxicity of the molecules was also checked to find their utility as possible therapeutic agents, where 5c (0.51%) and 5g (1.32%) are found to be least toxic in the series.
  13. Hassan M, Abbasi MA, Aziz-Ur-Rehman, Siddiqui SZ, Hussain G, Shah SAA, et al.
    J Theor Biol, 2018 12 07;458:169-183.
    PMID: 30243565 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.09.018
    A new series of multifunctional amides has been synthesized having moderate enzyme inhibitory potentials and mild cytotoxicity. 2-Furyl(1-piperazinyl)methanone (1) was coupled with 3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonyl chloride (2) to form {4-[(3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-1-piperazinyl}(2-furyl)methanone (3). Different elecrophiles were synthesized by the reaction of various un/substituted anilines (4a-o) with 2-bromoacetylbromide (5), 2‑bromo‑N-(un/substituted-phenyl)acetamides (6a-o). Further, equimolar ratios of 3 and 6a-o were allowed to react in the presence of K2CO3 in acetonitrile to form desired multifunctional amides (7a-o). The structural confirmation of all the synthesized compounds was carried out by their EI-MS, IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectral data. Enzyme inhibition activity was performed against acetyl and butyrylcholinestrase enzymes, whereby 7e showed very good activity having IC50 value of 5.54 ± 0.03 and 9.15 ± 0.01 μM, respectively, relative to eserine, a reference standard. Hemolytic activity of the molecules was checked to asertain their cytotoxicity towards red blood cell membrance and it was observed that most of the compounds were not toxic up to certain range. Moreover, chemoinformatic protepties and docking simulation results also showed the significance of 7e as compared to other compounds. Based on in vitro and in silico analysis 7e could be used as a template for the development of new drugs against Alzheimer's disease.
  14. Abbasi MA, Fatima Z, Rehman AU, Siddiqui SZ, Ali Shah SA, Shahid M, et al.
    Pak J Pharm Sci, 2019 Sep;32(5):1957-1964.
    PMID: 31813858
    The present study comprises the synthesis of a new series of benzenesulfonamides derived from N-sulfonation of 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-ethanamine (1). The synthesis was initiated by the reaction of 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-ethanamine (1) with benzenesulfonyl chloride (2), to yield N-(4-methoxyphenethyl)benzenesulfonamide (3). This parent molecule 3 was subsequently treated with various alkyl/aralkyl halides (4a-j) in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and in the presence of a weak base lithium hydride (LiH) to obtain various N-(alkyl/aralkyl)-N-(4-methoxyphenethyl) benzenesulfonamides (5a-j). The characterization of these derivatives was carried out by spectroscopic techniques like IR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR. Elemental analysis also supported this data. The biofilm inhibitory action of all the synthesized compounds was carried out on Escherichia coli and some of the compounds were identified to be very suitable inhibitors of this bacterial strain. Furthermore, the molecules were also tested for their cytotoxicity behavior to assess their utility as less cytotoxic therapeutic agents.
  15. Abbasi MA, Zeb A, Rehman A, Siddiqui SZ, Shah SAA, Shahid M, et al.
    Pak J Pharm Sci, 2020 Jan;33(1):41-47.
    PMID: 32122829
    The current research was commenced by reaction of 1,4-benzodioxane-6-amine (1) with 4-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride (2) in the presence of aqueous base under dynamic pH control at 9 to yield N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-4-nitrobenzenesulfonamide (3) which was further reacted with a series of alkyl/aralkyl halides (4a-i) in polar aprotic solvent using catalytic amount of lithium hydride which acts as base to afford some new N-alkyl/aralkyl-N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-4-nitrobenzenesulfonamides (5a-i). The projected structures of all the synthesized derivatives were characterized by contemporary techniques i.e., IR, 1H-NMR and EIMS. The biofilm Inhibitory action of all synthesized molecules was carried out against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. It was inferred from their results that 5f and 5e exhibited suitable inhibitory action against the biofilms of these bacterial strains. Moreover, their cytotoxicity was also checked and it was concluded that these synthesized molecules displayed docile cytotoxicity.
  16. Abbasi MA, Irshad M, Aziz-Ur-Rehman -, Siddiqui SZ, Nazir M, Ali Shah SA, et al.
    Pak J Pharm Sci, 2020 Sep;33(5):2161-2170.
    PMID: 33824125
    In the presented work, 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-amine (1) was reacted with 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl chloride (2) in presence of aqueous basic aqueous medium to obtain 4-chloro-N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)benzenesulfonamide (3). In parallel, various un/substituted anilines (4a-l) were treated with bromoacetyl bromide (5) in basified aqueous medium to obtain corresponding 2-bromo-N-(un/substituted)phenylacetamides (6a-l) as electrophiles. Then the compound 3 was finally reacted with these electrophiles, 6a-l, in dimethylformamide (DMF) as solvent and lithium hydride as base and activator to synthesize a variety of 2-[[(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl](2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)amino]-N-(un/substituted)phenylacetamides (7a-l). The synthesized compounds were corroborated by IR, 1H-NMR and EI-MS spectral data for structural confirmations. These molecules were then evaluated for their antimicrobial and antifungal activities along with their %age hemolytic activity. Some compounds were found to have suitable antibacterial and antifungal potential, especially the compound 2-[[(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl](2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)amino]-N-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)acetamide (7l) exhibited good antimicrobial potential with low value of % hemolytic activity.
  17. Shahid M, Azfaralariff A, Zubair M, Abdulkareem Najm A, Khalili N, Law D, et al.
    Gene, 2022 Feb 20;812:146104.
    PMID: 34864095 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.146104
    Among the 22 Fanconi anemia (FA) reported genes, 90% of mutational spectra were found in three genes, namely FANCA (64%), FANCC (12%) and FANCG (8%). Therefore, this study aimed to identify the high-risk deleterious variants in three selected genes (FANCA, FANCC, and FANCG) through various computational approaches. The missense variant datasets retrieved from the UCSC genome browser were analyzed for their pathogenicity, stability, and phylogenetic conservancy. A total of 23 alterations, of which 16 in FANCA, 6 in FANCC and one variant in FANCG, were found to be highly deleterious. The native and mutant structures were generated, which demonstrated a profound impact on the respective proteins. Besides, their pathway analysis predicted many other pathways in addition to the Fanconi anemia pathway, homologous recombination, and mismatch repair pathways. Hence, this is the first comprehensive study that can be useful for understanding the genetic signatures in the development of FA.
  18. Shahid M, Law D, Azfaralariff A, Mackeen MM, Chong TF, Fazry S
    Toxics, 2022 Oct 29;10(11).
    PMID: 36355947 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10110656
    Garcinia atriviridis Griff ex T. Anders (G. atroviridis) is one of the well-known species of the genus Garicinia that is native to Thailand, Myanmar, Peninsular Malaysia, and India. G. atroviridis is a perennial medium-sized tree that has a wide range of values, from food to medicinal use. Different parts of G. atroviridis are a great source of bioactive substances that have a positive impact on health. The extracts or bioactive constituents from G. atroviridis have demonstrated various therapeutic functions, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antihyperlipidemic, and anti-diabetic. In this paper, we provide a critical review of G. atroviridis and its bioactive constituents in the prevention and treatment of different diseases, which will provide new insight to explore its putative domains of research.
  19. Shahid M, Azfaralariff A, Tufail M, Hussain Khan N, Abdulkareem Najm A, Firasat S, et al.
    PeerJ, 2022;10:e14132.
    PMID: 36518267 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14132
    BACKGROUND: Primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) is the most common subtype of glaucoma caused by defects in the cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) gene. It is developing among infants in more than 80% of cases who exhibit impairments in the anterior chamber angle and the trabecular meshwork. Thus, a comprehensive in silico approach was performed to evaluate the effect of high-risk deleterious missense variations in the CYP1B1 gene.

    MATERIAL AND METHODS: All the information for CYP1B1 missense variants was retrieved from the dbSNP database. Seven different tools, namely: SIFT, PolyPhen-2, PROVEAN, SNAP2, PANTHER, PhD-SNP, and Predict-SNP, were used for functional annotation, and two packages, which were I-Mutant 2.0 and MUpro, were used to predict the effect of the variants on protein stability. A phylogenetic conservation analysis using deleterious variants was performed by the ConSurf server. The 3D structures of the wild-type and mutants were generated using the I-TASSER tool, and a 50 ns molecular dynamic simulation (MDS) was executed using the GROMACS webserver to determine the stability of mutants compared to the native protein. Co-expression, protein-protein interaction (PPI), gene ontology (GO), and pathway analyses were additionally performed for the CYP1B1 in-depth study.

    RESULTS: All the retrieved data from the dbSNP database was subjected to functional, structural, and phylogenetic analysis. From the conducted analyses, a total of 19 high-risk variants (P52L, G61E, G90R, P118L, E173K, D291G, Y349D, G365W, G365R, R368H, R368C, D374N, N423Y, D430E, P442A, R444Q, F445L, R469W, and C470Y) were screened out that were considered to be deleterious to the CYP1B1 gene. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the majority of the variants occurred in highly conserved regions. The MD simulation analysis exhibited that all mutants' average root mean square deviation (RMSD) values were higher compared to the wild-type protein, which could potentially cause CYP1B1 protein dysfunction, leading to the severity of the disease. Moreover, it has been discovered that CYP1A1, VCAN, HSD17B1, HSD17B2, and AKR1C3 are highly co-expressed and interact with CYP1B1. Besides, the CYP1B1 protein is primarily involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics, chemical carcinogenesis, the retinal metabolic process, and steroid hormone biosynthesis pathways, demonstrating its multifaceted and important roles.

    DISCUSSION: This is the first comprehensive study that adds essential information to the ongoing efforts to understand the crucial role of genetic signatures in the development of PCG and will be useful for more targeted gene-disease association studies.

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