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  1. Teo CL, Idris A
    Bioresour Technol, 2014 Dec;174:281-6.
    PMID: 25463809 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.10.035
    Nannochloropsis sp. wet biomass was directly transesterified under microwave (MW) irradiation in the presence of methanol and various alkali and acid catalyst. Two different types of direct transesterification (DT) were used; one step and two step transesterification. The biodiesel yield obtained from the MWDT was compared with that obtained using conventional method (lipid extraction followed by transesterification) and water bath heating DT method. Findings revealed that MWDT efficiencies were higher compared to water bath heating DT by at least 14.34% and can achieve a maximum of 43.37% with proper selection of catalysts. The use of combined catalyst (NaOH and H2SO4) increased the yield obtained by 2.3-folds (water bath heating DT) and 2.87-folds (MWDT) compared with the one step single alkaline catalyst respectively. The property of biodiesel produced by MWDT has high lubricating property, good cetane number and short carbon chain FAME's compared with water bath heating DT.
  2. Teo CL, Idris A
    Bioresour Technol, 2014 Nov;171:477-81.
    PMID: 25201293 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.08.024
    The types of microalgae strains and the method used in lipid extraction have become crucial factors which influence the productivity of crude oil. In this paper, Nannochloropsis sp. and Tetraselmis sp. were chosen as the strains and four different methods were used to extract the lipids: Hara and Radin, Folch, Chen and Bligh and Dyer. These methods were performed by using conventional heating and microwave irradiation methods. Results revealed that highest lipid yield from the different species was obtained using different extraction methods; both under microwave irradiation. The lipid yield for Tetraselmis sp. and Nannochloropsis sp. was highest when Hara and Radin (8.19%), and Folch (8.47%) methods were used respectively under microwave irradiation. The lipids extracted were then transesterified to biodiesel and the quality of the biodiesel was analyzed using the gas chromatography.
  3. Teo CL, Idris A, Zain NAM, Taisir M
    Bioresour Technol, 2014 Dec;173:284-290.
    PMID: 25310864 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.09.110
    In the study, the relationship between the quality and intensity of LED illumination with FAMEs produced were investigated. Nannochloropsis sp. was cultivated for 14 days under different intensities of 100, 150 and 200 μmol photons m(-2) s(-1) of red, blue and mixed red blue LED. The findings revealed that suitable combination of LED wavelengths and intensity; (red LED: 150, blue: 100 and mixed red blue: 200 μmol photons m(-2) s(-1)) produced maximum biomass growth and lipid content. It was observed that the quality and intensity of LED significantly influenced the composition of FAMEs. FAMEs produced under blue LED has high degree of unsaturation (DU) and low cetane number while those under red LED has low DU but higher CN. The combination of red blue LED has produced FAMEs with high ignition and lubricating property and also good oxidation stability indicated by the DU and CN values which lies midway between the red and blue.
  4. Teo CL, Atta M, Bukhari A, Taisir M, Yusuf AM, Idris A
    Bioresour Technol, 2014 Jun;162:38-44.
    PMID: 24736210 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.03.113
    Wavelength of light is a crucial factor which renders microalgae as the potential biodiesel. In this study, Tetraselmis sp. and Nannochloropsis sp. as famous targets were selected. The effect of different light wavelengths on growth rate and lipid production was studied. Microalgae were cultivated for 14 days as under blue, red, red-blue LED and white fluorescent light. The growth rate of microalgae was analyzed by spectrophotometer and cell counting while oil production under improved Nile red method. Optical density result showed the microalgae exhibited better growth curve under blue wavelength. Besides, Tetraselmis sp. and Nannochloropsis sp. under blue wavelength showed the higher growth rate (1.47 and 1.64 day(-1)) and oil production (102.954 and 702.366 a.u.). Gas chromatography analysis also showed that palmitic acid and stearic acid which were compulsory components for biodiesel contribute around 49-51% of total FAME from Nannochloropsis sp. and 81-83% of total FAME from Tetraselmis sp.
  5. Teo ZL, Sun CZ, Chong CCY, Tham YC, Takahashi K, Majithia S, et al.
    Ophthalmol Retina, 2022 Nov;6(11):1080-1088.
    PMID: 35580772 DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2022.05.010
    OBJECTIVE: To describe the normative quantitative parameters of the macular retinal vasculature, as well as their systemic and ocular associations using OCT angiography (OCTA).

    DESIGN: Population-based, cross-sectional study.

    SUBJECTS: Adults aged > 50 years were recruited from the third examination of the population-based Singapore Malay Eye Study.

    METHODS: All participants underwent a standardized comprehensive examination and spectral-domain OCTA (Optovue) of the macula. OCT angiography scans that revealed pre-existing retinal disease, revealed macular pathology, and had poor quality were excluded.

    MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The normative quantitative vessel densities of the superficial layer, deep layer, and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) were evaluated. Ocular and systemic associations with macular retinal vasculature parameters were also evaluated in a multivariable analysis using linear regression models with generalized estimating equation models.

    RESULTS: We included 1184 scans (1184 eyes) of 749 participants. The mean macular superficial vessel density (SVD) and deep vessel density (DVD) were 45.1 ± 4.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 37.8%-51.4%) and 44.4 ± 5.2% (95% CI, 36.9%-53.2%), respectively. The mean SVD and DVD were highest in the superior quadrant (48.7 ± 5.9%) and nasal quadrant (52.7 ± 4.6%), respectively. The mean FAZ area and perimeter were 0.32 ± 0.11 mm2 (95% CI, 0.17-0.51 mm) and 2.14 ± 0.38 mm (95% CI, 1.54-2.75 mm), respectively. In the multivariable regression analysis, female sex was associated with higher SVD (β = 1.25, P ≤ 0.001) and DVD (β = 0.75, P = 0.021). Older age (β = -0.67, P < 0.001) was associated with lower SVD, whereas longer axial length (β = -0.42, P = 0.003) was associated with lower DVD. Female sex, shorter axial length, and worse best-corrected distance visual acuity were associated with a larger FAZ area. No association of a range of systemic parameters with vessel density was found.

    CONCLUSIONS: This study provided normative macular vasculature parameters in an adult Asian population, which may serve as reference values for quantitative interpretation of OCTA data in normal and disease states.

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